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- a fungal infection that affects the  keratinized portion of the skin, hair, and nails
- produces patch scaling and inflammation
- lesions are often circular with a raised edge
- several species of fungi cause ringworm in humans
- the lesion was thought to be caused by worms in ancient times
- on the scalp it is called ringworm
- on the groin it is called jock itch
- on the foot it is called athlete's foot

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- develops in patients who are immobile/bedridden
- the weight of the body, especially in areas over bony projections (EX:hip bones and heels) compresses tissue and causes ischemia
- ischemia: reduced circulation
- the lack of blood flow causes destruction (necrosis) of the hypodermis and skin
- after the skin dies, bacteria gain entry and infest the area creating an infected ulcer

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- a rare form of skin cancer that arises from melanocytes usually in a pre-existing mole
- a mole is simply an aggregation or "nest" of melanocytes
- can appear large and flat spreading lesion
- you can get melanoma from UV exposure

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S Q U A M O U S  C E L L  C A R C I N O M A 

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S Q U A M O U S  C E L L  C A R C I N O M A 

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- develops from cells immediately superficial to the stratum basale
- the cells continue  to divide as they produce keratin
- typically the result is a nodular, keratinized tumor only on the epidermis layer
- if untreated the tumor can invade the dermis, metastasize, and cause death

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B A S A L  C E L L         C A R C I N O M A 

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B A S A L  C E L L         C A R C I N O M A 

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- most common skin cancer
- starts with cells in the stratum basale and extends to the dermis to produce an open ulcer
- radiation therapy or surgical removal cures this type of cancer
- there is also a risk that this cancer could spread to other places on the body

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- damage the Epidermis and the dermis layer
- Symptoms include redness, pain, edema, and blistering, or in more serious cases scarring
- Healing can take from 2 weeks, to several months

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- the epidermis and dermis layers are completely destroyed
- recovery occurs from the edges
- are often surrounded by levels of first and second degree burns
- area of third degree burn is usually painless because the sensory receptors in both the epidermis and dermis layers have been destroyed
- burns appear as white, tan, brown, black, or deep cherry red
-takes a long time to heal, and they form scar tissue with disfiguring debilitating wound contracture

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- only involves the epidermis layer
- red in color and painful
- slight edema can be present
- sunburns or brief exposure to hot or cold objects can cause a first-degree burn
- can heal without scarring in about a week

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- skin is yellow in color
- can occur when the liver is damaged by a disease such as viral hepatitis
- a build up of bile pigments in the blood and tissues can indicate that the liver is not functioning properly
- bile pigments are products of the breakdown of worn out red blood cells

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- Rashes can be a result of problems elsewhere in the body, or can be caused by an  allergic reaction to a food or drug

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- skin is blue in color
-caused by a decrease in blood-oxygen levels
-this is an indication of impaired circulatory or respiratory function