# data[].attributes.location_name
Queen Mary's Rose Gardens, Chester Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Queen Mary's Rose Gardens, Chester Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Queen Mary's Rose Gardens, Chester Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
LONDON - QUEEN MARY'S ROSE GARDEN IN REGENT PARK 4K UHD

# data[].attributes.location_name
Butterfly Paradise at ZSL London Zoo, Regent's Park, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Butterfly Paradise at ZSL London Zoo, Regent's Park, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Butterfly Paradise at ZSL London Zoo, Regent's Park, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.location_name
Aquarium, Regent's Park, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Aquarium, Regent's Park, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Aquarium, Regent's Park, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Amazing film about the Aquarium

# data[].attributes.location_name
London Zoo Parrots, The Broad Walk, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
London Zoo Parrots, The Broad Walk, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
London Zoo Parrots, The Broad Walk, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Hier siehst du einen Zoowärter, der einen Papagei dressiert hat. Sein Name ist George! It is a Parrot.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Macaw Parrots (Very Funny) - ZSL London Zoo - Animals in Action

# data[].attributes.location_name
The Penguin Pool, London Zoo, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
The Penguin Pool, London Zoo, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
The Penguin Pool, London Zoo, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Es gibt ein neues Zuhause für die Pinguine (Penguins) !

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
ZSL London Zoo Keeper tells us about the brand new penguin exhibit

# data[].attributes.location_name
Gorilla Kingdom, Outer Circle, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Gorilla Kingdom, Outer Circle, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Gorilla Kingdom, Outer Circle, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.location_name
ZSL London Zoo, Outer Circle, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
ZSL London Zoo, Outer Circle, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
ZSL London Zoo, Outer Circle, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Have a first look into the London Zoo!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Top 5 Zoo in UK - Best Zoo United Kingdom Folly Farm ,Cotswold Wildlife Park,ZSL London Zoo

# data[].attributes.location_name
Reptile House, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Reptile House, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Reptile House, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Do not try to understand. They are speaking too fast. But you can have a look!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
ZSL LONDON ZOO TOUR! Pt.1 | (Reptile House)

# data[].attributes.location_name
Land of the Lions, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Land of the Lions, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Land of the Lions, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Netter Film über das Löwenhaus

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Tour of Land Of The Lions at ZSL London Zoo

# data[].attributes.location_name
London Zoo Park, Outer Circle, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
London Zoo Park, Outer Circle, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
London Zoo Park, Outer Circle, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.location_name
Penguin Beach, Regent's Park, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Penguin Beach, Regent's Park, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Penguin Beach, Regent's Park, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Noch eine Tour durch den Londoner Zoo. Welche Tiere kennst du? Wie heißen sie auf Englisch? Schlag es nach.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Tour of London Zoo Regents Park - July 2020

# data[].attributes.location_name
London Zoo Galapagos Tortoises, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
London Zoo Galapagos Tortoises, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
London Zoo Galapagos Tortoises, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Have a look into the zoo ! What kind of animals can yo see?

# data[].attributes.location_name
Hyde Park Bandstand, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Hyde Park Bandstand, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Hyde Park Bandstand, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.location_name
Vauxhall Bridge, Vauxhall Bridge, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Vauxhall Bridge, Vauxhall Bridge, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Vauxhall Bridge, Vauxhall Bridge, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
A trip to London ; Workbook page 12 Go to Hyde Park again. Look for the chant! : What‘s on my head?

# data[].attributes.location_name
Chelsea Bridge, Chelsea Bridge Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Chelsea Bridge, Chelsea Bridge Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Chelsea Bridge, Chelsea Bridge Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.location_name
Hyde Park, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Hyde Park, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Hyde Park, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
What‘s on my head. Bitte lesen und vorlesen üben. Ich habe es einmal vorgelesen.

# data[].attributes.location_name
Thames Barrier Park, North Woolwich Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Thames Barrier Park, North Woolwich Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Thames Barrier Park, North Woolwich Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Luftaufnahme der Thames Barrier 2018

Tore der Thames Barrier, vorne in Normalstellung, geöffnet

Ein Tor der Thames Barrier bei Niedrigwasser in Sperrstellung

Eine Sperre in Reparaturstellung

Die Thames Barrier gehört zu den weltweit größten Sturmflutsperrwerken. Sie befindet sich auf der Themse beim Londoner Stadtteil Woolwich. Ihre Hauptaufgabe ist es, London vor außergewöhnlich hohen Fluten der Nordsee zu schützen, insbesondere vor Sturmfluten.

Die Thames Barrier hat eine Gesamtlänge von 520 Metern und besteht aus zehn schwenkbaren Toren. Um den Schiffsverkehr nicht zu behindern, sind sie im offenen Zustand auf den Boden der Themse abgesenkt. Schiffe mit bis zu 16 Metern Tiefgang können dann problemlos das Sperrwerk passieren. Die vier mittleren Tore, durch die der Schiffsverkehr läuft, sind je 60 Meter breit, 10,5 Meter hoch und wiegen je 1500 Tonnen. Droht eine Sturmflut, können die Tore innerhalb von 15 Minuten geschlossen werden. Auch dies macht die Thames Barrier einzigartig, da die meisten vergleichbaren Sperrwerke mehrere Stunden zum Schließen der Tore benötigen.

Die Tore werden einmal monatlich im Rahmen der Wartungsarbeiten testweise geschlossen.

Gegenwärtiges Sperrwerk

Die Planungen für die Thames Barrier begannen nach der Hollandsturmflut im Jahre 1953, bei der allein in Großbritannien 307 Menschen ums Leben kamen.

1974 begann der Bau des Sperrwerks. Die Baukosten betrugen 534 Millionen Pfund. 1982 wurden in einem Probelauf zum ersten Mal alle Tore geschlossen. Königin Elisabeth II. weihte die Thames Barrier am 8. Mai 1984 ein. Von 1982 bis zum März 2023 kam die Sperre 207 mal zum Einsatz.

Pläne für weiteres Sperrwerk

Anfang 2005 wurden Pläne bekannt, die Thames Barrier ab 2030 durch ein neues Sperrwerk zu ersetzen, das auf einer Länge von etwa 16 Kilometer zwischen Sheerness und Southend-on-Sea direkt in die Mündung gebaut werden soll. Ein Grund hierfür ist die Sorge, die Thames Barrier könnte zukünftigen schweren Sturmfluten nicht standhalten. Wichtiger jedoch ist, dass durch das neue Sperrwerk dann auch die östlichen Vororte Londons und die Medway Towns geschützt wären.

Thames Barrier Park

Formschnittgehölze im Thames Barrier Park

2000 wurde der von Alain Provost entworfene Thames Barrier Park in Silvertown eröffnet. Er liegt auf den versiegelten giftigen Resten einer Färberei und wird als einer der aufsehenerregendsten englischen Parks der letzten Jahre beurteilt. Der Park war 1995 durch die London Docklands Development Corporation in Auftrag gegeben worden und wird seit 1998 von der London Development Agency verwaltet.

1. Janet Waymark 2003. Modern garden design. Innovation since 1900. London, Thames and Hudson, 209.

2. http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/housing-land/land-assets/thames-barrier-park

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Die Thames Barrier gehört zu den weltweit größten Sturmflutsperrwerken. Sie befindet sich auf der Themse beim Londoner Stadtteil Woolwich. Ihre Hauptaufgabe ist es, London vor außergewöhnlich hohen Fluten der Nordsee zu schützen, insbesondere vor Sturmfluten. Die Thames Barrier hat eine Gesamtlänge von 520 Metern und besteht aus zehn schwenkbaren Toren.

# data[].attributes.location_name
Chelsea Bridge, Chelsea Bridge Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Chelsea Bridge, Chelsea Bridge Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Chelsea Bridge, Chelsea Bridge Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Read it. Than go to the Science Museum. You go straight ahead to Knightsbridge (it is not a bridge ! ), then you turn left to South Kensington. There you will find the Natural History Museum. Next to the Natural History Museum is the Science Museum!

# data[].attributes.location_name
Science Museum, Exhibition Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Science Museum, Exhibition Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Science Museum, Exhibition Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Was ist wohl im Naturwissenschaftsmuseum zu sehen?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
WHAT’S INSIDE THE LONDON SCIENCE MUSEUM (2020)

# data[].attributes.location_name
Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Hol dir einen Tee und geht mit durch das Naturkundemuseum! Viel Spaß.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
London Natural History Museum Full Walk Tour

# data[].attributes.location_name
Wellington Arch, Apsley Way, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Wellington Arch, Apsley Way, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Wellington Arch, Apsley Way, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Let's have a look!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
LONDON WALK | Wellington Arch at Hyde Park Corner | England

# data[].attributes.location_name
Queen Mary's Rose Gardens, Chester Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Queen Mary's Rose Gardens, Chester Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Queen Mary's Rose Gardens, Chester Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Stelle dir die Untertitel auf Deutsch ein! (Einstellungen: automatisch übersetzen und dann weiter auf "Deutsch" klicken!)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What happens if you cut down all of a city's trees? - Stefan Al

# data[].attributes.location_name
London Bridge, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
London Bridge, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
London Bridge, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Super! You found London Bridge. Here we start! Near by you can find the map. Then you go to Hyde Park! Look near the Reformers Tree. There you can find the Picture Cards! Look at the Round Pond, there you find the Word- Cards. Schau im Hyde Park nach der nächsten Markierung. In der Nähe es Reformers Tree (hellblau markiert) findest du die Bilder. Am Round Pond findest du die Wortkarten!

# data[].attributes.location_name
Peter Pan Statue, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Peter Pan Statue, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Peter Pan Statue, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Jetzt machst du hier erst einmal eine Pause. Male die Postkarten an und schreibe etwas.

# data[].attributes.location_name
Peter Pan Statue, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Peter Pan Statue, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Peter Pan Statue, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.location_name
London Bridge, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
London Bridge, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
London Bridge, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Eine einfache Karte zur Orientierung!

# data[].attributes.location_name
Trafalgar Square, Trafalgar Square, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Trafalgar Square, Trafalgar Square, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Trafalgar Square, Trafalgar Square, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
So genug getan! Du hast viel erfahren über London. Jetzt hast du dir eine Pause verdient. Geh zurück zum Hyde Park. Dort findest du die Peter Pan Statue. Hier machst du ein nettes Picknick und schreibst ein paar Postkarten!

# data[].attributes.location_name
The London Eye, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
The London Eye, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
The London Eye, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Die Lösung ist am Trafalgar Square zu finden. Go to the Trafalgar Square.

# data[].attributes.location_name
Houses of Parliament Shop, Bridge Street, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Houses of Parliament Shop, Bridge Street, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Houses of Parliament Shop, Bridge Street, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Super! Now found the Hauses of Parliament. The next place is the London Eye!

# data[].attributes.location_name
Tate Modern, Bankside, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Tate Modern, Bankside, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Tate Modern, Bankside, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.location_name
Tate Modern, Bankside, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Tate Modern, Bankside, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Tate Modern, Bankside, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Now you go to the Houses of Parliament! It is very near to the River Themse and Big Ben.

# data[].attributes.location_name
Tate Modern, Bankside, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Tate Modern, Bankside, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Tate Modern, Bankside, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Das Tate Modern ist ein Museum für Moderne Kunst.

# data[].attributes.location_name
Tower Bridge, Tower Bridge Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Tower Bridge, Tower Bridge Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Tower Bridge, Tower Bridge Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Hier findest du noch eine einfache Karte mit den wichtigsten Sehenswürdigkeiten. Here you can find a simple map with some important sights! Now go to the Tate Modern Museum!

# data[].attributes.body
Die Lösungen findest du neben der Tower Bridge. Go to the Tower Bridge. Achtung hier gibt es zwei Aufräge, verwechselt sie nicht. Du warst schon einmal hier. Es ist schließlich eine wichtige Kathedrale. Finde heraus, was hier alles schon wichtiges passiert ist.

# data[].attributes.location_name
British Museum, Great Russell Street, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
British Museum, Great Russell Street, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
British Museum, Great Russell Street, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Hier sind die Lösungen. Das Arbeitsblatt war im Globe Theatre! Jetzt gehst du zur St. Pauls Cathedral!

# data[].attributes.location_name
The Globe Theatre, Cardinal Cap Alley, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
The Globe Theatre, Cardinal Cap Alley, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
The Globe Theatre, Cardinal Cap Alley, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.location_name
The Globe Theatre, Cardinal Cap Alley, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
The Globe Theatre, Cardinal Cap Alley, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
The Globe Theatre, Cardinal Cap Alley, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
And in the British Museum, you will find the solution. Im Britischen Museum findest du die Lösungen!

# data[].attributes.location_name
The Globe Theatre, Cardinal Cap Alley, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
The Globe Theatre, Cardinal Cap Alley, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
The Globe Theatre, Cardinal Cap Alley, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Quiz 2 Die Lösungen findest du unten an den Kärtchen.
Jetzt gehst du zum Globe Theatre !

# data[].attributes.body
Try to play it -the next paper is near by!

# data[].attributes.body
You find the 3'd worksheet about the London sights. Super! Now you go to the Buckingham Palace. There you will find a little movie!

# data[].attributes.body
Can you find the places on the map? Now you go to St. Pauls Cathedral. There you can find more informations. It is near the River Themse.

# data[].attributes.location_name
The Diana Princess Of Wales Memorial Walk, The Mall, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
The Diana Princess Of Wales Memorial Walk, The Mall, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
The Diana Princess Of Wales Memorial Walk, The Mall, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Who was Princess Diana? Can you find out?

# data[].attributes.location_name
Royal Opera House, Bow Street, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Royal Opera House, Bow Street, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Royal Opera House, Bow Street, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Write the German words. Then you got to the Big Ben!

# data[].attributes.body
Vocabulary you may need. The next place is near the Royal Opera House.

# data[].attributes.location_name
Spur Rd, London SW1A 2BJ, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Queen's Guard, British Guards, and Queen's Life Guard (called King's Guard and King's Life Guard when the reigning monarch is male) are the names given to contingents of infantry and cavalry soldiers charged with guarding the official royal residences in the United Kingdom. The British Army has regiments of both Horse Guards and Foot Guards predating the English Restoration (1660), and since the reign of King Charles II these regiments have been responsible for guarding the Sovereign's palaces. The Guards are fully operational soldiers.

The Queen's Guard, British Guards and Queen's Life Guard are mounted at the royal residences that come under the operating area of the British Army's London District, which is responsible for the administration of the Household Division. This covers Buckingham Palace, Clarence House, St James's Palace and the Tower of London, as well as Windsor Castle. The Queen's Guard is also mounted at the sovereign's other official residence, the Palace of Holyroodhouse, but not as often as in London. In Edinburgh, the guard is the responsibility of the resident infantry battalion at Redford Barracks. It is not mounted at the Queen's private residences at Sandringham or Balmoral.

The Queen's Guard is the name given to the contingent of infantry responsible for guarding Buckingham Palace and St James's Palace (including Clarence House) in London. The guard is made up of a company of soldiers from a single regiment, which is split in two, providing a detachment for Buckingham Palace and a detachment for St James's Palace. Because the Sovereign's official residence is still St James's, the guard commander (called the captain of the guard) is based there, as are the regiment's colours. When the Sovereign is in residence, the Queen's Guard numbers three officers and forty other ranks, with four sentries each posted at Buckingham Palace (on the forecourt) and St James's Palace (two in Friary Court, two at the entrance to Clarence House). This reduces to three officers and 31 ORs, with two sentries each, when the Sovereign is not in residence. The Queen's Guard is not purely ceremonial in nature. They provide sentries during the day and night, and during the later hours, they patrol the grounds of the Palace. Until 1959, the sentries at Buckingham Palace were stationed outside the fence. This stopped following an incident involving a female tourist and a Coldstream Guardsman - due to the continued pestering by tourists and sightseers, the guardsman kicked the tourist on the ankle as he marched. The tourist made a complaint to the police and the sentry was confined to barracks for ten days. Not long after, the sentries were moved inside the fence.

At any time, three infantry battalions are posted for public duties; two of these are Guards battalions (one based at Wellington Barracks next to Buckingham Palace and one at Victoria Barracks in Windsor), while the third is a line infantry unit (based at the Royal Artillery Barracks, Woolwich). In addition, there are three incremental companies based at the Royal Artillery Barracks and Wellington Barracks. All of these units come under the administrative authority of London District - as public duties units, they not only take part in ceremonial but are also committed to providing military aid to the civilian authorities.

Buckingham Palace, St James's Palace, and Tower of London

There are two detachments of the Queen's Guard in London, one each for Buckingham Palace and St James's Palace, under the command of the captain of the Queen's Guard. Because St James's Palace is still the official residence of the court, it is here that the colour is lodged and the captain of the guard establishes his headquarters.

The Queen's Guard in London changes in the forecourt of Buckingham Palace at 11:00 am every day in early summer and four times per week otherwise.

The St James's Palace detachment of the Queen's Guard, led usually by the corps of drums, and bearing the colour (if the Queen is in residence, then this will be the Queen's colour; if she is not, then it is the regimental colour), marches along the Mall to Buckingham Palace, where the Buckingham Palace detachment has formed up to await their arrival. These two detachments are the old guard. Meanwhile, the new guard is forming up and are awaiting inspection by the adjutant on the parade square at Wellington Barracks. The band, having been inspected by the adjutant, forms a circle to play music whilst the new guard is inspected. The guard provides a full military band consisting of no fewer than 35 musicians (usually, although not always, from one of the Guards regiments) led by their director of music. When the new guard is formed up, led by the band, it marches across into the forecourt of Buckingham Palace. Once there, the New Guard advances towards the old guard in slow time and halts. The old guard presents arms, followed by the new guard presenting arms. The captains of the guards march towards each other for the handing over of the palace keys. The new reliefs are marched to the guardrooms of Buckingham Palace and St James's Palace where new sentries are posted.

During this time the band has taken its place by the centre gate, formed up in a half-circle, where it plays music to entertain the new and old guard as well as the watching crowds. During this period, the two regimental colours are paraded up and down by the ensigns (usually junior officers of second lieutenant rank or equivalent). With the old and new guards formed up once again, the old guard and the band march out through the centre gates in slow time to their regimental slow march played by the band. At the end of the slow march, the captain of the old guard gives the word of command to 'break into quick time' and with a brisk five pace roll from the drums, the band leads the way back to Wellington Barracks.

A detachment of the regiment on guard at Buckingham Palace and St James's Palace is also responsible for providing the guard at the Tower of London. As the Tower is still officially a royal residence and is also the location of the crown jewels, it remains the Army's obligation to guard it. The Tower guard numbers one officer, three NCOs and ten soldiers, and usually posts a sentry outside the Jewel House and one outside the Queen's House. As the protection of the Tower is their responsibility (in conjunction with the Yeoman Warders), the guard must also see it is secure at night (see Ceremony of the Keys).

One of the public duties battalions or incremental companies is responsible for providing the guard at Windsor Castle. The location of the ceremony at Windsor varies; in the Easter, when the Queen is in residence it usually takes place on the lawn in the castle's quadrangle. In wet weather or winter, to protect the lawn, or when the Queen is not holding court at Windsor Castle, the ceremony occurs outside the guardroom by Henry VIII's Gateway at the foot of Castle Hill.

The ceremony for changing the Windsor Guard is broadly the same as that which takes place at Buckingham Palace. At 10.40am, the new guard marches from Victoria Barracks, through Windsor and turns left, going up Castle Hill to enter the Lower Ward. During the Easter, and when the Queen is holding court at the castle, the guards change in the Upper Ward on the grass.

When changing guard in the normal way, the new guard arrives at roughly 11 am when the old guard has formed up outside the guardroom. Once both guards and the duty band (there is no duty band on Sundays) are present, the old guard and new guard will present arms to each other, interspersed by bugle calls - the officers will then go towards each other and symbolically touch left hands to 'hand over the keys to the castle' (though no actual keys are handed over anymore). The guards will then slope arms and the reliefs will be formed up to go round the castle and change the sentries - during this process, the band typically plays a selection of music. Once the relief returns, the old guard forms back up ready to march back to Victoria Barracks. The band leads them out whilst the new guard presents arms. Once the old guard has left, the new guard is dismissed to the guardroom where they will be based for the next 24/48 hours - every two hours, the guard relief will march out and change the sentries.

The Guard is also mounted in Edinburgh at the Palace of Holyroodhouse, the Queen's official residence in Scotland, and at Edinburgh Castle. Unlike in London, there is no Guards battalion permanently based in the city, so the Guard is provided by whichever the resident infantry battalion is at Redford Barracks in the city. The guard is not mounted throughout the year - it is usually mounted daily during the week that the Queen spends at the palace (prior to her summer break at Balmoral), and during the Lord Commissioner's Week. Until 2001, sentries were permanently posted on the Esplanade at the entrance of the castle, ostensibly as the guards to the Honours of Scotland housed inside. The sentries were changed every hour. However, cutbacks in the size of the army led to the permanent castle guard being abolished - now, the guard is mounted at the same time as the guard at the Palace, or when there is a royal visitor to Edinburgh. Sentries are also posted during the month of the Edinburgh Military Tattoo, usually from a unit that has an anniversary that year.

As part of the reorganisation of the infantry following the 2003 defence review, the 1st and 2nd Battalions, Royal Regiment of Scotland (the Royal Scots Borderers and Royal Highland Fusiliers) were permanently based in Edinburgh, rotating between 19 Light Brigade or 52 Infantry Brigade. Whichever battalion is assigned to 52 Brigade was responsible for performing public duties in Edinburgh.

As part of the 2010 defence review, announcements of further reforms to the infantry led to the reduction of the 5th Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland to an incremental company, similar to the three companies of foot guards stationed in London, which is now public duties unit permanently based in Scotland.

The following is a list of units that served as guard of honour/sentries for the Edinburgh Military Tattoo:

1998: 1st Battalion, The King's Own Scottish Borderers

1999: 1st Battalion, The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's)

2000: 1st Battalion, The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's)

2001: 1st Battalion, The Light Infantry

2002: 1st Battalion, The Highlanders (Seaforth, Gordons and Camerons)

2003: 1st Battalion, The Royal Scots (The Royal Regiment)

2004: The Royal Gibraltar Regiment

2005: Royal Naval Reserve

2006: The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, 5th Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland

2007: 40 Regiment, Royal Artillery

2008: Hans Majestet Kongens Garde

2009: The Highlanders, 4th Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland

2010: 3rd Battalion, The Rifles

2011: The Royal Highland Fusiliers, 2nd Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland

2012: The Black Watch, 3rd Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland

2013: The Black Watch, 3rd Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland

2014: Royal Navy

2015: Royal Scots Dragoon Guards (Carabiniers and Greys)

2016: 1st Battalion, Scots Guards

2017: Royal Navy/RAF Regiment

2018: RAF Regiment

2019: 7 Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps

During the Gordon Riots in 1780, a detachment of the Foot Guards successfully defended the Bank of England from a violent mob. Thenceforth the bank paid for a detachment of soldiers, usually provided by the Brigade of Guards, to defend the Bank. From 1780, the detachment marched from their barracks, initially from the Tower of London, later Wellington or Chelsea Barracks, though in bad weather the detachment would be sent by a normal train of the London Underground.[clarification needed ]

With a guard mount at 3pm, each guard consisted of one officer, one sergeant, one corporal, one lance corporal, eight guardsmen and a drummer; originally the guard had thirty guardsmen.

Once at the bank, there were two sentry posts, one outside the Counting House Parlour and another outside the bullion vaults. The officer was given half a bottle of port and the right to invite a friend or two to dinner in the bank. The other ranks were given a pint of beer with their dinner and one brand new shilling, two for a sergeant, to buy tea and a cake in the canteen. The Guard wore plimsolls in the Bank.

From 1963, the Bank Picquet travelled by vehicle clad in service dress and armed with automatic weapons, with the emphasis on security moving from ceremonial to tactical deployment. Improved security features and armed police made the guard unnecessary, and the service ended on the evening of 31 July 1973.

The Queen's Life Guard is the mounted guard at the entrance to Horse Guards. Horse Guards is the official main entrance to both St James's Palace and Buckingham Palace (a tradition that stems from the time when the Mall was closed at both ends); however, sentries have been posted there since the Stuart Restoration, when the Palace of Whitehall was the main royal residence.

The guard is on horseback from 10 am until 4 pm, with the two sentries changing every hour. From 4 pm until 8 pm a pair of dismounted sentries remain. At 8 pm, the gates of Horse Guards are locked, and a single sentry remains until 7 am. When The Queen is in London, the Guard consists of one officer, one corporal major (who carries the standard), two non-commissioned officers, one trumpeter and eleven troopers. This is known as a "long guard". When the Queen is not resident in London, the Guard is reduced to two non-commissioned officers and ten troopers. This is known as a "short guard".

At the time of guard changing, the old guard forms up on the north side of the enclosure on Horse Guards Parade and the new guard on the south side. As the new guard arrives, each guard carries the standard and the trumpeters of both old and new guards sound the royal salute on the arrival of the new guard and on the departure of the old guard. When both guards have formed up in the enclosure, the corporal major, senior NCO and sentries of the first relief of the new guard leave for the guard room, which is then handed over. The sentries of the old guard, after being relieved, rejoin the remainder of the old guard on the north side of the enclosure. The standard and trumpeters are only on parade with a long guard.

A sentry will be on duty "at their post" for a two-hour period. Every 10 minutes, he comes to attention, slopes arms and does a march of 15 paces across the area of the post. Each sentry does this four to five times before halting. He then shoulders arms and stands at ease. 'Standing easy' is not permitted whilst a sentry is at post. Orders for sentry duty read out before each two-hour 'tour of duty', make it clear that sentries "may not eat, sleep, smoke, stand easy, sit or lie down during [their] tour of duty".

Sentries receive instruction on how to eliminate nuisance or any suggestion of threat from members of the public. There is a protocol they follow which begins with "stamping" (coming to attention sharply). He will also shout: "Stand back from the Queen's Guard" or similar. If this does not eliminate the nuisance or threat he will repeat the stamp and shout again. If the nuisance or threat still does not cease the sentry will assume the position of "port arms" whereby he points his rifle at the source of the interference. If these warnings are not heeded the sentry then has the choice of detaining the person(s) himself or pressing the button in his sentry box to summon assistance.

If a person steps in front of a sentry while he is marching he will shout: "Make way for the Queen's Guard!" (or Castle Guard / Tower of London Guard / Windsor Castle Guard, etc.)

Discipline

Although the guards were previously positioned among the public, in recent times,[when? ] more and more of the sentry posts have been moved away from the public because of incidents involving tourists interfering with the guards' job, as well as incidents where the guards have had to discipline tourists for disrespectful or dangerous behaviour. In 2012, footage of a tourist disrespecting the guards went viral, in which a Russian tourist refused to stop their attempt at climbing the Buckingham Palace fence despite the guard aiming his SA80 rifle at the would-be intruder. Most recently, ropes were installed between the sentry posts at Windsor Castle and the public after an incident occurred between a sentry and a tourist who was mocking him, pretending to march alongside him and eventually grabbing the shoulder on which his rifle was resting.

In London, the sentry posts most recently remaining not behind any sort of fence were those at the Pall Mall entrance to St James's Palace. In December 2014, the Pall Mall sentries were moved to Friary Court inside the walls of the palace, while the Clarence House sentries repositioned inside the fence and at the entrance to the gardens. This was as a result of the increased threat of so-called "lone wolf" terrorist attacks, particularly following the murder of a British soldier in Woolwich, and the terrorist attack on the Canadian Parliament.

Battalions on public duties were part of the regular arms plot, a system where infantry battalions were periodically rotated to various locations and different roles. Following the restructuring of the army announced in 2006, the arms plot system ceased - infantry battalions have now been given fixed roles and locations. In theory, this includes public duties in London, which will retain its two guards and one line infantry battalion. However, for some postings, including public duties, light role infantry battalions will continue to rotate. In the case of public duties in London, the four Guards battalions will rotate every two years, while the line infantry battalion will rotate with battalions assigned to 52 Infantry Brigade and British Forces Cyprus. This has changed following the implementation of the Army 2020 plan.

Women and the Guard

The first occasion where a women provided the Queens Guard was in 2000, when the Australian Federation Guard formed the guard and included several women amongst its number, including the first ever female guard commander. In April 2007, the first women from a British Army unit served on detachments of the Queen's Guard, when the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery took over the guard at Windsor Castle, and the Army Air Corps took on public duties in London.[citation needed ] Female officers were also among the contingent of Royal Canadian Mounted Police members who formed the guard in May 2012.

The first female infantry officer to command the Queen's Guard was 24-year-old Captain Megan Couto of the 2nd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, which formed the Queen's Guard in June 2017 in celebration of Canada 150.

The guard is usually found from one of the five regiments of foot guards:

In addition, the RAF Regiment take over the guard for around three weeks per year. The Queen's Colour Squadron is the RAF Regiment's dedicated ceremonial unit for this task. The Queen's Colour Squadron represents the whole Royal Air Force as the units mounting the guard need to be infantry trained.

On occasion, other units from the British Army and Royal Navy have provided the guard. Additionally, other units from the armed forces of several Commonwealth countries have formed the guard.

Several other British Army units have also formed the guard. Prior to Options for Change, because there were a total of eight guards battalions, it was rare for battalions of line infantry to mount the Queen's Guard and, as such, was a significant honour. Before 1996, only two battalions had served on public duties as part of an operational tour in London District. However, when the 2nd Battalions of the Grenadier Guards, Coldstream Guards and Scots Guards were put in suspended animation, a decision to replace one of the three Foot Guard battalions then engaged on public duties by a line infantry battalion was taken, so as to enable the Foot Guards battalion to increase the proportion of its effort employed on training for operational roles. From 1996 to 2013, a line infantry battalion was stationed in London (first at Hounslow, then Woolwich) under the command of London District:

Since 2013, regular public duties responsibility has reverted to the Household Division. However, line infantry units occasionally provide the Guard for short periods of time. The Royal Gibraltar Regiment is a line infantry regiment and home defence unit of British Forces Gibraltar, that has formed Queen's Guard in March 2001, April 2012 and March 2022. In 2012, the Royal Gibraltar Regiment became the first unit to provide both the Queen's Guard and the Saluting Battery simultaneously. In the summer of 2018, Balaklava Company, the dedicated public duties unit of the Royal Regiment of Scotland, and 2nd Battalion, The Rifles, both provided the Guard at Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle.

Units from the Army Reserve, and its predecessor, the Territorial Army, have also formed the guard. In 1938, the Honourable Artillery Company, a Territorial Army unit, provided the King's Guard. The same regiment subsequently provided the Queen's Guard in 1958. During the 1990s, the Band of the Honourable Artillery Company provided musical support for the Queen's Guard, and they continue to do so in the 21st century. In June 2015, soldiers from the 3rd Battalion, Royal Welsh, provided the Tower of London detachment of the Queen's Guard.

The following is a list of units of the line infantry regiments that that have formed the guard:

The following is a list of Gurkha units that have formed the guard:

On 14 May 1941, the Home Guard provided the King's Guard, in recognition of the first anniversary of its foundation. This was repeated in May 1943.

Royal Marines units have formed the guard on three occasions. 41 Commando formed the guard in November 1978, while 42 Commando formed the guard in July 1986 and June 2014.

In November 2017, the Royal Navy mounted the guard with a company-sized detachment formed of volunteers from 45 ships and shore establishments for two weeks. This was the first time that the Royal Navy had formed the Queen's Guard in its own right, rather than being represented by the Royal Marines.

Units from the British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations have occasionally formed the Queen's Guard. The 117th (Eastern Townships) Battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force was the first non-British unit to form the guard in 1916. The first time commands were given in another language other than English occurred in 1940, when the French Canadian Royal 22e Régiment formed the guard, and issued their commands in French. Only one unit from a Commonwealth country where the Queen is not head of state has formed the guard, the 1st Battalion, Royal Malay Regiment.

British Empire and Commonwealth units have formed the guard to mark a number of occasions, such as the coronation of George VI and Elizabeth and the coronation of Elizabeth II. Commonwealth units have also formed the guard to mark anniversaries or to reinforce close ties with the United Kingdom. The Royal Canadian Air Force mounted the guard in 2018 to commemorate the Royal Air Force's 100th anniversary and the cooperative history between the two air forces.

Units that have formed the guard to commemorate national historic anniversaries include the Australia's Federation Guard, who formed the guard in 1988 to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the First Fleet's arrival to Australia, and again in 2000 to commemorate the centenary of the Federation of Australia. The Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry also formed the guard in 2017 to commemorate the 150th anniversary of Canadian Confederation. Units have also formed the guard to commemorate their own anniversaries, with the Royal 22 e Régiment forming the guard in 2014 to commemorate their 100th anniversary, and the Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery forming the guard in 2021 to commemorate their 150th anniversary.

Some Commonwealth units will form the guard on days that are significant to their country, with the Jamaica Regiment having mounted the guard on Jamaican Emancipation Day and Independence Day, and the Royal Canadian Air Force having formed the guard on Canada Day.

The following is a list of units from the British Empire and Commonwealth to have mounted the King's Guard/Queen's Guard.

Unit

Country

Flag

Date

Royal 22e Régiment

Canada

April 1940

Toronto Scottish Regiment

Canada

April 1940

The Royal Canadian Regiment

Canada

April 1940

Australian Coronation Contingent[43]

Australia

May 1953

Ceylon Coronation Contingent

Ceylon

June 1953

Royal New Zealand Artillery[44]
Detachment commander, Maj. S. Cocks

New Zealand

November 1964

Detachment commander, Lt Col. J.P. Salter 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment
MC

Australia

April 1988

3rd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian
Light Infantry
Detachment commander, Maj. I. Hunt

Canada

April-May 1998

2nd Battalion, Jamaica Regiment

Jamaica

April 1999

plus the Australian Federation Guard[37]
Band of the Royal Military College, Duntroon
Detachment commander, Lt Col. W. Goodman[45]

Australia

July 2000

2nd Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment[46]
Detachment commander, Maj. J. Fife

Canada

September 2000

2nd Battalion, Royal 22e Régiment[39]
Detachment commander, Lt Col. G. Carpentier [49]

Canada

July 2014

2nd Battalion, plus the Princess Patricia's Canadian
Light Infantry[38]
Royal Canadian Artillery Band
Detachment commander, Maj. J. Hudson

Canada

June 2017

1st Regiment, plus the Royal Canadian Horse Artillery[40][50]
Royal Canadian Artillery Band
Detachment commander, Maj. M. Crosier

Canada

October 2021[40][50]

In May and June 2014, the Vancouver Police Pipe Band provided musical accompaniment during the mounting of the Queen's Guard in coordination with the Household Division and was part of the celebrations of the band's centennial year. It was the first time a non-military pipe band had performed during the ceremony. During the ceremony, the pipe major was accompanied by Maurice Brown of the Pipes and Drums of the 1st Battalion, Scots Guards. In January 2018, a film covering the pipe band's visit premiered at the Vancouver International Film Centre titled The Queens New Guard.

The guard is usually provided by the Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment, with the Life Guards and the Blues and Royals alternating. When the HCMR leaves London for a month of summer training (and vacation for the horses), the guard is provided by the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery.

Only two other units have mounted the Queen's Life Guard. In 2000, the Mounted Troop of Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians), a regiment of the Royal Canadian Armoured Corps, mounted the Queen's Life Guard during the same deployment as The Royal Canadian Regiment provided the Queen's Guard. In 2012, as part of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee celebrations, the Musical Ride of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police mounted the Queen's Life Guard for a day in May 2012, becoming the first non-military unit to do so.

The Queen's Guard is an operational posting, with the primary purpose of protecting the Sovereign. There have been a handful of incidents when this protection has been tested. In 1982, a man named Michael Fagan was able to evade the sentries stationed in the grounds of Buckingham Palace and make his way to the Queen's bedroom, before he was captured by police. In this instance, security of the Queen's room was the task of the Metropolitan Police. In 2004, a member of the pressure group Fathers4Justice spent five and a half hours standing on the parapet by the balcony at the front of Buckingham Palace. Again, the security was the primary responsibility of the Metropolitan Police. Although the Queen was not present at the time, it raised fears of the possibility of a terrorist attack on the palace, and gave rise to calls for the British Army to be given a greater hand in the overall security of the Royal Family.[citation needed ]

1. p. 113 Lindsay, Oliver ^ Once a Grenadier: The Grenadier Guards 1945-1995 Pen and Sword, 14 Mar 1996

2. p. 29 Dorney, Richard ^ An Active Service: The Story of a Soldier's Life in the Grenadier Guards, SAS and SBS, 1935-1958 Helion & Company Limited, 2005

3. ^ "Queen's Guard turns rifle on a tourist at Windsor Castle". The Telegraph. 27 June 2015. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.

4. ^ "Mounties guard the Queen in London for a day". CTV. 23 May 2012. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012.

5. ^ "Regiments". 9 February 2012. Archived from the original on 9 February 2012.

6. ^ "Public Duties in London and Windsor - May and Jun 2018". Household Division. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018.

7. Information obtained from London District under Freedom of Information Act

8. ^ At various points in May 2015, elements of the Royal Gurkha Rifles, Queen's Gurkha Engineers, Queen's Gurkha Signals and Queen's Own Gurkha Logistic Regiment undertook guard duties

9. ^ "Royal Navy declared ready to mount historic first public duties". Royal Navy. 24 November 2017.

10. Chase, Sean (2 October 2018). "Canadian soldiers UK bound to assume duties as the Queen's Guard". Canadian Military Family Magazine.

11. ^ "Public Duties". Royal Canadian Air Force. 12 June 2018. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018.

12. Pugliese, David (16 June 2017). "Canadian military units take on ceremonial duties as the Queen's Guard in London". ottawacitizen.com. Ottawa Citizen.

13. Canadians making history at Buckingham Palace, 14 July 2014

14. ^ Regiments.Org - Commonwealth Units to have mounted the Queen's Guard Archived 23 September 2004 at the Wayback Machine

15. ^ Trooping the colour - like father, like son Jamaica Observer Archived 21 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine

16. ^ First Muslim Battalion Guards the Queen MOD Website, 2 May 2008 Archived 6 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine

17. ^ dburke@squamishchief.com, David Burke. "Squamish bagpiper takes his pipes to Buckingham Palace". Squamish Chief.

18. ^ "FORECAST OF CEREMONIAL AND MILITARY EVENTS IN LONDON AND WINDSOR" (PDF). British Army. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2012.

19. ^ "Canadian Mounties take over Royal duties at Horse Guards". Ministry of Defence.

Paget, J; 'The Story of the Guards'; London; Osprey Publishing; 1976

Sullivan-Tailyour, J. R.; 'Changing the guard at Buckingham Palace'; London; International Partnership in Marketing Services; 1999

Tibballs, G; 'Soldier Soldier: The Regiment Files'; London; BCA; 1995

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Queen's Guard, British Guards, and Queen's Life Guard (called King's Guard and King's Life Guard when the reigning monarch is male) are the names given to contingents of infantry and cavalry soldiers charged with guarding the official royal residences in the United Kingdom.

# data[].attributes.location_name
Belvedere Rd, South Bank, London SE1 7GA, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Canaletto: Umzug des Lord Mayor of London auf der Westminster Bridge (1746)

Westminster Bridge um 1910

Straßenkünstler auf der Westminster Bridge, London Eye im Hintergrund

Straßenlaternen auf der Brücke

Die Westminster Bridge ist eine Straßenbrücke über den Fluss Themse in London. Sie verbindet die City of Westminster auf der Westseite mit dem Stadtteil Lambeth im Stadtbezirk London Borough of Lambeth auf der Ostseite. Darüber führt die Hauptstraße A302. Am westlichen Ufer befinden sich der Palace of Westminster, der Parliament Square und das Portcullis House, am östlichen Ufer die County Hall mit dem London Eye und der Bahnhof Waterloo.

Die Brücke ist 252 Meter lang und 26 Meter breit. Sie quert die Themse mit sieben Bögen aus Schmiedeeisen. Die äußeren, als Verblendung angesetzten Bogenelemente aus Gusseisen besitzen neugotische Verzierungen von Charles Barry, dem Architekten des Palace of Westminster. Die Brücke ist grün gestrichen, was der Farbe der Ledersessel im House of Commons entspricht, dessen Sitzungssaal der Westminster Bridge zugewandt ist. Die Lambeth Bridge hingegen ist rot gestrichen, was der Farbe des House of Lords entspricht.

Während der Herrschaft von Elisabeth I. gab es mehrmals Versuche, ein Gesetz zum Bau einer Brücke zu verabschieden, doch die City of London wehrte sich stets erfolgreich dagegen. Die einzige Möglichkeit, in der Nähe den Fluss zu überqueren, war die Fähre bei der heutigen Lambeth Bridge, deren Benutzung jedoch wegen der Gezeiten oft gefährlich war. 1734 präsentierte der Schweizer Bauingenieur Charles Labelye ein neues Projekt und mit der Unterstützung des Earl of Pembroke gelang es ihm 1736, die Zustimmung des Parlaments zu erhalten.

Der Earl of Pembroke legte 1739 den Grundstein. Zuerst wurden Caissons in das Flussbett abgesenkt. Doch die Bauarbeiten standen unter keinem guten Stern: Trotz der Erlaubnis, eine Lotterie durchzuführen, gab es ständig Finanzierungsprobleme. Harte Winter, Kriege auf dem europäischen Festland, Sabotage durch Flussschiffer, Unfälle und ein kleines Erdbeben sorgten für zahlreiche Verzögerungen. Im Mauerwerk erschienen Risse und 1747 fielen Steine vom fünften Brückenbogen in den Fluss. Erst 1750 konnte die 316 Meter lange und 13,5 Meter breite Brücke eröffnet werden. In der Zwischenzeit hatte sie den wenig schmeichelhaften Übernamen Bridge of Fools (Brücke der Narren) erhalten.

Die Brücke tendierte dazu, auf ihren Fundamenten zu schwanken. Nachdem man 1831 die alte London Bridge abgerissen hatte, unterspülte die Flut die Fundamente der Westminster Bridge und lagerte immer mehr Schlamm ab. 1836 begann James Walker mit einer schrittweisen Erneuerung der Brücke, die sich über zehn Jahre hinzog.

Nach Beendigung dieser Arbeiten entwarf er zusammen mit Charles Barry, George Rennie und Thomas Page einen Plan für einen vollständigen Neubau. Die Bauarbeiten begannen 1854 mit der Caisson-Gründung der Widerlager aus Granit. Im Mai 1862 konnte die neue, weitaus stabilere Brücke eingeweiht werden. Ihre sieben elliptischen Bögen haben Spannweiten von 28,70 m bis zu 34,90 m im mittleren Bogen, der eine lichte Höhe von 5,40 m über MHWS (Mean high water spring), dem Mittleren Spring Hochwasser( Springtide) hat. Die Bögen bestehen jeweils aus zahlreichen schmiedeeisernen Rippen mit Querversteifungen. Außen sind die Bögen mit gusseisernen Verblendungen abgedeckt, auch die Verzierungen mit Wappen in den Zwickeln sind aus Gusseisen. Die Brückentafel ist rund 26 m breit und wird mit Balustraden seitlich begrenzt. Die Westminster Bridge ist nach der Erneuerung der London Bridge jetzt die älteste Themse-Brücke Londons. Abgesehen von der Beseitigung einiger kleinerer Risse im Jahr 1924 und einer Erneuerung der Gusseisenteile in den Jahren 2005-2007 waren kaum je Reparaturen notwendig.

Am 22. März 2017 ereignete sich ein Terroranschlag auf der Westminster Bridge.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Die Westminster Bridge ist eine Straßenbrücke über den Fluss Themse in London. Sie verbindet die City of Westminster auf der Westseite mit dem Stadtteil Lambeth im Stadtbezirk London Borough of Lambeth auf der Ostseite. Darüber führt die Hauptstraße A302.

# data[].attributes.location_name
The Queen's Walk, South Bank, London SE1 7BF, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
London Eye (Millennium Wheel)

Daten

Typ

Riesenrad

Ort

London, England, Vereinigtes Königreich

Eröffnung

9. März 2000

Höhe

135 Meter

Gondeln

32

Fahrgäste pro Gondel

25-28

Geschwindigkeit

2 Umdr.n/h

Das London Eye ( engl. „Auge von London"), auch bekannt unter der Bezeichnung Millennium Wheel, ist mit einer Höhe von 135 Metern das höchste Riesenrad Europas. Es steht im Zentrum von London am Südufer der Themse nahe der Westminster Bridge und gilt als eines der Wahrzeichen der britischen Hauptstadt.

Baubeginn des Riesenrades war 1998. Am 10. Oktober 1999 wurde die Konstruktion aufgerichtet. Die Eröffnung für Besucher verzögerte sich wegen technischer Probleme bis zum 9. März 2000.

Das London Eye sollte ursprünglich nur eine begrenzte Zeit von etwa fünf Jahren betrieben werden, doch angesichts des großen Erfolges wurde dies verworfen.

Das London Eye besitzt 32 bodentief verglaste und klimatisierte Gondeln, in denen jeweils 25-28 Personen Platz finden. Die Gondeln sind horizontal verlängerte Rotationsellipsoide. Sie sie sind von je zwei fest im Riesenrad montierten Kreisringen umgeben und in ihnen um ihre horizontale Achse drehbar gelagert (s. unten stehendes erstes und zweites Bild). Infolge ihres tiefen Schwerpunktes drehen sie sich darin so, dass der Gondelboden immer waagerecht bleibt.

Die Gondeln befinden sich außerhalb des Rades, was eine fast uneingeschränkte Panorama-Aussicht ermöglicht. Ihre Umfangsgeschwindigkeit ist 0,26 m/s (knapp 1 km/h). Ein Umlauf dauert fast ½ Stunde. Durch die geringe Geschwindigkeit wird der Fahrgastwechsel während der Fahrt möglich, so dass das Rad nur anhält, um u. a. Rollstuhlfahrenden den Einstieg zu ermöglichen. Der Antrieb des Radkranzes erfolgt an beiden Seiten durch insgesamt 16 Reibräder (s. ein Reibrad in unten stehendem dritten Bild): 8 pro Seite, zu je 2 Gruppen à 4 Stück zusammengefasst.

Sind die Sichtverhältnisse optimal, kann man vom Riesenrad aus bis zu 40 km weit sehen, unter anderem bis zum etwas außerhalb Londons gelegenen Schloss Windsor.

Kabine in höchster Lage,
auf dem Riesenrad „stehend"

Das Riesenrad wurde von den Architekten David Marks und Julia Barfield entworfen. Tragwerksplaner war John Roberts, der auch später mit Marks Barfield beim British Airways i360 Aussichtsturms in Brighton zusammenarbeitete. Marks und Barfield hatten versucht, nach dem Erfolg des London Eye die Idee an weitere Städte zu verkaufen, sie erwies sich aber als zu teuer, weshalb sie als kostengünstigere Alternative den Aussichtsturm i360 entwarfen. Für das London Eye war ursprünglich Arup als Ingenieursfirma eingebunden. Diese stieg jedoch aus, als die Baufirma Mitsubishi, mit der sie verbunden war, sich zurückzog. Das Design der Gondeln stammt von Nick Bailey. Die Realisierung erfolgte durch das niederländische Stahlbau-Unternehmen Hollandia. Die Drehachse und die einseitige, schräge Stütze aus Rohren und Spannelementen wurden von der tschechischen Maschinenbaufirma Škoda geliefert. FAG Kugelfischer entwickelte und baute in Schweinfurt das riesige Pendelrollenlager an der Nabe. Die Kapseln und das Stabilisations-System stammen von der französischen Firma Sigma. Der Antrieb wurde von Bosch Rexroth geliefert. Am 10. September 1999 versuchte die niederländische Spezialfirma Smit-Tak mit einem der größten Schwimmkräne der Welt, das liegend zusammengebaute Rad des London Eye aufzurichten, doch der Versuch schlug fehl. Erst einen Monat später konnte das Rad zunächst um 60 Grad aufgerichtet werden. Es dauerte eine weitere Woche, um es in seine endgültige Position zu heben.

Die Merlin Entertainments Group besitzt und betreibt das Riesenrad. Sponsor seit Februar 2020 ist die Online-Reisesuchmaschine lastminute.com. Zuvor waren von 2011 bis Ende 2014 EDF Energy und von 2015 bis Ende Januar 2020 Coca-Cola die Sponsoren. Bei der Eröffnung 2000 gehörte es noch der Tussauds Group, British Airways und der Architektenfamilie Marks Barfield gemeinsam. 2006 erwarb Tussaud die Anteile der anderen Eigentümer und wurde 2007 dann selbst von Merlin übernommen.

Das London Eye ist das fünftgrößte Riesenrad der Welt. Bis zum 4. Januar 2006 war es das höchste Riesenrad der Welt, wurde aber dann durch das 160 Meter hohe Riesenrad „ Stern von Nanchang" in Nanchang, China, abgelöst, das wiederum mit der Eröffnung des Singapore Flyer am 1. März 2008 als damals größtes Riesenrad der Welt ersetzt wurde (siehe auch Dubai Wheel). In der Zeit zwischen 2014 und 2021 war der High Roller in Las Vegas das größte Riesenrad, welches im Oktober 2021 vom 260 Meter hohen Ain Dubai abgelöst wurde.

Zur Kolonialausstellung Empire of India Exhibition stand von 1895 bis 1907 im Earls Court Exhibition Centre das Great Wheel, das mit 94 Meter zum Errichtungszeitpunkt höchste Riesenrad der Welt.

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London Eye (Millennium Wheel) Daten Typ Riesenrad Ort London, England, Vereinigtes Königreich Eröffnung 9. März 2000 Höhe 135 Meter Gondeln 32 Fahrgäste pro Gondel 25-28 Geschwindigkeit 2 Umdr.n/h Das London Eye ( engl. „Auge von London"), auch bekannt unter der Bezeichnung Millennium Wheel, ist mit einer Höhe von 135 Metern das höchste Riesenrad Europas.

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Cleveland Row, St. James's, London SW1A 1DL, Vereinigtes Königreich

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Constitution Hill, London SW1A 1AA, Vereinigtes Königreich

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Constitution Hill, London SW1A 1AA, Vereinigtes Königreich

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5 A3214, Westminster, London SW1A 1AA, Vereinigtes Königreich

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Ein Museum

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Ein Brunnen zu Ehren von Prinzessin Diana.

# data[].attributes.location_name
Budge's Walk, London W2 3HJ, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.location_name
Bayswater Rd, London W2 3HJ, Vereinigtes Königreich

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Bayswater Rd, London W2 3HJ, Vereinigtes Königreich

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Bayswater Rd, London W2 3HJ, Vereinigtes Königreich

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Here are the word - cards! Now go the Westminster Bridge. You will find more words!

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Here are the picture cards. Now find the word cards! They are near the Round Pond in Hyde Park!

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Madame Tussauds, Marylebone Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

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Madame Tussauds, Marylebone Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

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Madame Tussauds, Marylebone Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.body
Alles über Großbritannien

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Reise nach Großbritannien - eine Zusammenfassung | Erdkunde (nicht nur) für Kinder

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Hello! Now go to the Victoria Memorial. It is near by. Turn right and you will see!

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Sesame Street: Cookie Monster and Gonger's Adventures in London!

# data[].attributes.location_name
Trafalgar Square, Trafalgar Square, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

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Trafalgar Square, Trafalgar Square, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

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Trafalgar Square, Trafalgar Square, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

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Trafalgar Square, Trafalgar Square, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

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Trafalgar Square, Trafalgar Square, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

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Trafalgar Square, Trafalgar Square, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.location_name
Tower Bridge, Tower Bridge Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Tower Bridge, Tower Bridge Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

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Tower Bridge, Tower Bridge Road, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

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Tower of London, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.headline
Tower of London, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Tower of London, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

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London Eye

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Queen Victoria Statue, Kensington Palace Gardens, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

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Queen Victoria Statue, Kensington Palace Gardens, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

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Queen Victoria Statue, Kensington Palace Gardens, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

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Now you go into the St. James Park. You got straight ahead and then left. There you find the Diana Princess of Wales Walk. (The Mall)

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Albert Memorial, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

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Albert Memorial, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

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Albert Memorial, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

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Westminster Cathedral, Victoria Street, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

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Westminster Cathedral, Victoria Street, London, Vereinigtes Königreich

# data[].attributes.subject
Westminster Cathedral, Victoria Street, London, Vereinigtes Königreich