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Stephanie Igwala, Masi Nakazwe, Sherlyn mwangi, Mallory Bessette 

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Stephanie Igwala, Masi Nakazwe, Sherlyn mwangi, Mallory Bessette 

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1) China’s advancement in their water management systems, more specifically the Grand Canal, aided in their position as a precocious civilization during the Middle Ages and ability to have a centralized government, but also caused their decline as they isolated from the rest of the world. This appears on pages 1-2

2) We know this is the main argument because it was supported by facts throughout the reading. It is reiterated on page 115 as a conclusion.

3)- ”Li Bing’s water-works transformed the plains of eastern Sichuan into one of China’s most affluent irrigated farming zones. Covering some 2,000 square miles it sustained a population of 5 million-“ this quote shows how China’s water system advanced their civilization.

- “Then, in 1433, all the expeditions abruptly ended. Edicts from the emperor strictly limited Chinese seafaring and contacts with foreigners, the construction of oceangoing ships, and even the very existence of ships with more than two masts.” This quote shows how China ended up isolated from the rest of the world.

-“In deed, one cannot help but further wonder whether Europe itself might have been subordinated and colonized if, instead of cutting off from the world, China had applied its maritime and industrial superiority to press southward around Africa, to master the Atlantic Ocean wind and current systems, and announced itself to Europe and the Americas before Columbus and da Gama ever hoisted sail.” This quote shows how badly China fumbled even though they were at an advantage and puts into perspective how strong and powerful they could have been.

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1. the authors main argument was that even thought China developed their water management later than other nations their engineering and innovations would advance them and help them politically and economically (pg 93)

2. i know this is the main argument because it was talked about throughout the whole article and it appeared in the conclusion (pg 115)

3. the author supports his argument by explaining that the grand canal was a key factor, explaining the understanding of man and nature gave them a superior edge and the growth of their technology and advancements in engineering

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Jared Zaiss, Conrad Johnson, Abbie Phipps. 

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Jared Zaiss, Conrad Johnson, Abbie Phipps. 

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1. The Authors Main Argument:

"The Grand Canal played a catalytic role not only in China’s becoming the world’s most precocious civilization during the Middle Ages but also in the country’s fateful fifteenth-century decision to turn its back on the rest of the world that ultimately led to its prolonged, slow decline." This appears on pages 2 (93).

2. How do we know it's the main argument:

It shows how China's economic growth was beneficial to them, but led to international difficulties. This claim is seen in the beginning of the paper and seen throughout the rest. On page 115, there is a reinstatement in this claim as well.

3. How do they support/defend the argument:

one thing is that the Gran Canal became the vital defensive artery for the entire Country (page 114) Another thing is that Abundant food shipments along the Grand Canal drove the rise of Earth's largest Urban Centers of the times (page 108). The final thing is that it provided better irrigation for growing rice, which was a major shipment China had (Page 107-108).

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1. I believe the authors main argument is the successful reunification of China compared to that of the Romans. This argument appears on page 13.

2. I know this is the main argument because Solomon compared ancient China to Rome a couple times leading up to this climax of reunification. Additionally, after this claim, Solomon goes on to explain reasons as to why China was more successful. Furthermore, the argument is reiterated in the conclusion or at least near the very end of the reading on page 24.

3. The author supports his argument in multiple ways. The first explaining that laying the groundwork for canals early on allowed for strong water irrigation. The second is that China had many different waterways that were well suited for their empire. It allowed them for better trade. Finally, China focused on trade which allowed them to be more neutral.

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1. The Grand Canal was one of the most important water control projects in Chinese history because it helped connect China politically as well as economically. This main point argument is introduced early in the chapter, page 92-93.

2. I know this is the main argument because its introduced at the beginning of the chapter and connects directly to the title, "The Grand Canal and the Flourishing of Chinese Civilization." The author explains not just what the Grand Canal was, but why it was important to China's success. The same idea is repeated in the conclusion of the chapter, where Solomon summarizes how the Grand Canal helped unify China and support long term economic and political stability. (this was near the end of the chapter)

3. 1. The author explains how the Grand Canal helped the government transport grain and supplies, which strengthened central political control

2. The author shows that the canal connected different regions of China, making trade easier and boosting their economy.

3. The author describes how cities and culture grew along the canal, showing its long term impact on Chinese civilization.

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Names: Kaeden Mosley, Olivia Hilton, Lauren Kotowski.

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Names: Kaeden Mosley, Olivia Hilton, Lauren Kotowski.

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1. The cause of China's growth comes from their canal which supported their population and resources. while the canal was the root of their prosperity, it also led to their decline for being the core of their infrastructure being strained by all channels through the country economics to trade and military. pages 1,2, 25, 26.

2. Yes, in page 2 the text encompasses the summary or main argument of the text including both benefits and disadvantages of the canal which does appear again in the conclusion which goes more in depth on China's demise.

3. One way he supports the argument is explaining their issues with flooding which impacted many political and economic situations/issues. He also highlights the importance of the canal in transporting food not only to different places all over China but to military camps. Finally, later in the writing he explains that the canal provided support in the creation of technologies like iron tools, boats, and water textiles which catapulted them ahead of other civilizations like places in Europe. Additionally, he says that because the canal unified China, it allowed them to become one state much more easily.

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1. The overall argument of this paper is how the canal gave China the ability to control water which ultimately gave china unity, and power. This canal that was originally used to make things easier, quickly became the backbone of Chinas civilization. The canal provided political power to emperors (water equaling heaven and drought equaling hell), reduced famine and disease while supplying water and was used for transportation. this argument was originally stated on page 1 and was supported throughout the whole paper.

2. we know this is his main argument because he supports it throughout the whole paper while bringing up other events that have affected the canal and the use of it. it does appear in the conclusion, with the main point being about the great floods.

3. the author supports his argument that it helped politically, helped with famine, while also supplying examples of how how different dynasties and the falling of them affected the canal. the civilians believed that based on the weather it would determine the afterlife for the political leaders, specifically the emperors. it allowed for the nation to be supported by reducing famine as well, by always having access to water for crops. the waterway was used to transport surplus harvest to areas that didn't have as good as a harvest, allowing other areas to be supported as well. With the mention of the dynasties Solomon expressed how the falling of dynasties negatively affected the canal. it showed how the upkeep of the canal helped the nation thrive, when some dynasties fell the care that was originally put toward the waterway was diminished.

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Luke Perko, Dallen Gray, Wyatt Romero, Kosei Abe

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Luke Perko, Dallen Gray, Wyatt Romero, Kosei Abe

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1. We think that the author's main argument is that water engineering was crucial to the success of Chinese civilization, but also was a key factor in the downfall of many of their civilizations throughout the years. This argument appears on page 93.

2. We know that this is the author's main argument due to how he states this argument early on in the document, and proceeds to provide evidence to this claim throughout the document before finally restating this argument through the lens of the Opium Wars during his conclusion. This argument restating appears on page 115.

3. Three examples of his support for the argument appear on page 94, page 99, and page 106. He supports his argument on page 94 by highlighting that the birth of Chinese civilization along the Yellow River came about as the result of a water engineer being able to create channels and irrigation along the river that could support early civilization. On page 99, he again supports his argument by highlighting that the success of the Ch'in dynasty was "owed to the extensive construction of irrigation and flood control canals, dams, and dikes, including some forty major water projects to control the Yellow River.". On page 106 he supports his argument through highlighting that the successes and downfalls of Chinese civilization came about largely as a result of the current state of the canal at any given time. He highlights that whenever the canal faced issues or was in a poor state, Chinese civilization was in decline or facing political issues, but whenever the canal was unthreatened by outside pressures and well maintained, Chinese civilization saw growth and security due to the benefits the canal provided to them.

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1. The control of their water works and resources was important for their civilization.In the beginning saying grand canal was a big role for chinas development and ultimately lead to its decline.

2. We know this is the main argument because it repeatedly says it and also the article says how china grew its economy and power over its civilization with use of water. Yes it does show up in the conclusion saying that it worsened their floods and deteriorated their man made landscapes.

3. 1 example of defending the argument is they used their water for primary defense for their navy because they didnt have one and made boats 2 example used water powered tech style manufactoring and used for transportation. and 3 example would be because they had many floods they couldnt keep a civilization, resources or civilized human settlement which is why it was so important for china to fix their problems with water works.

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Tiago Vanderven, Chris Saunders, William Emenger

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Tiago Vanderven, Chris Saunders, William Emenger

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1. I think the author's main argument is that China was making developments in irrigation that far surpassed the rest of the world and it was a main reason for their economic success.

2. I know that's the main argument because as the author continues to tell us about the changes in powers and dynasties in China he includes the water projects that were developed during that time and compares them to irrigation systems in previous societies. The author does this in almost every paragraph.

The main argument does not appear in the conclusion explicitly, but it is referenced. The conclusion mentions that the opioid wars devastated China's economy and that it began to improve again with the development of the grand canal reconstruction.

3. On page 110 the author mentions how China's developments of rivers and canals helped fight off the Monghols, the author also mentions (on page 109) how China's water textile production was more efficient than other nations, and how their use of water indirectly lead to the creation of gunpowder, as other ways that improvements in water technology lead to the success of the country.

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Sasha A. Zavian S. Esthefany B. Sofia D.

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Sasha A. Zavian S. Esthefany B. Sofia D.

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1) What do you think is the author's main argument?

The author believes that the Grand Canal was not only the key transformational achievement that allowed Chinese civilization to flourish, but also how the Chinese used and managed the Grand canal to strengthen their economy, government and its civilization.

2) How do we know?

It was stated on page 93:

"The outstanding, transformational event that catapulted Chinese civilization above all its contemporaries, and marked one of water history's turning points, was the completion in the early seventh century AD of the Grand Canal."

Does it appear in the conclusion?

Yes, it does appear in the conclusion:

"The completion of the New Grand Canal proved to be the decisive running point that enabled China to make its history changing policy U-turn and cut off from the rest of the world. (p115)

3) How does he support his argument?

"One key advancement was the world's first double canal pound lock at an opening onto central China's Huai River. "

"Water management helped frame the historic Chinese philosophical debate about the right principles for man's governance of himself and his relations to the natural order."

"Its waters teemed with commercial vessels of all shapes and sizes, powered by sail, oars, and paddle wheels, transforming the world's most densely populated trading area into a single national economic market."

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Secondary Source Analysis Discussion, Section 21, 02/06

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Secondary Source Analysis Discussion, Section 21, 02/06

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Yaroth Olvera

Matias Burzenski

TJ Neal

1. China's hydraulic advancements were an important part of the civilizations economic and political growth and superiority but also led to the steady decline of the civilization.

2. The recurring examples of advancements made by China that used the water to progress their civilization.

3. "The Grand Canal was so successful because it bridged China's underlying hydrological fault line," This supports the argument as it credits China's success to the Grand canal. "The Chinese also pioneered the large-scale application of waterpower for industrial production." This also supports the argument as it shows that China knew how important water was for their civilization and smartly used their environment to their advantage. "Gradual desiccation, and Chinese advances in water redirection, terracing drainage, and other wet rice irrigation techniques gradually transformed the region into prosperous farmland." This supports the argument that the Great Canal and water advancements were cause for China's economical advancements.

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Madelyn Reynolds and Tony Gonzalez

1. The author’s main argument is that China’s water engineering helped them advance rapidly but also kept them from progressing further into the industrialization age. This argument starts on page 92 (1).

2. The author provides multiple examples of their use of water. For example irrigation and watering rice fields. Which they used to produce an abundance of food for their citizens and fixed the problem of drought in the north and flooding in the south. They also use water as a power source. They used wheels to produce silk, make tools, etc. The author describes how water helped them invent so many things but also how they weren’t able to progress like the British. The Chinese lost the Opium war because they did not have the power of steam boats. The British also utilized their canals for the war. Their waterworks brought them success and advancements but also became their downfall. This appears in the conclusion on page 119/120.

3. The author defends/supports the argument through examples.

- comparing the Chinese to the Roman Empire and how both empires ultimately fell, although they had made great advancements.

- He explains how China isolated themselves and couldn’t progress into industrialization because of their reliance on cheap manual labor. They were also closed off to other countries and foreign trade, only having one trading port.

compares the technology between China and Britain. The water wheel was similar to the power of the steamboats. Yes the Chinese had add great advantages with their water technology but because of their reliance on water power they were unable to progress their technology like the British had.

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Ellie phillips, Tatiana Camacho, Natalie Tish 

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Ellie phillips, Tatiana Camacho, Natalie Tish 

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The main argument for the article was the most important infrastructure achievements in world history and a found reason for long term stability prosperity and unity of Chinese civilization. It appears on the first page of the article. We know that it is the main arguments because it appears in both the conclusion and the second page. This is an argumentative statement that can have a counter argument against. It appears on the last page. The author gives evidence about the great achievements of the grand canal and the water systems development and structures. One example is The Grand Canal unified China economically, politically and culturally. It also, helped with the silk production was the result of systematic water management and early mechanicalization which relied on the water power. The last example, was there was increased trade and goods that were able to be moved around and make the markets better!

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1. The author's main argument is that China became one of the strongest and most advanced countries due to its ability to control the waterways but it became a political war on who controlled it . This appears on page 93.

2. I know this is the main argument because the author continues to talk about all the ways the waterways helped China. Yes, it appears in the conclusion because, towards the end the author talks about the positive effects of the waterways.

3. The author supports the argument by his credibility, he talks about the climate and environment, and he compares different parts of China.

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1. The author’s main argument is that the Grand Canal played a central role in the political unity, economic prosperity, and cultural flourishing of Chinese civilization I found this evidence around page 93

2. I know this is the main argument because throughout the reading he keeps tying back to how the Grand Canal helped unify and improve China. The intro explains that the Grand Canal transformed China and the body of the reading tells you how it did so through politics, economics, and society. If you find a claim early on and then repeat throughout your reading, that is most likely the thesis.

Yes, it also shows up in the conclusion. Here the author usually concludes with how the Grand Canal promoted unity page 117

3. First, canals linked the food-producing south with political capitals in the north. southern China was a major rice-growing region, canals allowed grain shipments to the capital city where large populations of workers and bureaucrats were based. As rice shipments became reliable, imperial power solidified.

Second, canals promoted economic growth through expanded trade. Improved transportation made it easier for goods, merchants, and resources to travel farther distances. Increased trade also stimulated markets and helped regional economies plug into the national economy.

Third, China became more politically unified because the canal system helped dynastic rulers centralize power. Improvements in transportation meant soldiers, officials, and taxes could move throughout the empire with greater ease.

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1. The author's main argument is that despite China developing its water management quite late compared to other civilizations, because of its engineering innovations around water management & environmental engineering, China would surpass other nations due to these early technological innovations. It appears on page 1.

2. Because it's the thesis statement, which is the basis for later arguments. Yes, it does appear in the conclusion, though the argument would further extend to present day effects of China's water development.

3. The author supports his argument with peer-reviewed academic sources, clearly states what he's arguing for & backs it up with detailed explanation, grounded in facts & research, and defends his argument in light of opposing evidence.

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Andy Phon, Conrad Brown, Paul Byers

1: Believe the main argument is the China power was relied on water management page 92

2: It is the occurred theme of the whole chapter

3: Yes, and on page 117

4: Example: Yellow River flooded unpredictably. Yu the Great to show Chinese political legitimacy was tied to managing water. Great Canal of large-scale water management, shaping Chinese power, with this canal being built it connected north and south China.

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1. the authors main argument is that that China has the best water management. It appears in the first paragraph on page 1.

2. It's the main argument as its restated several times through the piece and all of the examples and facts are used to support this argument. It does appear in or close to the conclusion as well just rephrased.

3. The author supports this argument through the grand canal was the key factor to this. The grand canal was successful as it bridge an environmental issue in China. The second was there was a balance between the understanding of nature and mans presence shows a superior accomplishments compared to other societies, this ideology shown through China's waterworks. The last example supporting this argument was that not only were the grand canal and other examples were mentioned but sophisticated irrigation which helps support a growing population and development of a society a third example of their superiority. These examples were then used to help show the benefit of them, such as feeding growing populations, efficient transport of water to expand, and defense and benefits in times of war.