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- Ethiopia is a landlocked country in Eastern Africa on the horn of Africa.
- It is the oldest independent country in Africa.
- Population of over 102 million people.
- It is the 21st poorest country in the world as of 2017.
- It has a life expectancy of 65 years and an infant mortality rate of 51 deaths per 1000 births.

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- Malnutrition is a problem in Ethiopia.
- This leads to underweight children, wasting, and stunting.
- Highest percentage of stunted children under the age of five.
- 52% of children are stunted by the age of six months.
- Stunting is influenced by: gender, deprivation of colostrum, duration of breast feeding, types of food available, and the age at which complementary feeding is introduced.

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-Areas with highest amount of food surplus have the highest percentage of stunting.
- Suggests that food security at a national level doesn't equal food security at an individual level.
- Most detrimental to children under the age of five as they are most affected by stunting.
- Stunting usually happens between the ages of birth and two years old making it a problem for the very young Ethiopian population.

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- Risk factors on both maternal and infant sides as well as environmental.
- Critical window between birth and two years old - greatest development occurs.
- Some risk factors: lack of maternal prenatal care, mothers younger than eighteen, and mothers who start feeding complementary foods before six months of age.
- It is vital that mothers follow nutritional guidelines and feed their children accordingly.

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Economic & Social Consequences - Brief One

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Economic & Social Consequences - Brief One

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- Consequences can be seen from early childhood.
- 44% of health costs associated with under nutrition occur before age 1.
- 16% of repeating school grades are due to stunting.
-Annual costs associated with child under nutrition is 16.5% of GDP.
- 67% of adults in Ethiopia suffered from stunting - cognitive delays and physical deformities occur as a result and hinders career growth.

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- UNICEF introduces two solutions to the stunting problem in Ethiopia.
- Number one being to cut the prevalence of child under nutrition in half by 2025.
-Number two being to reduce the rate of stunting to 10% and the underweight rate to 5%.

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- Maternal mortality rates are higher in Ethiopia than other developing countries.
- 289,000 maternal deaths in the 2013
- 99% of them in low-middle income countries.
- Ethiopia and five other countries responsible for more than half of them.
- 1 in 160 women in low- and middle-income countries will die of pregnancy ralted causes.
- 1 in 28 in sub-Saharan Africa.
- Deaths due to: abortion complications, blood clots, embolism, hemorrhaging, hypertensive disorders, sepsis, and other indirect causes.

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- Women are the only people group directly affected, but it impacts their families.
- Women in rural areas of low- and middle-income countries face increased risk of maternal death.
- Women who are educated, and have a comfortable income are much less likely to face maternal death.

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- Maternal death is the death of a woman who has given birth in the last 42 days.
- Pregnancy complications accounted for five million maternal deaths this past year.
- Risk factors: lack of access to health care facilities, lack of doctors and trained medical personnel, nutritional status, general health of the mother, mistrust in modern medicine, abortion complications, blood clots, embolisms, hemorrhages, hypertensive disorders, sepsis, age of the mother, number of children already birthed, short intervals between births, consumption of alcohol and tobacco, and religious reasons.
- More common in women who experience three delays.

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Economic & Social Consequences - Brief Two

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Economic & Social Consequences - Brief Two

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- Dramatic impact on economic and social wellbeing of the country.
- Girls are expected to grow up more quickly and accept more responsibility.
- Financial instability within the home of the affected families.

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- Target specific areas and people groups known to be involved in unsafe abortions.
- Family planning: sterilization, long-term birth control, etc.

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- Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest percentage of adults living with HIV.
- 36.7 million people living with HIV -- 25.6 million of them live in Sub-Saharan Africa, and 1.2 million live in Ethiopia.
-Causes 7% of deaths in Ethiopia -- third leading cause.

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- 39% of transmissions in those aged 15 to 24.
- Prevalence varies depending on location.
- Prevalence also varies between men and women.

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-Risk factors start at birth.
- 90,000 HIV positive pregnant mothers -- mother to child transmission through vaginal births or breast milk.
- Sex workers, drug users, LGBT community members, etc.

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- Reduction in labor supply and productivity.
- Reduces exports & increases imports.
- Reduction of economic growth by 4%.

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Priority Steps to be Taken - Brief Three

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Priority Steps to be Taken - Brief Three

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-Widespread HIV testing
- Sexual education and birth control education.

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There is, without a doubt, a real problem with health in Ethiopia. From malnourished children to high maternal death rates to the burden of HIV and AIDS. Ethiopia does not have the funding or the resources to handle this problem on their own. Through partnerships with organizations such as the World Health Organization and UNICEF, there is a possibility that Ethiopia could reduce the social and economic burden of some of these health issues.

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