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It doesn't rain much so in that way it is a desert, but the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is very fertile.  Food crops grow readily if they have water.

When people first moved into the region between the Tigris and Euphrates, they found living pretty easy.  There was wildlife to catch, fish in the rivers, and edible vegetation growing wild.  So they stayed.

Soon they found that they could grow their own food if they tended the land.  Then they figured out how to get river water into the fields, and crops grew in abundance.  Other tribes saw the wealth and food the people of the river valleys had, and started raiding to take it.  So to protect themselves, they started building walls around their town.  Cities grew from these towns.

As they learned how to grow them, the people of the Mesopotamia area planted and grew wheat, barley, dates, cucumbers, onions, apples and many different herbs and spices.  They also raised sheep goats and cattle.  Thus a civilization grew along the two rivers.

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Introduction
From Sumerian times, temple priesthoods had attempted to associate current events with certain positions of the planets and stars. This continued to Assyrian times, when Limmu lists were created as a year by year association of events with planetary positions, which when they have survived to the present day, allow accurate associations of relative with absolute dating for establishing the history of Mesopotamia.

The Babylonian astronomers were very adept at mathematics and could predict lunar eclipses and solstices. Scholars thought that everything had some purpose in astronomy. Most of these related to religion and omens. Mesopotamian astronomers worked out a 12-month calendar based on the cycles of the moon. They divided the year into two seasons: summer and winter.

During the 8th and 7th centuries BC, Babylonian astronomers developed a new approach to astronomy. They began studying philosophy dealing with the ideal nature of the early universe and began employing an internal logic within their predictive planetary systems.  In 2000 - 3000 B.C Mesopotamians group created a zodiac. They also invented the degree system to distinguish positions in the sky. This new approach to astronomy was adopted and further developed in Greek and Hellenistic astronomy.

In Seleucid and Parthian times, the astronomical reports were thoroughly scientific, how much earlier their advanced knowledge and methods were developed is uncertain. The Babylonian development of methods for predicting the motions of the planets is considered to be a major episode in the history of astronomy.

The uses of Astronomy
Mesopotamians used astronomy for farming, planting and planning out the calendar. They also used to advised the king that their observations affected the calendar and could effect the future and events.

How They Studied ?
They use a Mathematics and scientific process, and use clay tablets to record the observations. Babylonians were only aware of things visible to the naked eyes.

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The Ancient Sumerians worshipped many different gods and goddesses. They thought that the gods influenced much of what happened to them in their lives. Babylonian and Assyrian religion was heavily influenced by the Sumerians.

A God for Each City

Each city had its own god. At the center of the city was a large temple or ziggurat built to that god. This was where the priests would live and make sacrifices. Some of the ziggurats were huge and reached great heights. They looked like step pyramids with a flat top.

Sumerian Gods

Some of the Sumerian gods and goddesses included:

Anu - Sometimes called An, Anu was the god of the heavens and king of the gods. The city associated with Anu was Uruk.

Enlil - The god of air, wind, and storms, Enlil held the Tablets of Destiny. These tablets gave him control over the fate of man and made him very powerful. He wore a crown with horns. He was associated with the city of Nippur.

Enki - Enki was the shaper of the world as well as god of wisdom, intellect, and magic. He invented the plough and was responsible for making plants grow. He is drawn holding Zu, the storm bird. He was god of the city of Eridu.

Utu - The god of the sun as well as justice and the law, Utu is drawn holding a saw like instrument. Mythology says that Utu travels across the world each day in a chariot.

Inanna - Inanna was the goddess of love and war. Her symbol is a star with eight points. Her primary city was Uruk, but she was also prominent in the city of Babylon.

Nanna - Nanna was also called Sin. He was god of the moon. His home was the city of Ur.

Babylonian Gods

Marduk - Marduk was the primary god of the Babylonians and had Babylon as his main city. He was considered the supreme deity over all the other gods. He had as many as 50 different titles. He was sometimes pictured with his pet dragon.

Nergal - God of the underworld, Nergal was an evil god who brought war and famine on the people. His city was Kuthu.

Tiamat - Goddess of the sea, Tiamat is drawn as a huge dragon. Marduk defeated her in battle.

Shamash - The Babylonian version of Utu

Ea - Same as Enki

Assyrian Gods

Ashur (Assur) - The primary god of the Assyrians. He was also the god of war and married to the goddess Ishtar. His symbols are a winged disc and the bow and arrow.

Ishtar - Similar to Inanna, she was goddess of love and war.

Shamash - The Assyrian version of Utu

Elil - The Assyrian version of Enlil.

Ea - Same as Enki

Persian Religion

The main religion of the Persians was called Zoroastrianism. It was based on the teachings of the prophet Zoroaster. In this religion there was only one god named Ahura Mazda. Ahura Mazda created the world. He was all good and constantly fought against evil. The Persians believed that good thoughts and actions would help to fight the evil.

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Ancient Mesopotamia refers to the place where humans first formed civilizations. It was here that people first gathered in large cities, learned to write, and created governments. For this reason Mesopotamia is often called the "Cradle of Civilization".

Civilizations and Empires
Early settlers in Mesopotamia started to gather in small villages and towns. As they learned how to irrigate land and grow crops on large farms, the towns grew bigger. Eventually these towns became large cities. New inventions such as government and writing were formed to help keep order in the cities. The first human civilization was formed.

Sumer - The Sumerians were the first humans to form a civilization. They invented writing and government. They were organized in city-states where each city had its own independent government ruled by a king that controlled the city and the surrounding farmland. Each city also had its own primary god. Sumerian writing, government, and culture would pave the way for future civilizations.

Akkadians - The Akkadians came next. They formed the first united empire where the city-states of the Sumer were united under one ruler. The Akkadian language replaced the Sumerian language during this time. It would be the main language throughout much of the history of Mesopotamia.

Babylonians - The city of Babylon became the most powerful city in Mesopotamia. Throughout the history of the region, the Babylonians would rise and fall. At times the Babylonians would create vast empires that ruled much of the Middle East. The Babylonians were the first to write down and record their system of law.

Assyrians - The Assyrians came out of the northern part of Mesopotamia. They were a warrior society. They also ruled much of the Middle East at different times over the history of Mesopotamia. Much of what we know about the history of Mesopotamia comes from clay tablets found in Assyrian cities.

Persians - The Persians put an end to the rule of the Assyrians and the Babylonians. They conquered much of the Middle East including Mesopotamia.

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The Code of Hammurabi was one of the earliest and complete written legal codes and was proclaimed by the Babylonian king Hammurabi, who reigned from 1792 to 1750 B.C. Hammurabi expanded the city-state of Babylon along the Euphrates River to unite all of southern Mesopotamia. The Hammurabi code of laws, a collection of 282 rules, established standards for commercial interactions and set fines and punishments to meet the requirements of justice. Also, Hammurabi’s Code was carved into a massive, finger-shaped black stone stele look like pillar that was looted by invaders and finally rediscovered in 1901.

Hammurabi
Hammurabi was the sixth king in the Babylonian dynasty, which ruled in central Mesopotamia from c. 1894 to 1595 B.C.

Hammurabi Meaning
Hammurabi reflects a mix of cultures. Hammu, which means “family” in Amorite, combined with rapi, meaning “great” in Akkadian, the everyday language of Babylon.

What is the Code of Hammurabi?
The black stone stele containing the Code of Hammurabi was carved from a single, four-ton slab of diorite, a durable but incredibly difficult stone for carving.
At its top is a two and a half-foot relief carving of a standing Hammurabi receiving the law symbolized by a measuring rod and tape was from the seated Shamash, the Babylonian god of justice. The rest of the seven foot five inch monument is covered with columns of chiseled cuneiform script.

The text was compiled at the end of Hammurabi’s reign, a proclamation of principles than a collection of legal precedents, set between prose celebrating Hammurabi’s just and pious rule. Hammurabi’s Code provides some of the earliest examples of the doctrine of “lex talionis,” or the laws of retribution, sometimes better known as “an eye for an eye.”

Code of Hammurabi Content
The Code of Hammurabi includes many harsh punishments, sometimes demanding the removal of the guilty party’s tongue, hands, breasts, eye or ear. The code is also one of the earliest examples of an accused person being considered innocent until proven guilty.

The 282 edicts are all written in if-then form. For example, if a man steals an ox, then he must pay back 30 times its value. The edicts range from family law to professional contracts and administrative law, often outlining different standards of justice for the three classes of Babylonian society, the propertied class, freedmen and slaves.

There also has a Code of Laws of
Builders and Code of Laws Shipbuilders and Sailors.

Stele of Hammurabi
In 1901 Jacques de Morgan, a French mining engineer, led an archaeological expedition to Persia to excavate the Elamite capital of Susa, more than 250 miles from the center of Hammurabi’s kingdom.

There they uncovered the stele of Hammurabi that broken into three pieces, that had been brought to Susa as spoils of war. Likely by the Elamite king Shutruk Nahhunte in the mid 12th century B.C.

The stele was packed up and shipped to the Louvre in Paris, and within a year it had been translated and widely publicized as the earliest example of a written legal code one that predated but bore striking parallels to the laws outlined in the Hebrew Old Testament.

The U.S. Supreme court building features Hammurabi on the marble carvings of historic lawgivers that lines the south wall of the courtroom.

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SIR MOHD ZULHAILI TEH

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ZUL IQMAL AMRI BIN ZAINAL
2019666198 4E

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NAZATUL SAKINAH BINTI ZULBAKRI
2019647622 4E

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In conclusion, the Mesopotamian civilization has contributed to the development of various field to the world today such as:
- The Hanging Garden.
- Irrigation system that able to transfer from the north to south.
- The invention of wheel.
- The invention of calendar that contained 12 months per year.

There are three main elements in Mesopotamian building civilization:

1. Trade development and culture clashes in agriculture.
-Activities and access production of agricultural. Agricultural products has began to trade elsewhere. The system of trade activities led to the development of early civilization settlements.

2. Physical condition of the earth.
-Mesopotamia early civilization are located in lowlands, near the river and mid river valleys.

3. Mastery of skills and technology.
-The development of skills and textile weaving, pottery, house construction, metal working and new creation led to emergence of early civilization.

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SITI NORSHAFINA BINTI OTHMAN 2019433344 4E

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Mesopotamia is a region of southwest Asia in the Tigris and Euphrates river system that benefitted from the area’s climate and geography to host the beginnings of human civilization. Its history is marked by many important inventions that changed the world, including the concept of time, math and writing.

It is part of the Fertile Crescent, an area also known as “Cradle of Civilization” for the number of innovations that arose from the early societies in this region, which are among some of the earliest known human civilizations on earth.

The word “mesopotamia” is formed from the ancient words “meso,” meaning between or in the middle of, and “potamos,” meaning river. Situated in the fertile valleys between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the region is now home to modern-day Iraq, Kuwait, Turkey and Syria.

Ancient Mesopotamia map:

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Timeline of ancient Mesopotamia

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Mesopotamia developed education ,were preserved and controlled chiefly by the priests. A powerful intellectual elite in the Egyptian theocracy who also served as the political bulwarks by preventing cultural diversity. Formal education was practical aimed to train scribes and priests. It was extended from basic reading, writing, and religion to higher learning in law, medicine, and astrology. Generally, youth of the upper classes were prepared to become scribes, who ranged from copyists to librarians and teachers.

The schools for priests were said to be as numerous as temples. This indicates not only the thoroughness but also the supremacy of priestly education. The advancement of the priestly work sheds light upon the extensive nature of intellectual pursuit.

Few people in Mesopotamia could read or write. Schooling was provided at temples or academies or at the homes of priests and bureaucrats. Students studied languages, arithmetic, accounting and Sumerian literature. Textbooks were cuneiform tablets.

Cuneiform
Early in Mesopotamia's history, around the mid-4th millennium B.C, cuneiform was invented for the Sumerian language. Cuneiform literally means "wedge-shaped", due to the triangular tip of the stylus used for impressing signs on wet clay. The standardized form of each cuneiform sign appears to have been developed from pictograms. Most students were future scribes who were taught to write on cuneiform tablets at academies and temple schools. A series of benches excavated at Mari are believed to be from an ancient classroom. Many lessons consisted of teachers writing on one side of a tablet and students writing on the other side or students copying books.

Methods of Teaching and Learning
Methods of teaching and learning were memorization, oral repetition, copying models, and individual instruction. It is believed that the exact copying of scripts was the hardest and most strenuous and served as the test of excellence in learning. The period of education was long and rigorous, and discipline was harsh.

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The Mesopotamians viewed "the craft of building" as a heavenly gift from the gods, and the region's architecture flourished. Due to a scarcity of stone in the area, sun baked bricks and clay were used instead. Pilasters and columns, as well as frescoes and enamelled tiles, were all used in Babylonian architecture.

Assyrian architects were heavily influenced by Babylonian architecture, although they employed stone instead of brick in their palaces, which were lined with sculpted and coloured stone slabs rather than being painted. The majority of the ruins refer to load-bearing architecture as the prevalent type of construction. However, in the sixth century BCE, the invention of the round arch in Mesopotamia inspired the construction of structures such as the Ishtar Gate.

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The walls of Babylon and its tower are well-known, but the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the ancient world's seven wonders, with gardens growing on its terraces thanks to a unique technical-engineering water supply system.

They were built circa 600 B.C. in the ancient city-state of Babylon, near modern-day Iraq, between the Tigris and the Euphrates in the stark sandy plains 90 km from modern-day Baghdad, when Babylon was at its peak and became the hub of ancient eastern culture.

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon are the most famous ensemble and are considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. They were built by Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II to please his homesick wife Amitis, who yearned for the trees and fragrant plants of her homeland Persia, the king ordered the construction of unimaginably beautiful gardens.

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https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-middle-east/mesopotamia

https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/hammurabi

http://kolibri.teacherinabox.org.au/modules/en-boundless/www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/art-of-the-ancient-near-east-3/mesopotamia-49/architecture-in-mesopotamia-954-17339/index.html

https://www.britannica.com/art/Mesopotamian-art

http://www.landscapedesign-online.com/blog/mesopotamia-assyrian-babylonian-period

https://www.google.com.my/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/topics/ancient-middle-east/mesopotamia