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"It is engendered in a continuous movement of perception, participation, self-reflection that understands practice as a means for articulation between people (i.e. research participants) in a constant, mutual and recursive process of transformation of all the involved by means of language as a cultural artifact." (p14)

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People don't simply react and respond in ; They act agentively in co-realizing and co-creating the world and themselves. (Radical Transformative Agency...)

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Contradiction: conflict, intervention, mediation,
negotiation, resistance and  “a thought-organizing-type-of-language.

“the inseparability
of epistemological and methodological issues” (p 11).

"deconstruction-neoconstruction of theoretical methodological
choices that organize educational contexts by looking into the interests they serve, so as to allow for new reasoning and acting,
leading to social, political and educational transformations, as pointed out by Vygotsky (1921-23: 463-464)."

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Cooperation x no room for contradictions or conflicts; providing aid instead of dealing with a problem that may even arise from the relationships that are created and organized within (and as part of)
the investigation. ( p 10)

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Dialetical view of development (Vygotsky)

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                                                                   Critical Collaborative Research

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                                                                   Critical Collaborative Research

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There is no dialectical perspective: the agent should produce knowledge and participation (transformation, action on problem) at the same time.

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Lack of support; individualized work and therefore not always critical;
Time and financial constraints;
Researching by teachers is not considered "valid".

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"solving problems and improving
situations or strengthening a weaker sector of the community" ( p 8)

“valuable professional development
tool or an ‘inside-out’ approach to professional development – which
place[d] practitioners, or community members at the centre of the
inquiry process” (Nunan, 1986: 21).

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Militancy Action Research

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"Technical or practical research based on reflection practices of the former or latter kind".(p 8)

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"practitioners are better informed to use the results of the investigation if they are also on the developing end of such work. (p 8)

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1920s - Dewey

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"Initially, Action Research was seen as methodology developed by the community or group". ( p 7)
There are different terminologies.
Problem-solving -> oriented to the
implementation of a plan (Andaloussi).

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                                                                                         Action Research (es)

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                                                                                         Action Research (es)

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The consultant doesn't co-create transformation in collaboration;
The researcher HAS THE KNOWLEDGE to make transformation.

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Demo:  the researcher is not a proletarian - he/ she does not suffer the effects and dynamics of an oppressive system the same way others do - even though there might be ideological identity between the researcher and the community members.

Different power relations; different salaries, elite - not necessarily economic - (scholar) x proletarian.
One way investigation - Scholar as a consultant x consultant on a lower position (recipient of transformation)

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The researcher may be a member of the community OR committed with the community and their entire learning process.

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                              Relevant aspects

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                              Relevant aspects

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Demo: practice is a criterion for the establishment truthfulness (...) from a single theory a number of practices can be derived, some of which
may even contradict others (p 6)

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Practice-initiate "(as in Freire’s work in Angicos, Northeastern Region of Brazil, which starts from the worker’s daily concerns and words that are generated from their own professions in order to educate these very workers, thus transforming their oppressive positions)" (p 7)

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Theoretically-initiated, "which starts from a hypothesis and concepts, and looks into the different variables before proposing transformation into a new type of practice" (p 6)

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1960s

# data[].attributes.headline
                                     Participatory (ive) Research

# data[].attributes.subject
                                     Participatory (ive) Research