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"Tensed"

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Provide non-essential information. Can only occur with "wh-pronouns" ("that" is not possible)

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Provide essential information

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Non-finite

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Typically start with a relative pronoun (who, which, that)

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A CP that can only be subordinated. Its VGP contains infinitives, present participles or past participles. It can function as Subject, DO, Adverbial or SP

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A CP that can function as Subject, DO, Phrasal Object, SP or Adverbial

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It can be coordinated

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P: head
NP: complement

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Adv: head
Adv of degree: pre-modifier

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Adj: head
AdvP: modifier

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Noun: head
AdjP: pre-modifier
PP: post-modifier or complement
D: complement

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Infinitive
Present participle
Past participle

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Agent: doer-Instigator
Goal: entity in the direction which something moves
Patient: undergoer of the action
Theme: entity moved by the action
Experiencer: living entity that experiences the action
Instrument: medium by which an action or event is carried out
Benefactive: entity that is a beneficiary of the action
Source: entity from which something moves
Locative: specification of the place where the action or event denoted by the the predicator is situaded

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Modals
Progressive be
Passive be
Dummy Do
Perfective Have

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Transitive (1 object)
Intransitive (no object)
Ditransitive (2 objects)
Copulative (1 subject predicate)
Complex (1 object, 1 object predicate)
Prepositional (V + PP)
Phrasal (V + particle)
Phrasal prepositional (V + particle + P + NP)

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Subject usually realised by a NP or a clause. It can be pleonastic or expletive (it-there)
Predicate realised by a VP
Adverbials (VP-adverbial, sentence adverbial). Optional element. It provides background information on when, where and why the event described by the verb takes place
Complements (DO, IO, SP, OP) Obligatory elements that follow the verb

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Simple, Complex, Compound, Compound- Complex