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1. The General Conflict of the Situation : Nicole Navarro

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1. The General Conflict of the Situation : Nicole Navarro

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Overview

- Between the years of 1976 and 1983 thousands of people
'disappeared' in Argentina

- The military organized a coup d'état in 1976. "It implemented a 'Process of National Reorganization' with the goal of eradicating all sectors of possible 'subversion' from Argentine society" (Sharp 217).
-This quote is basically saying that they were trying to find a "nicer" way too say that they were getting rid of any weak links.

- "In order to guarantee the security of the state, all the necessary people will die" (Sharp 217).

- General Jorge Videla defined the word subversive, used in one of the points listed above,  as anyone who didn't do things the way that the government wanted the Argentine way of life to be (Sharp 218).

- In the end, the mothers of Plaza de Mayo finally had their voices heard. "Although such relatively small actions of a small group of mothers did not directly bring an end to the dictatorship..." (Sharp 221).
- Here is a great example of how one person, or a small group of people can start making a change. The mothers would not back down, and they were willing to do anything to ensure that the public knew what was going on during the worst years.

Terrain & Geography

- Plaza De Mayo, it was located outside the presidential palace in the middle of Buenos Aires (Sharp 218).

- Buenos Aires is located in the northeastern edge of Pampas, which is part of the agricultural heartland of Argentina.

Transportation

- December 10, 1982, the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo "held a 24 hour 'March of Resistance' on the avenue leading off the plaza" (Sharp 220).

Communications

- "The women had spent months inquiring at government offices, military headquarters, and police stations" (Sharp 218).

- "They were always told that no one knew about the fate of their children" (Sharp 218).

- "At the end of 1977, the military finally cracked down. Following  a meeting of mothers and supporters, nine women were detained by paramilitary squad" (Sharp 219).

- The military tried to ignore the mothers at first. Eventually, enough citizens were furious with what the government had done and their group started gaining more and more attention. Eventually, the government had to do something when they realized the mothers of the 'disappeared' were not going to back down.

Source-
Sharp, Gene. Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice, and 21st Century Potential. Boston, MA: Extending Horizons Books, 2007.

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2. Issues and Objective: Brittany Pellitteri

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2. Issues and Objective: Brittany Pellitteri

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Issue : In Argentina, between the time of 1976 and 1983, tens-and-thousand of people disappeared illegally and inhumanely. (Sharp 217)

Objective of the Issue: The military conducted a coup d' etat in 1796. The coup d' etat means the government/ military conducted an illegal seizure in attempt to overthrow a higher power.
General Videla, said " In order to guarantee  the security of the state, all the necessary people will die." (Sharp 217)

This became an issue because children and citizens began to disappear because of their "different view or way of life". (Sharp 218)

Source:
Sharp, Gene. Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice, and 21st Century potential. Boston, MA: Extending Horizons Books, 2007

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- Argentine military conducted a coup d'ètat in 1976, implementing a "Process of National Reorganization" with the goal of eradicating all sectors of possible "subversion" from Argentine society (217).

- Subversion was defined as anyone who opposed the Argentine way of life (218).

- General Videla, the coup leader and president of the first military junta: "In order to guarantee the security of the state, all necessary people will die" (217).

- The plan was to kidnap, torture, an execute the people who opposed the Argentine way. Disavowing knowledge of their whereabouts, these people would simply just "disappear" (218).

- At the end of 1977 the military cracked down on the mothers who were protesting. A total of twelve mothers were detained by a paramilitary squad, never to be heard form again. This caused smaller numbers of women to show up to the protests that had years before gained many supporters (219).

Source:
Sharp, Gene. Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice, and 21st Century Potential. Boston, MA: Extending Horizons Books, 2007.

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4. Nonviolent Struggle Group: Brittany Pellitteri 

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4. Nonviolent Struggle Group: Brittany Pellitteri 

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Plaza De Mayo Women
Women's Movements: In 1977 a small group of women gathered in desperation due to the kidnapping on their children. The women spent months inquiring the government offices. This was a form of nonviolent approach. The very first meeting was held at the the plaza on April 30, 1977. Over time, more and more housewives and mothers gathered in the plaza with the name of their kidnapped child. This stuck the military and the governments attention. (Sharp 218).

The woman continued to gather there despite some getting taken in by authority and never returning. The women kept going, risking their lives, to protest for the children and husbands going missing. the 24-Hour "March of Resistance" in 1892 finally started to strike change (Sharp 220).

Source:
Sharp, Gene. Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice, and 21st Century potential. Boston, MA: Extending Horizons Books, 2007

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Opposing Parties:
-Mothers of Plaza De Mayo
-General Videla and Military Dictators

Mothers Dependency on Military Dictators:
Beginning in  1976, in an attempt "reorganize" Argentina, the military dictators began to torture and murder massive amounts of individuals.
The Mothers of Plaza De Mayo had to depend upon the government and military members in attempt to locate there missing loved ones. The Mothers of Plaza De Mayo had little success with there inquiries.
Military dictators had control over Argentina, so Mothers were completely dependent, since the military dictators were dictating Argentinian's ways of life.

Military Dictator Dependency On Mothers of Plaza De Mayo:
Military dictators were not dependent on the Mothers of Plaza De Mayo by any means. When the mothers began to protest some members would simply go "missing".
However, the situation took a turn when the war with Great Britain resulted in economic distress (Sharp p.220) the public was not happy with the military dictatorship or the economic standing of Argentina. Eventually, the military dictatorship fell to the hands of civilian rule.

The Degree of Potential Independence / Satisfying Needs:
Luckily due to the massive failure of war, the Mothers of Plaza De Mayo were able to be freed from the Military Dictatorship rule and they were able to freely congregate. However, they were never able to satisfy there needs of officially knowing the whereabouts of there children, although they probably had a good idea of the tragedies that had taken place.

Source:
Sharp, Gene. Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice, and 21st Century potential. Pages 217-222. Boston, MA: Extending Horizons Books, 2007

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The brave "Mothers of the Disappeared"  as they were often called, paved the way for fellow mistreated Argentinians to speak up for their rights. This ultimately led to the erosion of the Argentinian military regime. "They were assisted by Servicio Paz y Justicia (SERPAJ), a grassroots movement with an Argentine affiliate that worked through churches across Latin America." This movement was founded by a man named Adolfo Perez Esquivel; a human rights organizer! " SERPAJ was supported financially by donations from European church-based organizations and an international support network. Other funding came from Esquivel himself, who shared his 1980 Nobel Peace Prize funds."

https://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/the-mothers-of-the-disappeared-challenging-the-junta-in-argentina-1977-1983/

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Mothers of Plaza De Mayo, Argentina, 1977-1983

Small group of women- protesting on behalf of the 14 women who children were missing. "Government offices, military headquarters, and police station" (218)

Argentine housewives and mothers (219)- challenged the political groups and military.
Participants of "March of Resistance- thousands of mothers joined the  mothers, overpowering the military (220)

Sharp, Gene. Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice and 21st Century Potential. Boston, MA: Extending Horizons Books, 2005