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As a group we believe that Abe Smith is suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). We concluded this based on behavioral and psychological aspects as well as his mood. Behaviorally, Abe Smith treats his wife unkindly, has problems at work, tends to seek a calm quiet environment and does not have many friends which could be a case of isolation. Psychologically, Abe Smith's heart rate increases when hearing the song that was playing when the accident occurred. He's also experiencing troubles with falling and staying asleep. Abe Smith's mood is described as being irritable, quiet, and anxious.

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Horowitz, M. J. (2015). Effects of Trauma on Sense of Self. Journal of Loss &amp; Trauma, 20(2),
189–193.

https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2014.897578

An individual can have a variety of responses from traumatic events. This ranges
from mental and physical effects. A traumatic event can impose mental effects such as
mood swings, depression, and anxiety. The author suggests that an individual can lose a
sense of one’s self as well. This is known as a stress response syndrome. The author
details the steps that occur during this response. I chose this article because of the
examples that were given, it gave a better understanding of the central idea that the author
was trying to convey. It was detailed in a way that the reader would be well informed.

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Gilliam, M., Forbes, E. E., Gianaros, P. J., Erickson, K. I., Brennan, L. M., & Shaw, D. S. (2015). Maternal depression in childhood aggression in young adulthood: evidence for mediation by offspring amygdala-hippocampal volume ratio. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 56(10), 1083-1091.

https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12364

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between maternal depression and adulthood aggression in their male offspring and their brain structure, amygdala-hippocampal volume ratio. The amygdala is located in the temporal lobe of the brain, which controls the emotional association of a person. The results in the study showed a correlation between adulthood aggression and larger amygdala-hippocampal volume ratio. I chose this article because it shows how the emotional instability of a parent can affect the future of their offsprings. This article relates to the case study because Abe’s therapist reports as a child Abe’s mother always told him he wasn’t good enough. His aggression could have stemmed from his childhood conflicts with his mother but he currently express those feelings toward the only woman in his life, his wife.

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Abe is unable to fulfill his social roles as worker and husband due to his accident that has caused chronic pain, depression, and anxiety. Abe exerts a level of social influence, changes in his behavior due to the presence of others, when working along side his co-workers. He feels more influenced and possibly a part of something, improving his motivation to get things done. (Baer, Cialdini, & Lueth, 2012; Kassin, Fein, & Markus, 2017)

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Abe's personality has changed since his accident. His wife describes him as anxious, quiet, and tense. These are possible characteristics of an introvert. One factor that shapes personality is your environment.(Coon, D.L., et.al, 2016) It was said by his therapist that he has anxiety due to his mother making him feel less than as a child.
(Gilliam, M., et.al, 2015)

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Coon, D.L., Martini, T., & Mitterer, J. O. (2016). Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind & Behavior (15th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage.

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Abe has been healthy all of his life but suddenly gets into a bad accident that caused him to lose his leg
The accident was due to texting and driving
He has complained of chronic pain since the accident
Attendance and memory has become a problem at work
His wife reports aggression and lonesomeness
She wants to help him improve his contributions to the house and the community

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-"The incentive value of goals also helps explain motives that don't seem to come from internal needs, such as drives for success, status, or approval." (Coon, D.L., et.al, 2016) Incentives are defined as rewards or other stimulus that motivates behavior. In the case study Abe's manager reports that his attendance has become a huge problem for him. They have put in place incentives for every time he shows up to work to improve his attendance.
-Abe has gained 20 pounds since the accident and is trying to lose it.  It is possible that he is suffering from an emotional eating disorder. "People with weight problems are prone to overeat when they are anxious, angry or sad (Macht & Simmons, 2011). Abe's wife encourages him to stay active but his depression could make him unwilling to exert himself.

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Physical: Temperament, Chronic leg pain, Gained 20 pounds since accident, Trouble Sleeping, the physical signs of stress are the overuse of medication, in the case study it states that he takes over-the-counter medications to reduce comfort.
Cognitive: Stress, signs of stress are anxiety, irritability. Abe could possibly be experiencing stress response syndrome, a condition in which you aren't able to cope with current life difficulties.
Horowitz, M. J. (2015).
Social: Parenting (Neglectful): His therapist believes he suffers from anxiety due to his mother saying "he wasn't good enough". This ultimately affects his work relationships with his bosses and coworkers.
Attachment with his wife: Ambivalent
His attachment with to his wife is an effect of his relationship with his mother as a child.

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Abe Smith has trouble remembering information for more than a few seconds. Since Abe returned to work after his accident, the filing system had changed and now he frequently gets confused.
-Abe has trouble recalling information. Recall is a direct retrieval of facts or information with a minimum of external cues. (Coon, D.L., et.al, 2016). Abe probably suffers from retrieval failure as well which is a likely cause of forgetting. Since Abe has trouble remembering information for more than a few seconds he probably suffers from storage failure.

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Abe's case states that his heart rate increases when he hears the song that was on the radio when he got into the accident; this also happens when he hears any song that sounds similar.
Conditioning :
Unconditioned Stimulus: Radio
Unconditioned Response: Listening to the radio
Neutral Stimulus: The song
Conditioned Stimulus: The song
Conditioned Response: Increased heart rate
(Coon, D.L., et.al, 2016)

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Abe Smith reported that "the car that hit him appeared to be farther away and moving slower than it was."
-This applies because through the process of sensation, each sense converts a specific type of physical energy from the environment into a pattern of response by the nervous system. (Coon, D.L., et.al, 2016).

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Abe gained 20 pounds after his accident. He is trying to lose the weight. He has emotions of sadness, and being anxious and tense. This relates to Chapter 2: Brain and Behavior because of the Hypothalamus which regulates emotional behaviors and basic biological needs (Coon, D.L., et.al, 2016). This effects behavior range temperature, hormone release, eating, drinking, sleeping, walking, and emotions.
-This applies because it is the final pathway for many kinds of behavior. The Hypothalamus is the last place where many behaviors are organized or decided on before messages leave the brain causing the body to react.

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Abe's case states that his heart rate increases when he hears the song that was on the radio when he got into the accident; this also happens when he hears any song that sounds similar.This relates to Chapter 2: Brain and Behavior because of association areas (combine and process information) (Coon, D.L., et.al, 2016).
Ex: When you see a rose association areas help you connect your primary sensory impressions with memories, so that you can recognize the rose and name it.
-This applies to the case because Abe associates the song to the crash when he hears it.