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Outline: Colonial India The British Reference to "Caught Between Cultures" 6. Independence & Partition Wealth without work Pleasure without conscience Knowledge without character Commerce without morality Science without humanity Worship without sacrifice Politics without

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Globalisation Globalisation is the ongoing process that connects the world economically, socially, politically and culturally. Globalisation thus implies international trade and exchange, global communication and the mobility of people. global challenges sustainable development

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Globalisation

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Sci-Fi Short Film “Perfectly Natural" | DUST

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Texts on studying and working abroad – Kopie

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Wir können den folgenden Code 1100 Mal einlösen, d.h. alle Schülerinnen und Schüler und Lehrerinnen und Lehrer der KTS können ihn nutzen. Klassen- und Oberstufenberatungslehrerinnen und -lehrer können ihn über bestehende Mailverteiler an ihre Schülerinnen und Schüler weiterleiten. Die Anleitungen findet man weiter unten in der Mail von simpleclub.

Unser Code: FWmVlLagwk1J5U5A525S

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Für die Seite "sofatutor.com" haben wir 1500 Codes bekommen und können die Angebote bis zum 07.04. kostenlos nutzen (s. Anhang). Die Codes laufen automatisch aus; es bedarf keiner Kündigung.

Für die Sek I habe ich die Codes nach Klassen sortiert (30 pro Klasse). Für die EF und Q1 gibt es 130, für die Q2 139 Codes. Für uns Lehrer habe ich das Kürzel neben den Code geschrieben.

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Codes

ORSZ8M         So Wi
BHRDRO        Ish  Vo
WZQR1A       Di   Wa
PW7KBK       Ju    Yap
KEH47X       Na     Ga
XIRXSS         Le      Lam
ASCJ44       Dam    Schmi
Q4LCT7     Fr         Gare
PLT51Q     Has        Far
7LC57C      Ok        Du
O7KRWC    Eli        Ste
VKNW1P   Marl      Kuc
3DSAEV     Mari      Ku
FUSA66     Mar       Tenc
YKW231    Marl      Meh
TFKJXG      Han        Fra
WD4DUX   Luc         Tros
RNOFX5    Man       Arno
YQIFWO    Ali            Öz
NYTTLW   Mak        Med

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Tensions in India

Many have wondered why the British and Indian leaders did not delay until a better deal over borders could have been agreed. One explanation is that in the months and years immediately following World War Two, leaders on all sides were losing control and were keen to strike a deal before the country descended into chaos.

Immediately before World War Two, India was ravaged by the impact of the Great Depression, bringing mass unemployment. This created tremendous tensions exacerbated during the war by inflation and food grain shortages. Rationing was introduced in Indian cities and in Bengal a major famine developed in 1942.

The resulting discontent was expressed in widespread violence accompanying the Congress party's 'Quit India' campaign of 1942 - a violence only contained by the deployment of 55 army battalions.

With the cessation of hostilities, the battalions at the disposal of the government in India were rapidly diminished. At the same time, the infrastructure of the Congress Party, whose entire leadership was imprisoned due to their opposition to the war, had been dismantled.

The Muslim League, which co-operated with the British, had rapidly increased its membership, yet still had very limited grassroots level organisation.

This was dramatically revealed on the 16 August 1946, when Jinnah called for a 'Direct Action Day' by followers of the League in support of the demand for Pakistan. The day had dissolved into random violence and civil disruption across north India, with thousands of lives lost.

This was interpreted by the British as evidence of the irreconcilable differences between Hindus and Muslims. In reality, the riots were evidence as much of a simple lack of military and political control as they were of social discord.

Further evidence of the collapse of government authority was to be seen in the Princely State of Hyderabad, where a major uprising occurred in the Telengana region, and with the Tebhaga ('two-thirds') agitation among share-cropping cultivators in north Bengal. A leading role was played in both by the Communist Party of India.

Elsewhere, the last months of British rule were marked by a naval mutiny, wage strikes and successful demonstrations in every major city. In all of these conflicts the British colonial government remained aloof, as it concentrated on the business of negotiating a speedy transfer of power.

Post-partition and conflict over Kashmir

The death of Muhammed Ali Jinnah in 1948, the conflict with India over the Princely State of Kashmir (which both countries claimed at independence), as well as ethnic and religious differences within Pakistan itself, all combined to stymie early attempts to agree on a constitution and an effectively functioning civil administration.

This failure paved the way for a military takeover of the government in 1958 and later on, a civil war in 1971. This saw the division of the country and the creation of the separate state of Bangladesh. Ever since then, military rule has been more often than not the order of the day in both countries.

At independence, in India and in Pakistan, civil unrest as well as ethnic and religious discord threatened the stability of the new country. However, the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by a Hindu fanatic strengthened the hand of secularists within the government.

Indian politicians ratified a constitution, which led to the first democratic elections in 1951. This made India the world's largest democracy and consolidated governmental authority over the entire subcontinent.

However, major tensions have persisted among both Muslim and Sikh communities, which suffered most from the violence and land loss resulting from partition. These tensions erupted most seriously in the 1980s in a violent campaign for the creation of a separate Sikh state which led ultimately to the assassination of Indira Gandhi.

Renewed victimisation of Muslims has also occurred, notably with the destruction of the Muslim shrine at Ayodhya in 1992 and anti-Muslim riots in Gujarat in 2004. With such notable exceptions, however, India has maintained a remarkable level of cohesion since independence, especially if one considers that it is a country nearly the size of Europe.

For both India and Pakistan, the most singular conflict unresolved since partition has concerned the former Princely State of Kashmir, whose fate was left undetermined at the time the British left. Lying as it did on the border, Kashmir was claimed by both countries, which have been to war over this region on numerous occasions.

The conflict has wasted thousands of lives and millions of dollars, but is closer to a solution now than at any time since independence. If achieved, it might finally bring to fruition the dreams of Mohammed Ali Jinnah and Mahatma Gandhi and once more set an example for post-colonial societies elsewhere in Africa, Asia and the Middle East to imitate and follow.

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The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies

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Many have wondered why the British and Indian leaders did not delay until a better deal over borders could have been agreed. One explanation is that in the months and years immediately following World War Two, leaders on all sides were losing control and were keen to strike a deal before the country descended into chaos.

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India's caste system is among the world's oldest forms of surviving social stratification. The BBC explains its complexities.

The system which divides Hindus into rigid hierarchical groups based on their karma (work) and dharma (the Hindi word for religion, but here it means duty) is generally accepted to be more than 3,000 years old.

How did caste come about?

Manusmriti, widely regarded to be the most important and authoritative book on Hindu law and dating back to at least 1,000 years before Christ was born, "acknowledges and justifies the caste system as the basis of order and regularity of society".

The caste system divides Hindus into four main categories - Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and the Shudras. Many believe that the groups originated from Brahma, the Hindu God of creation.

At the top of the hierarchy were the Brahmins who were mainly teachers and intellectuals and are believed to have come from Brahma's head. Then came the Kshatriyas, or the warriors and rulers, supposedly from his arms. The third slot went to the Vaishyas, or the traders, who were created from his thighs. At the bottom of the heap were the Shudras, who came from Brahma's feet and did all the menial jobs.

The main castes were further divided into about 3,000 castes and 25,000 sub-castes, each based on their specific occupation.

Outside of this Hindu caste system were the achhoots - the Dalits or the untouchables.

How does caste work?

For centuries, caste has dictated almost every aspect of Hindu religious and social life, with each group occupying a specific place in this complex hierarchy.

Rural communities have long been arranged on the basis of castes - the upper and lower castes almost always lived in segregated colonies, the water wells were not shared, Brahmins would not accept food or drink from the Shudras, and one could marry only within one's caste.

The system bestowed many privileges on the upper castes while sanctioning repression of the lower castes by privileged groups.

Often criticised for being unjust and regressive, it remained virtually unchanged for centuries, trapping people into fixed social orders from which it was impossible to escape.

Despite the obstacles, however, some Dalits and other low-caste Indians, such as BR Ambedkar who authored the Indian constitution, and KR Narayanan who became the nation's first Dalit president, have risen to hold prestigious positions in the country.

Historians, though, say that until the 18th Century, the formal distinctions of caste were of limited importance to Indians, social identities were much more flexible and people could move easily from one caste to another.

New research shows that hard boundaries were set by British colonial rulers who made caste India's defining social feature when they used censuses to simplify the system, primarily to create a single society with a common law that could be easily governed.

Is the system legal?

Independent India's constitution banned discrimination on the basis of caste, and, in an attempt to correct historical injustices and provide a level playing field to the traditionally disadvantaged, the authorities announced quotas in government jobs and educational institutions for scheduled castes and tribes, the lowest in the caste hierarchy, in 1950.

In 1989, quotas were extended to include a grouping called the OBCs (Other Backward Classes) which fall between the traditional upper castes and the lowest.

In recent decades, with the spread of secular education and growing urbanisation, the influence of caste has somewhat declined, especially in cities where different castes live side-by-side and inter-caste marriages are becoming more common.

In certain southern states and in the northern state of Bihar, many people began using just one name after social reform movements. Despite the changes though, caste identities remain strong, and last names are almost always indications of what caste a person belongs to.

What about job quotas?

In recent years, there have been demands from several communities to be recognised as OBCs - in 2016 there were violent protests by the Jat community in Haryana and the Patel community led huge protests in Gujarat in 2015 demanding access to caste quotas.

Both are prosperous and politically dominant communities, but they support their demand for caste quotas by saying large numbers in their communities are poor and suffering.

Some say the caste system would have disappeared by now if the fires were not regularly fanned by politicians.

At elections, many caste groups still vote as a block and are wooed by politicians looking for electoral gains.

As a result, what was originally meant to be a temporary affirmative action plan to improve the lot of the unprivileged groups has now become a vote-grabbing exercise for many politicians.

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India's complex caste system is among the world's oldest forms of surviving social stratification.

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Aufgrund Corona: Kostenfreie SchulLV-Zugänge für die ganze Schule bis 30.04.2020

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Discussion Questions - Abitur Englisch 2020

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King Lear (Shakespeare) – Thug Notes Summary & Analysis

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There Is No Escaping Shakespeare | The New York Times

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MY ARRANGED MARRIAGE: How I embraced the unknown | Ashvini Mashru | TEDxNewAlbany

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Ashvini wants to remind the world that you never know what can happen until you try. We all have the power to create the life we want, make the best of our lives, and achieve our dreams! Ashvini Mashru is a nationally recognized, award-winning Registered Dietitian who provides customized health and lifestyle solutions that help people discover the healthiest way to nourish themselves through her business, Wellness Nutrition Concepts, LLC.

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Fighting forced marriages and honour based abuse | Jasvinder Sanghera | TEDxGöteborg

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What Are The Differences Between The Republican And Democratic Parties: sciBRIGHT Politics

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Brexit III: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO)

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Brexit explained: What is the problem with the Irish border?

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Boris Johnson On Why He Thinks Britain Should Leave The EU | Good Morning Britain

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Environment

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Work and business

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Social challenges

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Utopia Dystopia

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Shakespeare

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USA

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UK

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You can work on tasks 1,2,3

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Abiturklausur Working in a globalised world :London

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National Institute of Economic and Social Research

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Changing the debate: video animation  on the impact of immigration on the UK