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racist experiences inspired Hughes to fight back and write about the lack of the American dream

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Hughes experienced lack of equality when he was unable to go to a movie because of his race

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Kerry used it because he believed that freedom and equality were values/characteristics that the nation was founded on and believed they needed to be more present and attainable for minorities

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use as slogan acknowledges civil rights struggle

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Senator John Kerry used the title of the poem as his Presidential campaign slogaln

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poem asks meaningful questions that are still pertinent today

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ironic question in quotes "The free?"--dramatizes competing views of American history

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community imagined by Hughes is different than founding fathers--more diverse and inclusive

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one voice makes statements and the other voice refutes or questions the statements made

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Westover, Jeff. "Langston Hughes's counterpublic discourse." Langston Hughes Review, Winter-Fall 2010, p. 2+. Literature Resource Center, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A307414145/GLS?u=j243905&sid=GLS&xid=77537f2a. Accessed 11 Dec. 2017.

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same rhetoric as revolutionary writer Thomas Paine

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1st stanza "pioneer on a plain" represents mythic America

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speech format impersonating representatives--characterizes 'outsides' as equal citizens with common interests

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nation constantly talking to itself and in conflict

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poem was significant then and still significant now; envisions "world making"

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America as the dream of democracy vs. America held down by racial injustice

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Hughes used many voices and perspectives in order to show social injustices

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outsiders, Indians, African Americans, poor whites, immigrants

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economic/ political justice during Great Depression

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"multiethnic vision" of America

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"define the goals of American democracy"