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Gold used to trade for goods in Trans-Saharan trade routes

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Gold used to trade for goods in Trans-Saharan trade routes

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Camel Saddles used by Traders and Merchants on the Trans-Saharan trade routes

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Camel Saddles used by Traders and Merchants on the Trans-Saharan trade routes

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-Mode of Transportation/Transportation Innovations: Camels were the most common transportation along the Sub-Saharan usually as a Camel train. Better known as caravans, this was helpful because like the humans needed, camels are pack animals meaning they roam with the other camels therefore it would be easy to travel along with the camel's exceptional endurance in the heat.
-Technology Developed/Traded: Along the path the travelers found  Iron to be a very useful and beneficial tool, especially when they forged iron to create iron smelted tools that would greatly benefit agriculture and iron smelted weapons.
-Major Trade Cities: The most major trade cities include Niger, and Arabia, Many trade items were sent from India, and Southeast Asia.
-Shopping/Luxury Goods: The Most luxurious goods included gold, ivory, salt and copper this is because metals were strong and considered valuable and salt was not easily made by everyone in sub-Saharan Africa. Ivory was only found in the tusks of the mighty strong elephants which were quite respectable to have anything made of ivory.
-Foods/Spices: The foods and spices included yams, bananas and meat preserved with salt or other indigenous spices that would help for long term storage of food for travel.
-Languages/Forms of Writing: The languages included a group of many Bantu languages with encompassed  500 languages, with 12 major Turkic and Arabian languages, the remaining had a lingua-franca for trade which was Swahili or Kongo, Yoruba was considered the most common written language at the time.
-Forms of Currency/Exchange: The most common form of currency included cowries which were shells,  they also allowed iron, crops, and gold to be used as a currency.
-Trading Organizations/Merchant Communities:  Trading organization communities included the Arabs and the Turks which were merchants which came for trade the other was the Bantu people which traveled in caravans and merchants which stayed with them.
-Famous Travelers: A well known travelled was Ibn Battuta, he traveled across the whole of the sub-Saharan region who came as a Moroccan scholar and to study the region.
-Religion: A variety of religions were displayed such as Islam as a dominant hegemon, The others in dominance respectively included Christianity and indigenous tribal religions. These were mono-theistic and animistic religions(tribal).
-Diseases/Travel Dangers: The dangers included the climate, thieves, not any well known disease  decrease in agricultural productivity, urbanizing invasions, minor plagues that came with merchants and travelers of different regions.
-Sources:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161893809000179
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-in-africa/article/did-they-or-didnt-they-invent-it-iron-in-subsaharan-africa/DB40377A90535C7041DC10159B43C50F
https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/21490
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0305750X8790129X
https://www.jstor.org/stable/161402
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Ghqf-m6ILIgC&oi=fnd&pg=PP10&dq=sub+saharan+africa+language&ots=y_GfcnxCrz&sig=pIp70kRhak725LrF_hCR7cblA1E#v=onepage&q=sub%20saharan%20africa%20language&f=false
-Map of Travel Route:

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-Mode of Transportation/Transportation Innovations: Some innovations were the Camel, camel saddles and caravans. Camel saddles helped dealers ride the camels with their main pack prepared to get by in the desert without water for significant stretches of time without injury, so it was more convenient.
-Technology Developed/Traded: Swords, books, chain mail, and cloth.

-Major Trade Cities: Timbuktu. It was the Sub-Saharan center of knowledge and culture for centuries.
-Shopping/Luxury Goods: gold, ivory, cloth, horses, books, swords, and chain mail.
-Foods/Spices: millet, sorghum, yams, kola nuts, salt
-Languages/Forms of Writing: Ajami and Tifinagh were a more restricted yet ancient and distinctive literacy used to write Berber languages such as Tashelhiyt in Morocco and Tamasheq in Mali and Niger. The languages Kanuri (mainly in Nigeria), Nile Nubian, and the Nilotic languages Dinka.
-Forms of Currency/Exchange: Cowrie shells,  but gold and salt remained the principal mediums of long-distance trade. Gold remained the principal product in the trans-Saharan trade, followed by kola nuts and slaves.
-Trading Organizations/Merchant Communities: They organized regular camel caravans across the western Sahara to avoid thieves and raiders.
-Famous Travelers: The Moroccan scholar Leo Africanus.
-Religion: Islam, which was adopted in the states belonging to the sphere of the caravan trade.
-Diseases/Travel Dangers:

Sleeping sickness, thieves, and raiders.

Sources: https://sahelresearch.africa.ufl.edu/research/trans-saharan-literacies-writing-across-the-desert/
https://org.uib.no/smi/paj/Masonen.html
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/gold/hd_gold.htm#:~:text=In%20the%20fourteenth%20century%2C%20cowrie,mediums%20of%20long%2Ddistance%20trade.&text=relied%20on%20the%20same%20resources,by%20kola%20nuts%20and%20slaves.

-Map of Travel Route:

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-Mode of Transportation/Transportation Innovations: Horses were used for transportation along the Silk Road, but not as much as camels. Camels and other pack animals transported people and goods. Caravans traveled along the Silk Road, and the building of caravanserais or inns for traders was very helpful because it gave them shelter and food.
-Technology Developed/Traded: Paper and gunpowder from China changed European culture, gunpowder especially had a very big impact on war in Europe. The arrival of horses in China helped give strength to the Mongols.
-Major Trade Cities: Xi'an, China, the start city in the east of the Silk Road. Constantinople, Turkey was  a large and wealthy trade city that had many goods pass through to be traded. Taxila connected India to the Silk Road, and had a university in the city.
-Shopping/Luxury Goods: Silk, wools, gold, silver, camels, weapons, horses, silk, china, porcelain, paper, gunpowder.
-Foods/Spices: Grapes, honey, fruits, tea, rice, cinnamon, ginger.
-Languages/Forms of Writing: Sogdian, an Iranian language, was used by traders. Chinese was also spoken along the Silk Road, but there were many other languages spoken in addition to these. The spread of paper along the Silk Road made this into a form of writing.
-Forms of Currency/Exchange: The silver drachm and gold solidus were the major currencies used. However, traders also used other gold and silver coins, or sometimes traded items of value such as silk or sandalwood.
-Trading Organizations/Merchant Communities: Many merchants traveled in caravans together to ward off robbers. Caravanserais were inns where merchants and other travelers could stay.
-Famous Travelers: Marco Polo traveled the Silk Road, he made the Silk Road famous through his writings about his adventures and travels.
-Religion: Christianity and Buddhism made their way to China along the Silk Road (Buddhism came from India)
-Diseases/Travel Dangers: The Bubonic Plague spread from Europe to Asia along the Silk Road, main cause for the Black Death in the 14th century. Robbers were common along the Silk Road, so traveling with others is advised.
-Sources:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Silk-Road-trade-route
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/silk-road/
https://www.ancient.eu/Silk_Road/
https://www.historyhit.com/key-cities-along-the-silk-road/
https://www.penn.museum/silkroad/exhibit_daily_life.php#:~:text=The%20Iranian%20language%20called%20Sogdian,)%2C%20Sogdian%2C%20and%20Chinese.
http://www.silk-road.com/currency-along-the-silk-road/

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-Mode of Transportation/Transportation Innovations:
Dhow ships were particularly important because with them, they were able to trade heavy items. But mostly because of the way the ships were shaped, they could use that combined with monsoon winds to their advantage as a way to strategically navigate through the trade route.
-Technology Developed/Traded:
The magnetic compass was created in order to know which direction to go. Also, bigger ships were made as a way to carry larger amounts of spices.
-Major Trade Cities:
Trades often occurred along the Eastern coast of Africa. Most often throughout Kilwa, Sofala, Mombasa, and Malindi.
-Shopping/Luxury Goods:
silk, porcelain, incense, ivory, gold, glassware, perfume, precious stones, and leopard skins.
-Foods/Spices:
wine, olive oil, cloves, nutmeg, mace, and tea.
-Languages/Forms of Writing:
The Austronean Language was spread through the Indian Ocean Trade.
-Forms of Currency/Exchange:
The most common form of currency used in the Indian Ocean trade route was paper money and coins because it was simple enough to handle and understand throughout the different cities. People were also able to trade goods for other materials.
-Trading Organizations/Merchant Communities:
Merchant communities from Kilwa, Sofala, Mombasa, and Malindi traded various goods from Inland kingdoms of Africa.
-Famous Travelers:
Both Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta have gone through the Indian Ocean trade route throughout their famous journeys.
-Religion:
Various merchants have spread religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism throughout the Indian Ocean trade route.
-Diseases/Travel Dangers:
Dangers include the Plague and thieves such as pirates.
-Sources:
https://www.thoughtco.com/indian-ocean-trade-routes-195514
https://coinsweekly.com/indian-ocean-trade-and-exchange-an-exhibition-of-the-british-museum/#:~:text=Cloves%2C%20as%20well%20as%20cinnamon,Indian%20Ocean%20commerce%20for%20millennia.
http://www.bu.edu/africa/outreach/teachingresources/history/indian/#:~:text=As%20trade%20intensified%20between%20Africa,gold%2C%20ivory%2C%20and%20iron.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/41304758?seq=1
https://exploration.marinersmuseum.org/watercraft/dhow/