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Cells that have a specialized function. Ex. bone marrow which is specialized only to blood.

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Similar to totipotent cells, but don't differentiate into cells that surround the embryo. The inner cell mass is a good example. (look back to note 7)

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These cells have the ability to differentiate into any cell found in the human body. A zygote cell is a good example since it eventually grows into a living human with many cells. (look back to note 2)

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These cells are split into three categories as they are able to differentiate in a variety of ways
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A rope-like structure that attaches to the abdominal area of the fetus to the edge of the placenta to exchange oxygen rich and deficient blood in and out of the fetus.

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These include the allantois, amnion, chorion, and yolk sac

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Forms the foundation of the umbilical cord. After two months, it degenerates and the remainder of the allantois becomes part of the urinary bladder.

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A small sac suspended and attached to the abdominal area of the fetus to contribute in digestive tract, blood cell, and future gamete cell formation.

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After differentiation occurs, distinct human structures such as organs, limbs, and body shape become present from three weeks and on.

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After differentiation occurs, complex human characteristics begin to form for many weeks. The placenta surrounds the fetus to ensure it's survival.. It is rich in blood vessels and it promotes metabolic exchange.

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Cells begin to develop a particular shape and perform functions that are different from the other cells.

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The name of a developing embryo after the germ layers are formed.

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After gastrulation occurs, a series of events that take place to form distinct structures of a developing embryo is known as morphogenesis.

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The process of forming the three primary layers.

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Developmental biology part 9 : Gastrulation in chick

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This embryology lecture under the developmental biology lecture series explains the gastrulation in chick and the concept of organizer. For more information, log on to- http://shomusbiology.weebly.com/ Download the study materials here- http://shomusbiology.weebly.com/bio-materials.html

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The three layers of the embryonic disc. (11-13)

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Forms in between the ectoderm and endoderm.

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Inner layer of the embryonic disc.

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When the amniontic cavity forms, the inner cell mass flattens into an embryonic disc. The ectoderm is the outer layer of the disc.

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A sac that contains the amniontic cavity begins to form in between the trophoblast and the inner cell mass. This will be the site where the baby develops later on.

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This hormone is secreted by trophoblast during implantation.. It functions the same as LH to maintain the corpus luteum in the ovaries to continue estrogen and progesterone production while preventing menstruation. The presence of hCG in a woman's urine is used to determine the results in a pregnancy test.

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The trophoblast of the blastocyst secretes enzymes to digest tissue and blood in the endometrium of the uterus to sink and attach attach to the uterine lining during this process.

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Inside the blastocyst, a group of cells within the hollow center accumulate to eventually develop into the embryo.

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The outer membrane of the blastocyst (trophobast) begins to develop into the chorion to surround the embryo. (This will act as a placenta later on) The allantois will be explained later.

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Once the zygote is finished dividing, a blastocyst forms in preparation for implantation. It is a hollow structure where new cellular structures can develop inside.

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A zygote that is split into 16 cells. As the zygote splits, it travels from the oviduct to the uterus.

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The process of cell division that occurs after a zygote is formed. The zygote splits into two cells, then four, then eight, and so on. The cell does not change in actual size. The first 45 seconds of the video shows the astonishing visual effects of the process of cleavage in a frog zygote.

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An amazing look into the creation of a frog from one cell to millions.

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A cell that forms as a product of fertilization as a result of the combination between male and female gamete cells.

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Occurs when a single sperm cell joins with an egg. 23 chromosomes from each parent combine to form 46 in the newly created zygote. the video shows the process of fertilization in depth