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http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/0/22028517

http://www.yavapaihealth.com/west-nile-virus

https://www.cdc.gov/westnile/faq/genQuestions.html

https://palisadespete.wordpress.com/2012/08/16/10-facts-about-west-nile-virus/

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/158179.php

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGShQ

https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/West_Nile_Virus

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs354/en/

https://sites.google.com/a/fivestarschools.org/historyofthewestnilevirus/

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http://study.com/academy/lesson/west-nile-virus-structure-and-function.html

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- About 80% of people infected with West Nile will not show any symptoms, nor will they realize they've been infected.

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There is currently no vaccine or 'for-sure' treatments for West Nile, but doctors may be able to prescribe medicines that can help to relieve some of the symptoms of the disease. In more mild cases, our immune system is able to fight back against the virus. The immune system is designed to repel any foreign invaders by using white blood cells to destroy the germs as soon as they are detected. If the virus takes hold however, then white blood cells called T and B lymphocytes come into play. They bind the virus to keep it from replicating, and also ‘tag’ the virus so that the other blood cells know to destroy them. Some preventative measures that can be taken to not get bitten include using insect repellents, trying to reduce the number of mosquitoes around you(getting rid of standing water, etc.), wearing long sleeves and pants if going outside when mosquitoes are most active(dawn and dusk).

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When the mosquito bites a person, the virus is transmitted into the blood stream. The spiky glycoproteins on the surface of the virus envelope allow it to connect and fuse with the receptors on the surface of the host cell, and the unsuspecting host cell welcomes the virus inside(endocytosis). The virus then infects the cell and the single strand of RNA undergoes transcription and translation, producing proteins. The proteins congregate onto the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and are distributed through the cytoplasm by the Golgi network. The virus then exits the cell in a lipid envelope through exocytosis, spreading to other cells in the body and repeating the process.

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The West Nile virus can cause West Nile Fever,  West Nile Encephalitis, West Nile Meningitis, or West Nile Meningoencephalitis. West Nile fever is a more mild case of the disease, and consists of flu-like symptoms(fever, rash, swollen lymph glands, headaches) which usually only last for a few days, and there are no long term effects. The other three, however are much more severe. West Nile Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain, West Nile Meningitis is an inflammation of the membrane surrounding the brain, and West Nile Meningoencephalitis is an inflammation of the brain and the membrane surrounding it. The symptoms of these more severe cases include headaches, high fevers, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness, and paralysis.

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Currently, the West Nile virus is most commonly found in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, North America, and West Asia and is spread by mosquitoes and birds.

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The West Nile virus was first discovered and isolated in a woman in Uganda in 1937 by Kenneth C. Smithburn. He and his colleagues were looking for cases of African Sleeping Sickness, but found this new virus instead. In 1953, West Nile was also found in crows and columbiformes in the Nile Delta region. In 1999, there was a major outbreak of this virus that started in New York, and spread to other parts of the USA .

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The West Nile virus has an outer lipid bilayer, also known as an envelope. There are spiky glycoproteins projecting out from the envelope. These proteins help the virus bind to the cells of its host. In the center of the virus is the nucleocapsid, which is made up of a capsid, a protein shell, and a single strand of RNA.

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Genus - Flavivirus
Common Name - West Nile Virus