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Training and education required to become My chosen job

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Training and education required to become My chosen job

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To become a clinician, you must apply for registration with the College of Psychologists of Ontario, a process which requires 4 years of work experience and one year of supervised practice. In some provinces, you can be registered to practice as a psychologist with either a masters or doctoral degree.

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So you want to be a psychologist or psychological associate? These can be exciting career choices with a wide variety of specialty areas and opportunities such as clinical neuropsychology, clinical psychology and forensic psychology, to name a few. Many students have questions about exactly what they need to do to become a psychologist or psychological associate.

Education

To become a psychological associate you will need an honours bachelors degree and a masters degree, which takes a minimum of six years. To become a clinician, you must apply for registration with the College of Psychologists of Ontario, a process which requires 4 years of work experience and one year of supervised practice.

In some provinces, you can be registered to practice as a psychologist with either a masters or doctoral degree.

Once you become a psychologist or psychological associate, there are many areas open to you. The Canadian Psychological Association's brochure, Planning a Career in Psychology, will give you more information on doctoral training in psychology in Canada. Also, please visit the Canadian Psychological Association website's page, "A Career in Psychology" for more information.

Psychology Programs

MA/PhD training in Psychology.

To view all Psychology University programs across Canada, click here.

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Ontario Psychological Association - Becoming a Psychologist

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So you want to be a psychologist or psychological associate? These can be exciting career choices with a wide variety of specialty areas and opportunities such as clinical neuropsychology, clinical psychology and forensic psychology, to name a few. Many students have questions about exactly what they need to do to become a psychologist or psychological associate.

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While ZipRecruiter is seeing salaries as high as $162,524 and as low as $34,826, the majority of Clinical Psychologist salaries currently range between $79,327 (25th percentile) to $108,832 (75th percentile) with top earners (90th percentile) making $134,952 annually in Ontario.

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Clinical Psychologist Annual Salary in Ontario, CA ($95,527 Avg | Nov 2021) - ZipRecruiter

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$34,826 - $162,524. How much do Clinical Psychologist jobs pay a year? The average annual pay for a Clinical Psychologist Job in Ontario, CA is $95,527 a year.

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Psychologists engage in research, practice and teaching across a wide range of topics having to do with how people think, feel and behave. In general, the majority of psychologists work in five broad categories of employment: research, teaching, service provision, administration, and consulting.

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Canadian Psychological Association - The national voice for psychology in Canada

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What is a Psychologist?

A psychologist studies how we think, feel and behave from a scientific viewpoint and applies this knowledge to help people understand, explain and change their behaviour.

What Do Psychologists Do?

Psychologists engage in research, practice and teaching across a wide range of topics having to do with how people think, feel and behave. In general, the majority of psychologists work in five broad categories of employment: research, teaching, service provision, administration, and consulting. Many combine two or more of these categories. For example, a university professor usually teaches and conducts research; they may also be an administrator and a clinical psychologist providing help to clients. A master's level counselling psychologist may be a service provider and teach at a local college.

Their work can involve individuals, groups, families and as well as larger organizations in government and industry. Some psychologists focus their research on animals rather than people. Here are some of the kinds of topics towards which psychologists focus their research and practice:

mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, phobias, etc.;

neurological, genetic, psychological and social determinants of behaviour;

brain injury, degenerative brain diseases;

the perception and management of pain;

psychological factors and problems associated with physical conditions and disease (e.g. diabetes, heart disease, stroke);

psychological factors and management of terminal illnesses such as cancer;

cognitive functions such as learning, memory, problem solving, intellectual ability and performance;

developmental and behavioural abilities and problems across the lifespan;

criminal behaviour, crime prevention, services for victims and perpetrators of criminal activity;

addictions and substance use and abuse (e.g. smoking, alcohol, drugs);

stress, anger and other aspects of lifestyle management;

court consultations addressing the impact and role of psychological and cognitive factors in accidents and injury, parental capacity, and competence to manage one's personal affairs;

the application of psychological factors and issues to work such as motivation, leadership, productivity, marketing, healthy workplaces, ergonomics;

marital and family relationships and problems;

psychological factors necessary to maintaining wellness and preventing disease;

social and cultural behaviour and attitudes, the relationship between the individual and the many groups of which he or she is part (e.g. work, family, society); and

the role and impact of psychological factors on performance at work, recreation and sport.

Where Do Psychologists Work?

Some psychologists work primarily as researchers and faculty at universities and at governmental and non-governmental organizations. Others work primarily as practitioners in hospitals, schools, clinics, correctional facilities, employee assistance programs and private offices. Many psychologists are active in both research and practice.

Planning a Career in Psychology

Are you planning a career in psychology? If yes, be sure to download Planning a Career in Psychology: A Canadian Perspective for University Bound and Beginning University Students.

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A Career in Psychology - Canadian Psychological Association

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What is a Psychologist? A psychologist studies how we think, feel and behave from a scientific viewpoint and applies this knowledge to help people understand, explain and change their behaviour. What Do Psychologists Do? Psychologists engage in research, practice and teaching across a wide range of topics having to do with how people think, feel [...]

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Great information for your scientists. Make sure you finish the career research.

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David Suzuki's research or activity conducted

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David Suzuki's research or activity conducted

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he made scientific and environmental issues and problems and worries more open to the public and gave them a better understanding of what is going on and how it will impact us and how it already has.

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Table of Contents

David Suzuki, in full David Takayoshi Suzuki, (born March 24, 1936, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada), Canadian scientist, television personality, author, and environmental activist who was known for his ability to make scientific and environmental issues relatable to the public, especially through his television series The Nature of Things with David Suzuki (1979- ), and for his efforts in environmental conservation.

Suzuki, a third-generation Japanese Canadian, was among those thousands of Japanese and people of Japanese descent in Canada and the United States who, in the wake of the December 1941 attack launched by Japan on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, were sent to internment camps. Suzuki was five years old when his family was ordered to leave their home, and he spent four years living in a camp in the Slocan valley of British Columbia. After World War II ended, the Suzuki family settled in Ontario, where David embraced an early love of nature and collected specimens in a swamp near their home. He went on to study in the United States, earning a bachelor's degree in biology (1958) at Amherst College in Massachusetts and a Ph.D. in zoology (1961) at the University of Chicago. After graduating, Suzuki took a research associateship at Tennessee's Oak Ridge National Laboratory (1961-62) and later taught genetics at the University of Alberta (1962-63). He moved to the University of British Columbia in 1963 as an assistant professor of zoology, becoming a full professor in 1969 and professor emeritus in 2001.

Seeing an opportunity to communicate his scientific findings and concerns with the public, Suzuki began appearing on television in the 1960s, giving commentary and reviews. His first show, Suzuki on Science, aired on Canadian Broadcast Corporation (CBC) television from 1971 to 1972. He quickly became a media personality. In 1975 he began hosting both the CBC television program Science Magazine and CBC Radio's Quirks and Quarks. In 1979 Science Magazine was merged with another CBC show called The Nature of Things, and the conglomeration became Suzuki's own hour-long program, The Nature of Things with David Suzuki. He continued to host that program for more than three decades, in addition to other TV and radio appearances. He created and hosted various television specials, including the highly praised A Planet for the Taking (1985), The Secret of Life (1993), and The Brain (1994).

Suzuki was also a prolific writer. He published hundreds of articles and penned several regular newspaper columns. Over the course of his career, he published more than 50 books, most of them about genetics or ecological sciences, including the popular textbook An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (1976; with Anthony J.F. Griffiths). He also wrote several books for children and the autobiography David Suzuki (2006).

An outspoken advocate for the environment, in 1990 he cofounded the David Suzuki Foundation, its aim being to work toward environmental conservation by providing research and information for government, businesses, and individuals. Toward the end of the 20th century, Suzuki became one of the first major voices to call for action in the fight against global warming, and in the early 21st century he slowed down his touring and speaking efforts because of concerns about greenhouse gas emissions from frequent air and car travel.

Suzuki was the recipient of dozens of awards for his work, notably the United Nations Environment Programme Medal (1985), UNESCO's Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science (1986), and the Right Livelihood Award (2009). He was made an officer of the Order of Canada in 1977 and a Companion of the Order of Canada in 2006.

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Alison Eldridge

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David Suzuki | Biography, The Nature of Things, & Facts

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David Suzuki, in full David Takayoshi Suzuki, (born March 24, 1936, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada), Canadian scientist, television personality, author, and environmental activist who was known for his ability to make scientific and environmental issues relatable to the public, especially through his television series The Nature of Things with David Suzuki (1979- ), and for his efforts in environmental conservation.

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David Suzuki, scientist, environmentalist, broadcaster, and author, has been selected as one of 25 Transformational Canadians.

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For his efforts to educate the public about climate change, overfishing, and other looming catastrophes, David Suzuki has been branded an alarmist and a doomsayer. he basically educated people on the impact of climate change and overfishing.

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The Transformational Canadians program celebrates 25 living citizens who have made a difference by immeasurably improving the lives of others. Readers were invited to nominate Canadians who fit this description. Over several weeks, a panel of six judges will select 25 Transformational Canadians from among the nominees. Nominations remain open until November 26. Submit yours today. David Suzuki, scientist, environmentalist, broadcaster and author, has been selected as one of 25 Transformational Canadians.
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For his efforts to educate the public about climate change, overfishing and other looming catastrophes, David Suzuki has been branded an alarmist and a doomsayer. If people want to call him those names, so be it, says the pioneering scientist and environmentalist. In Dr. Suzuki's opinion, our species' big advantage is the ability to see potential dangers and opportunities - and then find ways avoid the former and exploit the latter.

"Foresight got us to a position of dominance," he says by email from Japan, where broadcaster NHK is featuring The Nature of Things With David Suzuki, his long-running CBC series. "But now we throw out epithets like 'alarmist' and 'doomsayer' to avoid confronting the reality of those threats and opportunities."

Besides, notes Dr. Suzuki, 74, his message is based on scientific evidence. A world-famous geneticist who authored one of the standard textbooks in his field, the University of British Columbia emeritus professor branched out into television and radio in the early 1970s. The Nature of Things - which demonstrates Dr. Suzuki's extraordinary gift for making science and natural history accessible - has since aired in more than 50 countries.

In 1990, when environmental consciousness was still dim, Dr. Suzuki co-founded the David Suzuki Foundation. Working with government, business and citizens, this Vancouver-based organization aims to safeguard biodiversity and quality of life through initiatives such as education and advocacy.

Dr. Suzuki says he's encouraged by the proliferation of bike lanes and community gardens - two signs that urban Canadians are seeking to live more sustainably. "The real challenge is our hyper-consumption that seems to be at the heart of how we define ourselves," adds the Vancouver native.

One of his great frustrations is Canada's inaction on climate change. While nations like China and Germany take the problem seriously and are benefiting enormously by moving toward a green economy, Dr. Suzuki says, we lag behind. "The issue has effectively been taken off the table by the federal government, and the media have played along with it."

Pointing to James Hoggan's 2009 book Climate Cover-Up: The Crusade to Deny Global Warming, Dr. Suzuki says the fossil-fuel industry has denied, downplayed and sown confusion about climate change. "To me, it is tantamount to an intergenerational crime while our politicians to whom we entrust the future are criminally negligent."

Asked what kind of leadership he wants Canada to offer the world, Dr. Suzuki is equally blunt. "I'd love to see our 'leaders' get off the horn that constantly brays about how great we are," he says. "My dad taught me you are what you do, not what you say, and for me, too many people think what they say is all that matters even if it belies the reality of their track record."

On the other hand, corporations are now asking Dr. Suzuki and his foundation for input on their sustainability programs. He names U.S. carpet manufacturing giant Interface - whose founder, Ray Anderson, sits on the David Suzuki Foundation's board - as the best example of a company that follows sustainable business practices while staying profitable.

Dr. Suzuki may have critics, but he's been widely celebrated throughout his distinguished career. He holds 24 honorary degrees, and last year he won the Right Livelihood Award, which is known as the alternative Nobel Prize.

He's also fathered five children - including environmental activists Sarika Cullis-Suzuki and Severn Cullis-Suzuki - and found time to write 48 books. His latest is The Legacy: An Elder's Vision for Our Sustainable Future, a companion to the new Sturla Gunnarson documentary Force of Nature: The David Suzuki Movie.

Today, Dr. Suzuki says his main priority is to help the David Suzuki Foundation remain a vital force after he's gone. With that goal in mind, he's trying to build up its endowment so it can withstand events like the 2008 financial meltdown.

Meanwhile, Dr. Suzuki will keep pushing for a fundamental change in humanity's relationship with the natural world. "The global economy hides the true ecological and social costs of the products that we consume," he warns. "To see our place on the planet, we have to shift from an anthropocentric view that we are at the centre of everything to a biocentric view that we are part of and utterly dependent on a web of life."

David Suzuki on the challenges of leadership
[Being a strong and effective leader requires]an ability to remove oneself from the immediate demand of reelection or profit margin, and see with clarity. I think this is the most difficult thing because when one is in office either as a politician or businessperson, one is swept up in the game of politics and business that subsumes the best interests of society and blinds people to the reality of what is happening.
On the hardest decision of his career
I left the U.S. to return to Canada at a time [1962]when the U.S. was playing catch-up in the space race with the Soviet Union. It was a glorious time because all one had to do was say one liked science and they threw money at you, even to a foreigner like me. I received job offers from prestigious universities but decided I didn't want to live in a country that had such racist policies in the South. To my shock, my first research grant was $4,200 when my peers in the U.S. were getting grants in the order of $60,000 or more. I vacillated between toughing it out and taking a job back in the U.S. That, to me, was the toughest time. The irony is that I was able to secure a large U.S. grant that I could keep in Canada!

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David Suzuki informed Canada's environmental conscience

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The Transformational Canadians program celebrates 25 living citizens who have made a difference by immeasurably improving the lives of others. Readers were invited to nominate Canadians who fit this description. Over several weeks, a panel of six judges will select 25 Transformational Canadians from among the nominees. Nominations remain open until November 26.

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After high school, Suzuki attended Amherst College, in Massachusetts, where he received a Bachelor of Arts in biology in 1958. He went on to study at the University of Chicago and in 1961 graduated with a PhD in zoology, becoming a geneticist.

high school info:
London Central Secondary School was the school he went to and classes

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Early Life

David Suzuki and his twin sister, Marcia, were the first of four children born to second-generation Japanese Canadians. His father, Carr Kaoru Suzuki, and mother, Setsu Nakamura, owned a dry-cleaning shop in the Marpole neighbourhood of Vancouver. Their third child, Geraldine, was born in 1938.

In 1942, while Canada was at war with Japan, the federal government forced all Japanese Canadians off the West Coast, effectively declaring them enemy aliens ( see Internment of Japanese Canadians; Japanese Canadian Internment: Prisoners in Their Own Country). Carr Suzuki volunteered to leave Vancouver to help build the Trans-Canada Highway, hoping to reassure authorities that he was loyal to Canada, his country of birth. The effort was in vain: the rest of the family was forced to move to an internment camp in Slocan, British Columbia, and had to give up most of their possessions. Their new home was one room in a dirty, run-down old hotel.

David Suzuki and two of his sisters in an internment camp in Slocan City in the British Columbia interior, between 1942-1945.

In Slocan, the family's fourth child, Dawn, was born. A year into their incarceration, a school opened. David began Grade 1. He was an avid student who did well in class. In David Suzuki: The Autobiography, he relates mixed memories of this time. The Slocan Valley was a "paradise" with its wilderness and wildlife, but he was bullied by other children in the camp because he could not speak Japanese.

Toward the end of the war in 1945, the Suzukis were moved to another camp in Kaslo, BC. After the war, the family was forced to leave the province, resettling in Leamington, Ontario, where they were the first visible minority family in the small community. In 1950, they moved to London, Ontario.

Did you know?

In 1945, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King issued an order-in-council giving Japanese Canadians two options: resettle east of the Rocky Mountains or choose "repatriation" to Japan once the war ended. The Second World War restrictions prohibiting Japanese Canadians from living within 160 km of the British Columbia coast were not lifted until 1949.

Education and Early Career

In his autobiography, Suzuki recalls experiences of prejudice and discrimination in his elementary and high school years in Ontario. He also recalls positive experiences: in London, he made friends with a small group of fellow "nerds" and surprised himself by winning his school's presidency in the last year of high school. Suzuki's fascination with nature persisted:

My loneliness during high school was intense... My main solace was a large swamp a ten-minute bike ride from our house. Any marsh or wetland is a magical place, filled with mystery and an incredible variety of plant and animal life.

After high school, Suzuki attended Amherst College, in Massachusetts, where he received a Bachelor of Arts in biology in 1958. He went on to study at the University of Chicago and in 1961 graduated with a PhD in zoology, becoming a geneticist. Suzuki was a professor at the University of Alberta in 1962-63 before joining the University of British Columbia, where he would remain for the rest of his academic career. In 1969, he won a Steacie Memorial Fellowship as the best young Canadian scientist. He specialized in meiosis, the early division of living cells where differentiation begins (e.g., between reproductive and other cells), and the study of mutations caused by changes in temperature.

Broadcasting Career

In 1971-72, the CBC TV series Suzuki on Science began to make him a public figure. However, Suzuki quit the show before its third season. He was dissatisfied with its time slot and low budget. While continuing his university teaching and research in genetics, he wrote widely on science and science policy. His work on fruit fly genetics earned him worldwide recognition. In 1974, he was hired to host the CBC TV show Science Magazine. The next year, he became the first host of the CBC Radio series Quirks and Quarks. He also served on the Science Council of Canada during this period.

In 1979, Suzuki left Science Magazine and Quirks and Quarks to host The Nature of Things on CBC TV. The series had aired in 30-minute episodes with various hosts since 1960. Under Suzuki, it was lengthened to an hour and renamed The Nature of Things with David Suzuki. He has remained the show's host ever since. It is the longest running documentary series on CBC-TV.

Suzuki was convinced that public awareness of science would contribute to both better science policies and an enriched culture. His rare combination of personal charm and scientific ability has made him a unique figure in English-speaking Canada. His popular 1985 CBC special, A Planet for the Taking, drew 1.8 million viewers per episode and received the Environment Programme medal from the United Nations.

Geneticist and host of CBC TV's "The Nature of Things" (courtesy CBC Television/Fred Phipps).

Suzuki also developed a number of science television series with international broadcasters. For example, he worked with the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) on the series The Secret of Life (1993), and with the Discovery Channel on The Brain (1994).

In 2008, Suzuki and his youngest daughter, Sarika, launched a CBC TV show, The Suzuki Diaries, about sustainability issues around the world. The father and daughter team first visited Europe to discuss the balance between human needs and planetary limits. The second instalment in 2009 focused on coastal Canada. David and Sarika met with scientists, fishermen and leaders on all three of Canada's coasts to discuss the health and sustainability of Canadian coastlines.

Environmentalism

In many ways, Suzuki's career evolved from geneticist to broadcaster to environmental activist. Some point to the CBC special A Planet for the Taking as the moment when his activism intensified. In the eight-part series, which aired in 1985, Suzuki travelled the world, examining humans' relationship to the Earth. In 1990, he established the David Suzuki Foundation, a non-profit organization that promotes solutions to environmental problems. This cemented his place as one of Canada's most recognizable and vocal environmentalists. ( S ee also Environmental and Conservation Movements.)

In 2014, Suzuki launched the Blue Dot Tour alongside celebrities such as Margaret Atwood, Neil Young, Raine Maida and Emily Haines. The 20-event tour spanned the country and publicized the fact that Canada does not officially recognize the right to live in a healthy environment, unlike more than 110 other countries. The tour aimed to promote the inclusion of this right in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Media releases for the tour suggested it might be Suzuki's last. The winding down of Suzuki's career speaks in part to his age, but perhaps also to a sense of frustration and defeat. "We fundamentally failed to use those battles to get that awareness, to shift the paradigm," Suzuki told Maclean's magazine in 2013, speaking of the environmental battles activists waged in the 1970s and 1980s. "And that's been the failure of environmentalism." He nevertheless continues to write a weekly column on environmental issues, Science Matters, which appears on the David Suzuki Foundation website and in publications across the country.

Controversies and Criticism

Despite being one of Canada's most celebrated scientists and environmentalists, David Suzuki has drawn backlash from critics who view his activism as harmful to Canadian industries and jobs. In 2018, some business leaders, donors and University of Alberta faculty members spoke out against the school's decision to grant Suzuki an honorary degree. They objected to Suzuki's view that "the tar sands have to be shut down." The controversy was particularly heated because it emerged during a tense national debate on the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion project. Even Alberta premier Rachel Notley voiced her disagreement with the university's decision.

Some commentators have also charged Suzuki and his foundation with scientific bias (e.g., regarding fish farming and genetically modified foods) and ignorance of conventional economics, which he has called "a form of brain damage."

Personal Life

From 1958 to 1966, David Suzuki was married to Setsuko Joane Sunahara, whom he began dating in high school. The couple had two daughters, Tamiko and Laura, and a son, Troy. Since 1972, he has been married to writer Tara Cullis, with whom he has two daughters, Severn and Sarika. Cullis is also president and co-founder of the David Suzuki foundation.

Books

Suzuki is the author or co-author of more than 50 books. Nearly 20 of these works are for children, including You Are the Earth (1999) and Salmon Forest (2003). Other titles include his two autobiographies, Metamorphosis: Stages in a Life (1987) and David Suzuki: The Autobiography (2006), as well as The Legacy: An Elder's Vision for Our Sustainable Future (2010) and Letters to My Grandchildren (2015).

Honours and Awards

Suzuki has received many honours and awards. These include five Gemini Awards for his work in Canadian television, as well as the 2002 John Drainie award for broadcasting excellence. He has 29 honorary degrees from universities in Canada, the United States and Australia. In 1986, he received the Royal Bank Award and the UNESCO Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science. In 1995, he received the Order of British Columbia. Suzuki was named an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1976 and was elevated to Companion in 2005. He received a lifetime achievement award from the University of British Columbia in 2000. In 2009, he won the Right Livelihood Award (known as the "Alternative Nobel Prize"), which recognizes outstanding vision and work for the planet and its people. Suzuki was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in 2017.

See also: David Suzuki (Interview) ; David Suzuki (Profile).

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David Suzuki and his twin sister, Marcia, were the first of four children born to second-generation Japanese Canadians. His father, Carr Kaoru Suzuki, and mother, Setsu Nakamura, owned a dry-cleaning shop in the Marpole neighbourhood of Vancouver. Their third child, Geraldine, was born in 1938.

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Canadian scientist, television personality, author, and environmental activist who was known for his ability to make scientific and environmental issues relatable to the public, he also has a television series called The Nature of Things with David Suzuki (1979– ), and for his efforts in environmental conservation.

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Table of Contents

David Suzuki, in full David Takayoshi Suzuki, (born March 24, 1936, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada), Canadian scientist, television personality, author, and environmental activist who was known for his ability to make scientific and environmental issues relatable to the public, especially through his television series The Nature of Things with David Suzuki (1979- ), and for his efforts in environmental conservation.

Suzuki, a third-generation Japanese Canadian, was among those thousands of Japanese and people of Japanese descent in Canada and the United States who, in the wake of the December 1941 attack launched by Japan on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, were sent to internment camps. Suzuki was five years old when his family was ordered to leave their home, and he spent four years living in a camp in the Slocan valley of British Columbia. After World War II ended, the Suzuki family settled in Ontario, where David embraced an early love of nature and collected specimens in a swamp near their home. He went on to study in the United States, earning a bachelor's degree in biology (1958) at Amherst College in Massachusetts and a Ph.D. in zoology (1961) at the University of Chicago. After graduating, Suzuki took a research associateship at Tennessee's Oak Ridge National Laboratory (1961-62) and later taught genetics at the University of Alberta (1962-63). He moved to the University of British Columbia in 1963 as an assistant professor of zoology, becoming a full professor in 1969 and professor emeritus in 2001.

Seeing an opportunity to communicate his scientific findings and concerns with the public, Suzuki began appearing on television in the 1960s, giving commentary and reviews. His first show, Suzuki on Science, aired on Canadian Broadcast Corporation (CBC) television from 1971 to 1972. He quickly became a media personality. In 1975 he began hosting both the CBC television program Science Magazine and CBC Radio's Quirks and Quarks. In 1979 Science Magazine was merged with another CBC show called The Nature of Things, and the conglomeration became Suzuki's own hour-long program, The Nature of Things with David Suzuki. He continued to host that program for more than three decades, in addition to other TV and radio appearances. He created and hosted various television specials, including the highly praised A Planet for the Taking (1985), The Secret of Life (1993), and The Brain (1994).

Suzuki was also a prolific writer. He published hundreds of articles and penned several regular newspaper columns. Over the course of his career, he published more than 50 books, most of them about genetics or ecological sciences, including the popular textbook An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (1976; with Anthony J.F. Griffiths). He also wrote several books for children and the autobiography David Suzuki (2006).

An outspoken advocate for the environment, in 1990 he cofounded the David Suzuki Foundation, its aim being to work toward environmental conservation by providing research and information for government, businesses, and individuals. Toward the end of the 20th century, Suzuki became one of the first major voices to call for action in the fight against global warming, and in the early 21st century he slowed down his touring and speaking efforts because of concerns about greenhouse gas emissions from frequent air and car travel.

Suzuki was the recipient of dozens of awards for his work, notably the United Nations Environment Programme Medal (1985), UNESCO's Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science (1986), and the Right Livelihood Award (2009). He was made an officer of the Order of Canada in 1977 and a Companion of the Order of Canada in 2006.

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Alison Eldridge

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David Suzuki | Biography, The Nature of Things, & Facts

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David Suzuki, in full David Takayoshi Suzuki, (born March 24, 1936, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada), Canadian scientist, television personality, author, and environmental activist who was known for his ability to make scientific and environmental issues relatable to the public, especially through his television series The Nature of Things with David Suzuki (1979- ), and for his efforts in environmental conservation.

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Suzuki has a twin sister named Marcia, as well as two other siblings, Geraldine (now known as Aiko) and Dawn. He was born in 1936 to Setsu Nakamura and Kaoru Carr Suzuki in Vancouver, British Columbia, where his parents were also born.[2] Suzuki's maternal and paternal grandparents had immigrated to Canada at the beginning of the 20th century from Hiroshima Prefecture and Aichi Prefecture respectively.[3][4]

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This article is about the biologist. For the heavy metal musician, see Dave Suzuki.

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David Takayoshi Suzuki, CC, OBC, geneticist, broadcaster, environmental activist (born 24 March 1936 in Vancouver, BC). A Canadian of Japanese parentage, Suzuki was interned with his family during the Second World War and later became one of Canada’s most popular scientists and media personalities. He is known for his career as a broadcaster (including the CBC TV series The Nature of Things) as well as his work as an environmental activist.

David Suzuki and his twin sister, Marcia, were the first of four children born to second-generation Japanese Canadians. His father, Carr Kaoru Suzuki, and mother, Setsu Nakamura, owned a dry-cleaning shop in the Marpole neighbourhood of Vancouver. Their third child, Geraldine, was born in 1938.

In 1942, while Canada was at war with Japan, the federal government forced all Japanese Canadians off the West Coast, effectively declaring them enemy aliens (see Internment of Japanese Canadians; Japanese Canadian Internment: Prisoners in Their Own Country). Carr Suzuki volunteered to leave Vancouver to help build the Trans-Canada Highway, hoping to reassure authorities that he was loyal to Canada, his country of birth. The effort was in vain: the rest of the family was forced to move to an internment camp in Slocan, British Columbia, and had to give up most of their possessions. Their new home was one room in a dirty, run-down old hotel.

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David Takayoshi Suzuki, CC, OBC, geneticist, broadcaster, environmental activist (born 24 March 1936 in Vancouver, BC). A Canadian of Japanese parentage, Suzuki was interned with his family during the Second World War and later became one of Canada's most popular scientists and media personalities. He is known for his career as a broadcaster (including the CBC TV series The Nature of Things) as well as his work as an environmental activist.

Early Life

David Suzuki and his twin sister, Marcia, were the first of four children born to second-generation Japanese Canadians. His father, Carr Kaoru Suzuki, and mother, Setsu Nakamura, owned a dry-cleaning shop in the Marpole neighbourhood of Vancouver. Their third child, Geraldine, was born in 1938.

In 1942, while Canada was at war with Japan, the federal government forced all Japanese Canadians off the West Coast, effectively declaring them enemy aliens ( see Internment of Japanese Canadians; Japanese Canadian Internment: Prisoners in Their Own Country). Carr Suzuki volunteered to leave Vancouver to help build the Trans-Canada Highway, hoping to reassure authorities that he was loyal to Canada, his country of birth. The effort was in vain: the rest of the family was forced to move to an internment camp in Slocan, British Columbia, and had to give up most of their possessions. Their new home was one room in a dirty, run-down old hotel.

David Suzuki and two of his sisters in an internment camp in Slocan City in the British Columbia interior, between 1942-1945.

In Slocan, the family's fourth child, Dawn, was born. A year into their incarceration, a school opened. David began Grade 1. He was an avid student who did well in class. In David Suzuki: The Autobiography, he relates mixed memories of this time. The Slocan Valley was a "paradise" with its wilderness and wildlife, but he was bullied by other children in the camp because he could not speak Japanese.

Toward the end of the war in 1945, the Suzukis were moved to another camp in Kaslo, BC. After the war, the family was forced to leave the province, resettling in Leamington, Ontario, where they were the first visible minority family in the small community. In 1950, they moved to London, Ontario.

Did you know?

In 1945, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King issued an order-in-council giving Japanese Canadians two options: resettle east of the Rocky Mountains or choose "repatriation" to Japan once the war ended. The Second World War restrictions prohibiting Japanese Canadians from living within 160 km of the British Columbia coast were not lifted until 1949.

Education and Early Career

In his autobiography, Suzuki recalls experiences of prejudice and discrimination in his elementary and high school years in Ontario. He also recalls positive experiences: in London, he made friends with a small group of fellow "nerds" and surprised himself by winning his school's presidency in the last year of high school. Suzuki's fascination with nature persisted:

My loneliness during high school was intense... My main solace was a large swamp a ten-minute bike ride from our house. Any marsh or wetland is a magical place, filled with mystery and an incredible variety of plant and animal life.

After high school, Suzuki attended Amherst College, in Massachusetts, where he received a Bachelor of Arts in biology in 1958. He went on to study at the University of Chicago and in 1961 graduated with a PhD in zoology, becoming a geneticist. Suzuki was a professor at the University of Alberta in 1962-63 before joining the University of British Columbia, where he would remain for the rest of his academic career. In 1969, he won a Steacie Memorial Fellowship as the best young Canadian scientist. He specialized in meiosis, the early division of living cells where differentiation begins (e.g., between reproductive and other cells), and the study of mutations caused by changes in temperature.

Broadcasting Career

In 1971-72, the CBC TV series Suzuki on Science began to make him a public figure. However, Suzuki quit the show before its third season. He was dissatisfied with its time slot and low budget. While continuing his university teaching and research in genetics, he wrote widely on science and science policy. His work on fruit fly genetics earned him worldwide recognition. In 1974, he was hired to host the CBC TV show Science Magazine. The next year, he became the first host of the CBC Radio series Quirks and Quarks. He also served on the Science Council of Canada during this period.

In 1979, Suzuki left Science Magazine and Quirks and Quarks to host The Nature of Things on CBC TV. The series had aired in 30-minute episodes with various hosts since 1960. Under Suzuki, it was lengthened to an hour and renamed The Nature of Things with David Suzuki. He has remained the show's host ever since. It is the longest running documentary series on CBC-TV.

Suzuki was convinced that public awareness of science would contribute to both better science policies and an enriched culture. His rare combination of personal charm and scientific ability has made him a unique figure in English-speaking Canada. His popular 1985 CBC special, A Planet for the Taking, drew 1.8 million viewers per episode and received the Environment Programme medal from the United Nations.

Geneticist and host of CBC TV's "The Nature of Things" (courtesy CBC Television/Fred Phipps).

Suzuki also developed a number of science television series with international broadcasters. For example, he worked with the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) on the series The Secret of Life (1993), and with the Discovery Channel on The Brain (1994).

In 2008, Suzuki and his youngest daughter, Sarika, launched a CBC TV show, The Suzuki Diaries, about sustainability issues around the world. The father and daughter team first visited Europe to discuss the balance between human needs and planetary limits. The second instalment in 2009 focused on coastal Canada. David and Sarika met with scientists, fishermen and leaders on all three of Canada's coasts to discuss the health and sustainability of Canadian coastlines.

Environmentalism

In many ways, Suzuki's career evolved from geneticist to broadcaster to environmental activist. Some point to the CBC special A Planet for the Taking as the moment when his activism intensified. In the eight-part series, which aired in 1985, Suzuki travelled the world, examining humans' relationship to the Earth. In 1990, he established the David Suzuki Foundation, a non-profit organization that promotes solutions to environmental problems. This cemented his place as one of Canada's most recognizable and vocal environmentalists. ( S ee also Environmental and Conservation Movements.)

In 2014, Suzuki launched the Blue Dot Tour alongside celebrities such as Margaret Atwood, Neil Young, Raine Maida and Emily Haines. The 20-event tour spanned the country and publicized the fact that Canada does not officially recognize the right to live in a healthy environment, unlike more than 110 other countries. The tour aimed to promote the inclusion of this right in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Media releases for the tour suggested it might be Suzuki's last. The winding down of Suzuki's career speaks in part to his age, but perhaps also to a sense of frustration and defeat. "We fundamentally failed to use those battles to get that awareness, to shift the paradigm," Suzuki told Maclean's magazine in 2013, speaking of the environmental battles activists waged in the 1970s and 1980s. "And that's been the failure of environmentalism." He nevertheless continues to write a weekly column on environmental issues, Science Matters, which appears on the David Suzuki Foundation website and in publications across the country.

Controversies and Criticism

Despite being one of Canada's most celebrated scientists and environmentalists, David Suzuki has drawn backlash from critics who view his activism as harmful to Canadian industries and jobs. In 2018, some business leaders, donors and University of Alberta faculty members spoke out against the school's decision to grant Suzuki an honorary degree. They objected to Suzuki's view that "the tar sands have to be shut down." The controversy was particularly heated because it emerged during a tense national debate on the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion project. Even Alberta premier Rachel Notley voiced her disagreement with the university's decision.

Some commentators have also charged Suzuki and his foundation with scientific bias (e.g., regarding fish farming and genetically modified foods) and ignorance of conventional economics, which he has called "a form of brain damage."

Personal Life

From 1958 to 1966, David Suzuki was married to Setsuko Joane Sunahara, whom he began dating in high school. The couple had two daughters, Tamiko and Laura, and a son, Troy. Since 1972, he has been married to writer Tara Cullis, with whom he has two daughters, Severn and Sarika. Cullis is also president and co-founder of the David Suzuki foundation.

Books

Suzuki is the author or co-author of more than 50 books. Nearly 20 of these works are for children, including You Are the Earth (1999) and Salmon Forest (2003). Other titles include his two autobiographies, Metamorphosis: Stages in a Life (1987) and David Suzuki: The Autobiography (2006), as well as The Legacy: An Elder's Vision for Our Sustainable Future (2010) and Letters to My Grandchildren (2015).

Honours and Awards

Suzuki has received many honours and awards. These include five Gemini Awards for his work in Canadian television, as well as the 2002 John Drainie award for broadcasting excellence. He has 29 honorary degrees from universities in Canada, the United States and Australia. In 1986, he received the Royal Bank Award and the UNESCO Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science. In 1995, he received the Order of British Columbia. Suzuki was named an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1976 and was elevated to Companion in 2005. He received a lifetime achievement award from the University of British Columbia in 2000. In 2009, he won the Right Livelihood Award (known as the "Alternative Nobel Prize"), which recognizes outstanding vision and work for the planet and its people. Suzuki was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in 2017.

See also: David Suzuki (Interview) ; David Suzuki (Profile).

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David Takayoshi Suzuki, CC, OBC, geneticist, broadcaster, environmental activist (born 24 March 1936 in Vancouver, BC). A Canadian of Japanese parentage, Suzuki was interned with his family during the Second World War and later became one of Canada's most popular scientists and media personalities.

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he attended public high school in Allison. In 1910, he started at Victoria College, part of the University of Toronto, in the General Arts program.

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Sir Frederick Grant Banting (November 14, 1891 - February 21, 1941) was a Canadian medical scientist, physician, painter, and Nobel laureate noted as the co-discoverer of insulin and its therapeutic potential.

In 1923, Banting and John Macleod received the Nobel Prize in Medicine. Banting shared the honours and award money with his colleague, Charles Best. That same year, the Government of Canada granted Banting a lifetime annuity to continue his work. In 1934, he was knighted by King George V. As of November 2021, Banting, who received the Nobel Prize at age 32, remains the youngest Nobel laureate in the area of Physiology/Medicine.

Frederick Banting was born on November 14, 1891, in a farm house near Alliston, Ontario. The youngest of five children of William Thompson Banting and Margaret Grant, he attended public high school in Alliston. In 1910, he started at Victoria College, part of the University of Toronto, in the General Arts program. After failing his first year, he petitioned to join the medical program in 1912 and was accepted. He began medical school in September 1912.

In 1914, he attempted to enter the army on August 16, and then again in October, but was refused due to poor eyesight. Banting successfully joined the army in 1915 and spent the summer training before returning to school. His class was fast-tracked to get more doctors into the war and so he graduated in December 1916 and reported for military duty the next day. He was wounded at the Battle of Cambrai in 1918. Despite his injuries, he helped other wounded men for sixteen hours, until another doctor told him to stop. He was awarded the Military Cross in 1919, for heroism. In 1918, he was awarded the license to practice medicine, surgery, and midwifery by the Royal College of Physicians of London.

Banting returned to Canada after the war and went to Toronto to complete his surgical training. He studied orthopedic medicine and, in 1919-1920, was Resident Surgeon at The Hospital for Sick Children. Banting was unable to gain a place on the hospital staff and so he decided to move to London, Ontario to set up a medical practice. From July 1920 to May 1921, he continued his general practice, while teaching orthopedics and anthropology part-time at the University of Western Ontario in London because his medical practice had not been particularly successful. From 1921 to 1922 he lectured in pharmacology at the University of Toronto. He received his M.D. degree in 1922, and was also awarded a gold medal.

An article he read about the pancreas piqued Banting's interest in diabetes. Banting had to give a talk on the pancreas to one of his classes at the University of Western Ontario on November 1, 1920, and he was therefore reading reports that other scientists had written. Research by Naunyn, Minkowski, Opie, Sharpey-Schafer, and others suggested that diabetes resulted from a lack of a protein hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Schafer had named this putative hormone "insulin". The hormone was thought to control the metabolism of sugar; its lack led to an increase of sugar in the blood which was then excreted in urine. Attempts to extract insulin from ground-up pancreas cells were unsuccessful, likely because of the destruction of the insulin by the proteolysis enzyme of the pancreas. The challenge was to find a way to extract insulin from the pancreas prior to its destruction.

Moses Barron published an article in 1920 which described experimental closure of the pancreatic duct by ligature; this further influenced Banting's thinking. The procedure caused deterioration of the cells of the pancreas that secrete trypsin which breaks down insulin, but it left the islets of Langerhans intact. Banting realized that this procedure would destroy the trypsin-secreting cells but not the insulin. Once the trypsin-secreting cells had died, insulin could be extracted from the islets of Langerhans. Banting discussed this approach with J. J. R. Macleod, Professor of Physiology at the University of Toronto. Macleod provided experimental facilities and the assistance of one of his students, Charles Best. Banting and Best, with the assistance of biochemist James Collip, began the production of insulin by this means.

As the experiments proceeded, the required quantities could no longer be obtained by performing surgery on living dogs. In November 1921, Banting hit upon the idea of obtaining insulin from the fetal pancreas. He removed the pancreases from fetal calves at a William Davies slaughterhouse and found the extracts to be just as potent as those extracted from the dog pancreases. By December 1921, he had also succeeded in extracting insulin from the adult pancreas. Pork and beef would remain the primary commercial sources of insulin until they were replaced by genetically-engineered bacteria in the late 20th century. On 11 January, 1922 the first ever injection of insulin was given to 14-year-old Canadian Leonard Thompson at Toronto General Hospital. In spring of 1922, Banting established a private practice in Toronto and began to treat diabetic patients. His first American patient was Elizabeth Hughes Gossett, daughter of U.S. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes.

Banting and Macleod were jointly awarded the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Banting split his half of the Prize money with Best, and Macleod split the other half of the Prize money with James Collip.

Banting was appointed Senior Demonstrator in Medicine at the University of Toronto in 1922. The following year he was elected to the new Banting and Best Chair of Medical Research, endowed by the Legislature of the Province of Ontario. He also served as Honorary Consulting Physician to the Toronto General, the Hospital for Sick Children, and the Toronto Western Hospital. At the Banting and Best Institute, he focused his research on silicosis, cancer, and the mechanisms of drowning.

In 1938, Banting's interest in aviation medicine resulted in his participation with the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) in research concerning the physiological problems encountered by pilots operating high-altitude combat aircraft. Banting headed the RCAF's Number 1 Clinical Investigation Unit (CIU), which was housed in a secret facility on the grounds of the former Eglinton Hunt Club in Toronto.

During the Second World War he investigated the problems of aviators, such as "blackout" ( syncope). He also helped Wilbur Franks with the invention of the G-suit to stop pilots from blacking out when they were subjected to g-forces while turning or diving. Another of Banting's projects during the Second World War involved using and treating mustard gas burns. Banting even tested the gas and antidotes on himself to see if they were effective.

Statements on Hudson's Bay Company

During his 1927 Arctic trip with A. Y. Jackson, Banting realised that crew or passengers on board the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) paddle wheeler SS Distributor were responsible for spreading the influenza virus down the Slave River and Mackenzie River, a virus that had over the summer and autumn spread territory-wide, devastating the aboriginal population of the north. Returning from the trip, Banting gave an interview in Montreal with a Toronto Star reporter under the agreement that his statements on HBC would remain off the record. The conversation was nonetheless published in the Toronto Star and rapidly reached a wide audience across Europe and Australia. Banting was angry at the leak, having promised the Department of the Interior not to make any statements to the press prior to clearing them.

The article noted that Banting had given the journalist C. R. Greenaway repeated instances of how the fox fur trade always favoured the company: "For over $100,000 of fox skins, he estimated that the Eskimos had not received $5,000 worth of goods." He traced this treatment to health, consistent with reports made in previous years by RCMP officers, suggesting that "the result was a diet of "flour, biscuits, tea and tobacco," with the skins that once were used for clothing traded merely for "cheap whiteman's goods.""

The fur trade commissioner for the Hudson's Bay Company called Banting's remarks "false and slanderous", and a month later, the governor and general manager of HBC met Banting at the King Edward Hotel to demand a retraction. Banting stated that the reporter had betrayed his confidence, but did not retract his statement and reaffirmed that HBC was responsible for the death of indigenous residents by supplying the wrong kind of food and introducing diseases into the Arctic. As A. Y. Jackson notes in his memoir, since neither the governor nor the general manager had been to the Arctic, the meeting ended with them asking Banting's advice on what HBC ought to do: "He gave them some good advice and later he received a card at Christmas with the Governor's best wishes."

Banting also maintained this position in his report to the Department of the Interior:

He noted that "infant mortality was high because of the undernourishment of the mother before birth"; that "white man's food leads to decay of native teeth"; that "tuberculosis has commenced. Saw several cases at Godhavn, Etah, Port Burwell, Arctic Bay"; that "an epidemic resembling influenza killed a considerable proportion of population at Port Burwell"; and that "the gravest danger faces the Eskimo in his transfer from a race-long hunter to a dependent trapper. White flour, sea-biscuits, tea and tobacco do not provide sufficient fuel to warm and nourish him." Furthermore, he discouraged the establishment of an Arctic hospital. The "proposed hospital at Pangnirtung would be a waste of money, as it could be reached by only a few natives." Banting's report contrasted starkly with the bland descriptions provided by the ship's physician, F. H. Stringer.

Banting married twice. His first marriage was to Marion Robertson in 1924; they had one child, William (1929-1998). They divorced in 1932 and Banting married Henrietta Ball in 1937.

In February 1941, Banting died of wounds and exposure following the crash of a Lockheed L-14 Super Electra/ Hudson in which he was a passenger, in Musgrave Harbour, Newfoundland. After departing from Gander, Newfoundland, both of the plane's engines failed. The navigator and co-pilot died instantly, but Banting and the pilot, Captain Joseph Mackey, survived the initial impact. According to Mackey, the sole survivor, Banting died from his injuries the next day. Banting was en route to England to conduct operational tests on the Franks flying suit developed by his colleague Wilbur Franks.

Banting and his wife are buried at Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Toronto.

Banting developed an interest in painting beginning around 1921 while he was in London, Ontario. Some of his first pieces were done on the back of the cardboard in which his shirts were packed by the dry-cleaners. He became friends with The Group of Seven artists A. Y. Jackson and Lawren Harris, sharing their love of the rugged Canadian landscape. Writing on Banting, Jackson recalls that "He did not want to make a business of art and would tell [would-be purchasers] to go buy a Lismer or something else and then he would exchange it for one of his."

In 1927, he made a sketching trip with Jackson to the St. Lawrence River in Quebec. Later that year, they travelled to RCMP outposts in the Arctic on the Canadian Government supply ship Beothic. The sketches, done both in oils on birch panels and in pen and ink, were named after the places he visited: Craig Harbour, Ellesmere Island; Pond Inlet, Baylot Island; Eskimo tents at Etach; others were untitled. Jackson and Banting also made painting expeditions to Great Slave Lake, Walsh Lake ( Northwest Territories), Georgian Bay, French River and the Sudbury District.

At the time of his death in 1941, Banting was one of Canada's best-known amateur painters. Dennis Reid, the former director of Collections and Research at the Art Gallery of Ontario, views Banting's works as very much "part of the Jackson story."

In 1994, Banting was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame. In 2004, he was nominated as one of the top 10 " Greatest Canadians" by viewers of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. When the final votes were counted, Banting finished fourth behind Tommy Douglas, Terry Fox and Pierre Trudeau.

Banting's namesake, the Banting Research Foundation, was created in 1925 and provides funding to support health and biomedical research in Canada.

Banting's name is immortalised in the yearly Banting Lectures, given by an expert in diabetes, and by the creation of the Banting and Best Department of Medical Research of the University of Toronto; Sir Frederick G Banting Research Centre located on Sir Frederick Banting Driveway in the Tunney's Pasture complex, Ottawa, ON; Banting Memorial High School in Alliston, ON; Sir Frederick Banting Secondary School in London, ON; Sir Frederick Banting Alternative Program Site in Ottawa, ON; Frederick Banting Elementary School in Montréal-Nord QC and École Banting Middle School in Coquitlam, BC.

The "Major Sir Frederick Banting, MC, RCAMC Award for Military Health Research", sponsored by the True Patriot Love Foundation, is awarded annually by the Surgeon General to the researcher whose work presented at the annual Military and Veterans Health Research Forum is deemed to contribute most to military health. It was first awarded in 2011 in the presence of several Banting descendants.

The "Canadian Forces Major Sir Frederick Banting Term Chair in Military Trauma Research" at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre was established in 2012. The first Chair holder is Colonel Homer Tien, Medical Director of Sunnybrook's Tory Regional Trauma Centre and Senior Specialist and Trauma Adviser to the Surgeon General.

The Banting Postdoctoral Fellowship Program is administered by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. The fellowship provided up to two years of funding at $70,000 per year to researchers in health, natural sciences, engineering, social sciences and humanities.

Banting House, his former home located in London, Ontario, was declared a National Historic Site of Canada in 1997. The Banting Interpretation Centre in Musgrave Harbour, Newfoundland and Labrador is a museum named after him which focuses on the circumstances surrounding the 1941 plane crash which claimed his life. The crater Banting on the Moon is also named after him for his contributions to medicine.

During the voting for " Greatest Canadians" in late 2003, controversy rose over the future use of the Banting family farm in New Tecumseth which had been left to the Ontario Historical Society by Banting's late nephew, Edward, in 1998. The dispute centred on the future use of the 40 ha (100 acre) property and its buildings. In a year-long negotiation, assisted by a provincially appointed facilitator, the Town of New Tecumseth offered $1 million to the Ontario Historical Society (OHS). The town intended to turn the property over to the Sir Frederick Banting Legacy Foundation for preservation of the property and buildings, and the Legacy Foundation planned to erect a Camp for Diabetic Youths. The day after the November 22, 2006, deadline for the OHS to sign the agreement, the OHS announced that it had sold the property for housing development to Solmar Development for more than $2 million.

The Town of New Tecumseth announced it would designate the property under the Ontario Heritage Act. This would prevent its commercial development and obligate the owner to maintain it properly. OHS objected. The Ontario Conservation Review Board heard arguments for and against designation in September 2007 and recommended designation of the entire property in October. The Town officially passed the designation by-law on November 12, 2007.

Banting's artwork has gained attention in the art community; A painting of his called "St. Tîte des Cap" sold for Can$30,000 including buyer's premium at a Canadian art auction in Toronto.

He and his insulin discovery have also been depicted in various media formats, including comic books, the biography by Michael Bliss, and on television. The National Film Board of Canada produced a short film in 1958, . The 1988 television movie Glory Enough for All depicted the search for insulin by Banting and Best, with R. H. Thomson starring as Banting. Banting is also portrayed by Jason Priestley boarding his fatal flight in the 2006 historical drama Above and Beyond.

Prior to the award of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1923-which he shared with Macleod-he received the Reeve Prize of the University of Toronto (1922). In 1923, the Canadian Parliament granted him a Life Annuity of $7,500. Following the Banting's receipt of the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh in 1927, Banting gave the 1928 Cameron Lecture in Edinburgh. He was a member of numerous medical academies and societies in Canada and abroad, including the British and American Physiological Societies, and the American Pharmacological Society. In 1934 he was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) and became an active Vice-President of the Diabetic Association (now Diabetes UK). In May 1935 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 2004, Banting was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.

A " Flame of Hope" was lit by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother in 1989 as a tribute to Dr. Frederick Grant Banting and all the people that have lost their lives to diabetes. The flame will remain lit until there is a cure for diabetes. When a cure is found, the flame will be extinguished by the researchers who discover the cure. The flame is located at Sir Frederick Banting Square in London, Ontario, Canada beside the Banting House National Historic Site of Canada.

A time capsule was buried in the Sir Frederick Banting Square in 1991 to honour the 100th anniversary of Sir Frederick Banting's birth. It was buried by the International Diabetes Federation Youth Representatives and Governor General of Canada Ray Hnatyshyn. It will be exhumed if a cure for diabetes is found.

Sir Frederick Banting received honorary degrees from several Universities:

Since 1941, the American Diabetes Association confers Banting Medals for those with long-term contribution to diabetes research and treatment. In 1991, International Diabetes Federation and World Health Organization (WHO) made his birthday the World Diabetes Day. On November 14, 2016, Google celebrated his 125th birthday with a Google Doodle. 2021 marks the centenary of Dr. Banting's co-discovery of insulin at the University of Toronto. Canada Post issued a commemorative stamp.

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3. Frederick Banting on Nobelprize.org , accessed 30 April 2020

4. ^ Levine, Israel E. (1959). The Discoverer of Insulin: Dr. Frederick G. Banting. Copp Clark Publishing Company.

5. Bliss, Michael (1992) [1984]. Banting: A Biography. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-7387-7.

6. ^ Royal College of Physicians of London (July 25, 1918). "Certificate granting F.G. Banting license to practice medicine, surgery, and midwifery". University of Toronto Libraries.[permanent dead link ]

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9. Bliss, Michael (1982). The Discovery of Insulin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226058979.

10. Canadian Space Agency. ^ Canada's Aerospace Medicine Pioneers - World War II Jump-Starts Aviation Medicine in Canada. Retrieved January 3, 2012. Archived October 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine

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Bliss, Michael (1990) [1982]. The Discovery of Insulin (3rd ed.). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8344-9.

Jackson, A.Y. (1943). Banting as an Artist. Ryerson Press.

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Stevenson, Lloyd (1946). Sir Frederick Banting. Ryerson Press.

Harris, Seale (1946). Banting's miracle; the story of the discoverer of insulin. Lippincott.

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Elliot, J. C. (2004). "Banting - a Nobel artist". The Medical Journal of Australia. 181 (11-12): 631. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06494.x. PMID 15588191. S2CID 10131078.

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Les caprices du Nobel by William Rostène, ed. L'Harmattan (Paris), 2013 (in French) ISBN 978-2-343-01844-7

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Sir Frederick Grant Banting (November 14, 1891 - February 21, 1941) was a Canadian medical scientist, physician, painter, and Nobel laureate noted as the co-discoverer of insulin and its therapeutic potential. In 1923, Banting and John Macleod received the Nobel Prize in Medicine. Banting shared the honours and award money with his colleague, Charles Best.

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Fredrick Banting.
Banting is best known as one of the scientists who discovered insulin in 1922. After this breakthrough, he became Canada's first professor of medical research at the University of Toronto. ... Banting is best known as one of the scientists who discovered insulin in 1922.

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Sir Frederick Grant Banting, KBE, MC, FRS, FRSC, co-discoverer of insulin, medical scientist, painter (born 14 November 1891 in Alliston, ON; died 21 February...

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Frederick Banting was born on November 14, 1891, in a farm house near Alliston, Ontario. The youngest of five children of William Thompson Banting and Margaret Grant,

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Sir Frederick Grant Banting (November 14, 1891 - February 21, 1941) was a Canadian medical scientist, physician, painter, and Nobel laureate noted as the co-discoverer of insulin and its therapeutic potential.

In 1923, Banting and John Macleod received the Nobel Prize in Medicine. Banting shared the honours and award money with his colleague, Charles Best. That same year, the Government of Canada granted Banting a lifetime annuity to continue his work. In 1934, he was knighted by King George V. As of November 2021, Banting, who received the Nobel Prize at age 32, remains the youngest Nobel laureate in the area of Physiology/Medicine.

Frederick Banting was born on November 14, 1891, in a farm house near Alliston, Ontario. The youngest of five children of William Thompson Banting and Margaret Grant, he attended public high school in Alliston. In 1910, he started at Victoria College, part of the University of Toronto, in the General Arts program. After failing his first year, he petitioned to join the medical program in 1912 and was accepted. He began medical school in September 1912.

In 1914, he attempted to enter the army on August 16, and then again in October, but was refused due to poor eyesight. Banting successfully joined the army in 1915 and spent the summer training before returning to school. His class was fast-tracked to get more doctors into the war and so he graduated in December 1916 and reported for military duty the next day. He was wounded at the Battle of Cambrai in 1918. Despite his injuries, he helped other wounded men for sixteen hours, until another doctor told him to stop. He was awarded the Military Cross in 1919, for heroism. In 1918, he was awarded the license to practice medicine, surgery, and midwifery by the Royal College of Physicians of London.

Banting returned to Canada after the war and went to Toronto to complete his surgical training. He studied orthopedic medicine and, in 1919-1920, was Resident Surgeon at The Hospital for Sick Children. Banting was unable to gain a place on the hospital staff and so he decided to move to London, Ontario to set up a medical practice. From July 1920 to May 1921, he continued his general practice, while teaching orthopedics and anthropology part-time at the University of Western Ontario in London because his medical practice had not been particularly successful. From 1921 to 1922 he lectured in pharmacology at the University of Toronto. He received his M.D. degree in 1922, and was also awarded a gold medal.

An article he read about the pancreas piqued Banting's interest in diabetes. Banting had to give a talk on the pancreas to one of his classes at the University of Western Ontario on November 1, 1920, and he was therefore reading reports that other scientists had written. Research by Naunyn, Minkowski, Opie, Sharpey-Schafer, and others suggested that diabetes resulted from a lack of a protein hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Schafer had named this putative hormone "insulin". The hormone was thought to control the metabolism of sugar; its lack led to an increase of sugar in the blood which was then excreted in urine. Attempts to extract insulin from ground-up pancreas cells were unsuccessful, likely because of the destruction of the insulin by the proteolysis enzyme of the pancreas. The challenge was to find a way to extract insulin from the pancreas prior to its destruction.

Moses Barron published an article in 1920 which described experimental closure of the pancreatic duct by ligature; this further influenced Banting's thinking. The procedure caused deterioration of the cells of the pancreas that secrete trypsin which breaks down insulin, but it left the islets of Langerhans intact. Banting realized that this procedure would destroy the trypsin-secreting cells but not the insulin. Once the trypsin-secreting cells had died, insulin could be extracted from the islets of Langerhans. Banting discussed this approach with J. J. R. Macleod, Professor of Physiology at the University of Toronto. Macleod provided experimental facilities and the assistance of one of his students, Charles Best. Banting and Best, with the assistance of biochemist James Collip, began the production of insulin by this means.

As the experiments proceeded, the required quantities could no longer be obtained by performing surgery on living dogs. In November 1921, Banting hit upon the idea of obtaining insulin from the fetal pancreas. He removed the pancreases from fetal calves at a William Davies slaughterhouse and found the extracts to be just as potent as those extracted from the dog pancreases. By December 1921, he had also succeeded in extracting insulin from the adult pancreas. Pork and beef would remain the primary commercial sources of insulin until they were replaced by genetically-engineered bacteria in the late 20th century. On 11 January, 1922 the first ever injection of insulin was given to 14-year-old Canadian Leonard Thompson at Toronto General Hospital. In spring of 1922, Banting established a private practice in Toronto and began to treat diabetic patients. His first American patient was Elizabeth Hughes Gossett, daughter of U.S. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes.

Banting and Macleod were jointly awarded the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Banting split his half of the Prize money with Best, and Macleod split the other half of the Prize money with James Collip.

Banting was appointed Senior Demonstrator in Medicine at the University of Toronto in 1922. The following year he was elected to the new Banting and Best Chair of Medical Research, endowed by the Legislature of the Province of Ontario. He also served as Honorary Consulting Physician to the Toronto General, the Hospital for Sick Children, and the Toronto Western Hospital. At the Banting and Best Institute, he focused his research on silicosis, cancer, and the mechanisms of drowning.

In 1938, Banting's interest in aviation medicine resulted in his participation with the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) in research concerning the physiological problems encountered by pilots operating high-altitude combat aircraft. Banting headed the RCAF's Number 1 Clinical Investigation Unit (CIU), which was housed in a secret facility on the grounds of the former Eglinton Hunt Club in Toronto.

During the Second World War he investigated the problems of aviators, such as "blackout" ( syncope). He also helped Wilbur Franks with the invention of the G-suit to stop pilots from blacking out when they were subjected to g-forces while turning or diving. Another of Banting's projects during the Second World War involved using and treating mustard gas burns. Banting even tested the gas and antidotes on himself to see if they were effective.

Statements on Hudson's Bay Company

During his 1927 Arctic trip with A. Y. Jackson, Banting realised that crew or passengers on board the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) paddle wheeler SS Distributor were responsible for spreading the influenza virus down the Slave River and Mackenzie River, a virus that had over the summer and autumn spread territory-wide, devastating the aboriginal population of the north. Returning from the trip, Banting gave an interview in Montreal with a Toronto Star reporter under the agreement that his statements on HBC would remain off the record. The conversation was nonetheless published in the Toronto Star and rapidly reached a wide audience across Europe and Australia. Banting was angry at the leak, having promised the Department of the Interior not to make any statements to the press prior to clearing them.

The article noted that Banting had given the journalist C. R. Greenaway repeated instances of how the fox fur trade always favoured the company: "For over $100,000 of fox skins, he estimated that the Eskimos had not received $5,000 worth of goods." He traced this treatment to health, consistent with reports made in previous years by RCMP officers, suggesting that "the result was a diet of "flour, biscuits, tea and tobacco," with the skins that once were used for clothing traded merely for "cheap whiteman's goods.""

The fur trade commissioner for the Hudson's Bay Company called Banting's remarks "false and slanderous", and a month later, the governor and general manager of HBC met Banting at the King Edward Hotel to demand a retraction. Banting stated that the reporter had betrayed his confidence, but did not retract his statement and reaffirmed that HBC was responsible for the death of indigenous residents by supplying the wrong kind of food and introducing diseases into the Arctic. As A. Y. Jackson notes in his memoir, since neither the governor nor the general manager had been to the Arctic, the meeting ended with them asking Banting's advice on what HBC ought to do: "He gave them some good advice and later he received a card at Christmas with the Governor's best wishes."

Banting also maintained this position in his report to the Department of the Interior:

He noted that "infant mortality was high because of the undernourishment of the mother before birth"; that "white man's food leads to decay of native teeth"; that "tuberculosis has commenced. Saw several cases at Godhavn, Etah, Port Burwell, Arctic Bay"; that "an epidemic resembling influenza killed a considerable proportion of population at Port Burwell"; and that "the gravest danger faces the Eskimo in his transfer from a race-long hunter to a dependent trapper. White flour, sea-biscuits, tea and tobacco do not provide sufficient fuel to warm and nourish him." Furthermore, he discouraged the establishment of an Arctic hospital. The "proposed hospital at Pangnirtung would be a waste of money, as it could be reached by only a few natives." Banting's report contrasted starkly with the bland descriptions provided by the ship's physician, F. H. Stringer.

Banting married twice. His first marriage was to Marion Robertson in 1924; they had one child, William (1929-1998). They divorced in 1932 and Banting married Henrietta Ball in 1937.

In February 1941, Banting died of wounds and exposure following the crash of a Lockheed L-14 Super Electra/ Hudson in which he was a passenger, in Musgrave Harbour, Newfoundland. After departing from Gander, Newfoundland, both of the plane's engines failed. The navigator and co-pilot died instantly, but Banting and the pilot, Captain Joseph Mackey, survived the initial impact. According to Mackey, the sole survivor, Banting died from his injuries the next day. Banting was en route to England to conduct operational tests on the Franks flying suit developed by his colleague Wilbur Franks.

Banting and his wife are buried at Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Toronto.

Banting developed an interest in painting beginning around 1921 while he was in London, Ontario. Some of his first pieces were done on the back of the cardboard in which his shirts were packed by the dry-cleaners. He became friends with The Group of Seven artists A. Y. Jackson and Lawren Harris, sharing their love of the rugged Canadian landscape. Writing on Banting, Jackson recalls that "He did not want to make a business of art and would tell [would-be purchasers] to go buy a Lismer or something else and then he would exchange it for one of his."

In 1927, he made a sketching trip with Jackson to the St. Lawrence River in Quebec. Later that year, they travelled to RCMP outposts in the Arctic on the Canadian Government supply ship Beothic. The sketches, done both in oils on birch panels and in pen and ink, were named after the places he visited: Craig Harbour, Ellesmere Island; Pond Inlet, Baylot Island; Eskimo tents at Etach; others were untitled. Jackson and Banting also made painting expeditions to Great Slave Lake, Walsh Lake ( Northwest Territories), Georgian Bay, French River and the Sudbury District.

At the time of his death in 1941, Banting was one of Canada's best-known amateur painters. Dennis Reid, the former director of Collections and Research at the Art Gallery of Ontario, views Banting's works as very much "part of the Jackson story."

In 1994, Banting was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame. In 2004, he was nominated as one of the top 10 " Greatest Canadians" by viewers of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. When the final votes were counted, Banting finished fourth behind Tommy Douglas, Terry Fox and Pierre Trudeau.

Banting's namesake, the Banting Research Foundation, was created in 1925 and provides funding to support health and biomedical research in Canada.

Banting's name is immortalised in the yearly Banting Lectures, given by an expert in diabetes, and by the creation of the Banting and Best Department of Medical Research of the University of Toronto; Sir Frederick G Banting Research Centre located on Sir Frederick Banting Driveway in the Tunney's Pasture complex, Ottawa, ON; Banting Memorial High School in Alliston, ON; Sir Frederick Banting Secondary School in London, ON; Sir Frederick Banting Alternative Program Site in Ottawa, ON; Frederick Banting Elementary School in Montréal-Nord QC and École Banting Middle School in Coquitlam, BC.

The "Major Sir Frederick Banting, MC, RCAMC Award for Military Health Research", sponsored by the True Patriot Love Foundation, is awarded annually by the Surgeon General to the researcher whose work presented at the annual Military and Veterans Health Research Forum is deemed to contribute most to military health. It was first awarded in 2011 in the presence of several Banting descendants.

The "Canadian Forces Major Sir Frederick Banting Term Chair in Military Trauma Research" at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre was established in 2012. The first Chair holder is Colonel Homer Tien, Medical Director of Sunnybrook's Tory Regional Trauma Centre and Senior Specialist and Trauma Adviser to the Surgeon General.

The Banting Postdoctoral Fellowship Program is administered by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. The fellowship provided up to two years of funding at $70,000 per year to researchers in health, natural sciences, engineering, social sciences and humanities.

Banting House, his former home located in London, Ontario, was declared a National Historic Site of Canada in 1997. The Banting Interpretation Centre in Musgrave Harbour, Newfoundland and Labrador is a museum named after him which focuses on the circumstances surrounding the 1941 plane crash which claimed his life. The crater Banting on the Moon is also named after him for his contributions to medicine.

During the voting for " Greatest Canadians" in late 2003, controversy rose over the future use of the Banting family farm in New Tecumseth which had been left to the Ontario Historical Society by Banting's late nephew, Edward, in 1998. The dispute centred on the future use of the 40 ha (100 acre) property and its buildings. In a year-long negotiation, assisted by a provincially appointed facilitator, the Town of New Tecumseth offered $1 million to the Ontario Historical Society (OHS). The town intended to turn the property over to the Sir Frederick Banting Legacy Foundation for preservation of the property and buildings, and the Legacy Foundation planned to erect a Camp for Diabetic Youths. The day after the November 22, 2006, deadline for the OHS to sign the agreement, the OHS announced that it had sold the property for housing development to Solmar Development for more than $2 million.

The Town of New Tecumseth announced it would designate the property under the Ontario Heritage Act. This would prevent its commercial development and obligate the owner to maintain it properly. OHS objected. The Ontario Conservation Review Board heard arguments for and against designation in September 2007 and recommended designation of the entire property in October. The Town officially passed the designation by-law on November 12, 2007.

Banting's artwork has gained attention in the art community; A painting of his called "St. Tîte des Cap" sold for Can$30,000 including buyer's premium at a Canadian art auction in Toronto.

He and his insulin discovery have also been depicted in various media formats, including comic books, the biography by Michael Bliss, and on television. The National Film Board of Canada produced a short film in 1958, . The 1988 television movie Glory Enough for All depicted the search for insulin by Banting and Best, with R. H. Thomson starring as Banting. Banting is also portrayed by Jason Priestley boarding his fatal flight in the 2006 historical drama Above and Beyond.

Prior to the award of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1923-which he shared with Macleod-he received the Reeve Prize of the University of Toronto (1922). In 1923, the Canadian Parliament granted him a Life Annuity of $7,500. Following the Banting's receipt of the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh in 1927, Banting gave the 1928 Cameron Lecture in Edinburgh. He was a member of numerous medical academies and societies in Canada and abroad, including the British and American Physiological Societies, and the American Pharmacological Society. In 1934 he was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) and became an active Vice-President of the Diabetic Association (now Diabetes UK). In May 1935 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 2004, Banting was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.

A " Flame of Hope" was lit by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother in 1989 as a tribute to Dr. Frederick Grant Banting and all the people that have lost their lives to diabetes. The flame will remain lit until there is a cure for diabetes. When a cure is found, the flame will be extinguished by the researchers who discover the cure. The flame is located at Sir Frederick Banting Square in London, Ontario, Canada beside the Banting House National Historic Site of Canada.

A time capsule was buried in the Sir Frederick Banting Square in 1991 to honour the 100th anniversary of Sir Frederick Banting's birth. It was buried by the International Diabetes Federation Youth Representatives and Governor General of Canada Ray Hnatyshyn. It will be exhumed if a cure for diabetes is found.

Sir Frederick Banting received honorary degrees from several Universities:

Since 1941, the American Diabetes Association confers Banting Medals for those with long-term contribution to diabetes research and treatment. In 1991, International Diabetes Federation and World Health Organization (WHO) made his birthday the World Diabetes Day. On November 14, 2016, Google celebrated his 125th birthday with a Google Doodle. 2021 marks the centenary of Dr. Banting's co-discovery of insulin at the University of Toronto. Canada Post issued a commemorative stamp.

1. Best, C. H. (November 1, 1942). "Frederick Grant Banting 1891-1941". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 4 (11): 20-26. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1942.0003. S2CID 162239410.

2. ^ "Frederick Grant Banting (1891-1941) Codiscoverer of Insulin". Journal of the American Medical Association. 198 (6): 660-61. 1966. doi:10.1001/jama.1966.03110190142041.

3. Frederick Banting on Nobelprize.org , accessed 30 April 2020

4. ^ Levine, Israel E. (1959). The Discoverer of Insulin: Dr. Frederick G. Banting. Copp Clark Publishing Company.

5. Bliss, Michael (1992) [1984]. Banting: A Biography. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-7387-7.

6. ^ Royal College of Physicians of London (July 25, 1918). "Certificate granting F.G. Banting license to practice medicine, surgery, and midwifery". University of Toronto Libraries.[permanent dead link ]

7. ^ University of Toronto (June 9, 1922). "Certificate from the University of Toronto granting F. G. Banting the degree of M.D." University of Toronto Libraries.[permanent dead link ]

8. ^ Rosenfeld, Louis (December 1, 2002). "Insulin: Discovery and Controversy". Clinical Chemistry. 48 (12): 2270-2288. doi:10.1093/clinchem/48.12.2270. ISSN 0009-9147. PMID 12446492.

9. Bliss, Michael (1982). The Discovery of Insulin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226058979.

10. Canadian Space Agency. ^ Canada's Aerospace Medicine Pioneers - World War II Jump-Starts Aviation Medicine in Canada. Retrieved January 3, 2012. Archived October 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine

11. Jackson, Alexander Young (May 15, 1965). "Men and books: Memories of a fellow artist, Frederick Grant Banting". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 92: 1077-1084 - via University of Toronto Libraries.

12. Tester, Frank James; McNicoll, Paule (November 2008). "A Voice of Presence: Inuit Contributions toward the Public Provision of Health Care in Canada, 1900-1930". Social History/Histoire Sociale. 41 (82): 535-561. doi:10.1353/his.0.0034. S2CID 144773818.

13. ^ Stevens, James (July 6, 2006). The Maw: Searching for the Hudson Bombers. Trafford. pp. 41-43. ISBN 978-1412063845.

14. National Defence Canada, Canadian Forces Health Services. ^ History and Heritage. Chapter IV: Heroes and Honours. Retrieved January 3, 2012. Archived May 23, 2013, at the Wayback Machine

15. Wilton, Peter (November 16, 1999). "Frederick Banting and the Group of Seven". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 161 (10): 1232. PMC 1230768.

16. ^ MacDonald, Colin S. "Banting, F. G. (Frederick Grant), Sir". A Dictionary of Canadian Artists. 1. National Gallery of Canada. Archived from the original on May 24, 2013.

17. ^ Fraser, Lynn (October 5, 2010). "The determined painter: Sir Frederick Banting". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 182 (14): E702-E704. doi:10.1503/cmaj.101232. PMC 2950206.

18. ^ [1] Retrieved November 29, 2012.[dead link ]

19. ^ Fletcher, K (June 5, 2007). "Sir Frederick Banting homestead sold to developer, family outraged". Canadian Medical Association Journal (PDF). 176 (12): 1691-92. doi:10.1503/cmaj.070613. PMC 1877854. PMID 17548378.

20. ^ "Auction Result". Ritchies. November 20, 2006. Archived from the original on November 28, 2007.

21. Gary Evans, ^ In the National Interest: A Chronicle of the National Film Board of Canada from 1949 to 1989. University of Toronto Press, 1991. ISBN 9780802068330. p. 55.

22. ^ "Winners named for Reeve prize: F.G. Banting and C.H. Best are Granted Award". University of Toronto Libraries. October 1922. Archived from the original on June 29, 2020.

23. ^

24. ^ Gini-Newman, Garfield; Aitken, Bob; Eaton, Diane; Holland, Dick; Montgomery, John; Riddock, Sonia (2000). Canada: A Nation Unfolding (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Ryerson School.

25. ^

26. ^ [permanent dead link ]

27. ^ "Sir Frederick Banting's 125th Birthday". Google. November 14, 2016.

Banting, F. G.; Best, C. H. (2009). "The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine: Vol. VII St. Louis, February, 1922 No. 5". Nutrition Reviews. 45 (4): 55-57. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1987.tb07442.x. PMID 3550540.

Bliss, Michael (1990) [1982]. The Discovery of Insulin (3rd ed.). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8344-9.

Jackson, A.Y. (1943). Banting as an Artist. Ryerson Press.

Shaw, Margaret Mason (1976). Frederick Banting. Fitzhenry & Whiteside. ISBN 978-0-88902-229-4.

Stevenson, Lloyd (1946). Sir Frederick Banting. Ryerson Press.

Harris, Seale (1946). Banting's miracle; the story of the discoverer of insulin. Lippincott.

Raju, T. N. (1998). "The Nobel Chronicles. 1923: Frederick G Banting (1891-1941), John J R Macleod (1876-1935)". Lancet. 352 (9138): 1482. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)61319-0. PMID 9808029. S2CID 54323266.

Hudson, R. P. (1979). "New light on the insulin controversy (Frederick G. Banting and J. J. R. Macleod)". Annals of Internal Medicine. 91 (2): 311. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-91-2-311. PMID 380438.

Fletcher, K. (2007). "Sir Frederick Banting homestead sold to developer, family outraged". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 176 (12): 1691-92. doi:10.1503/cmaj.070613. PMC . PMID 17548378.

Shampo, M. A.; Kyle, R. A. (2005). "Frederick Banting - Nobel Laureate for Discovery of Insulin". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 80 (5): 576. doi:10.4065/80.5.576. PMID 15887423.

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Les caprices du Nobel by William Rostène, ed. L'Harmattan (Paris), 2013 (in French) ISBN 978-2-343-01844-7

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Sir Frederick Grant Banting (November 14, 1891 - February 21, 1941) was a Canadian medical scientist, physician, painter, and Nobel laureate noted as the co-discoverer of insulin and its therapeutic potential. In 1923, Banting and John Macleod received the Nobel Prize in Medicine. Banting shared the honours and award money with his colleague, Charles Best.

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Psychologists are responsible for evaluating, diagnosing, and treating people for mental, emotional, behavioral, educational, and developmental disorders. ... Clinical, counseling, and research psychologists generally need a doctoral degree

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the discovery on insulin was by Fredrick Banting and it impacted society a lot because diabetics need insulin to live.

Insulin was discovered by Sir Frederick G Banting (pictured), Charles H Best and JJR Macleod at the University of Toronto in 1921 and it was subsequently purified by James B Collip.

Before 1921, it was exceptional for people with type 1 diabetes to live more than a year or two. One of the twentieth century’s greatest medical discoveries, it remains the only effective treatment for people with type 1 diabetes today.

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Frederick G Banting

Insulin was discovered by Sir Frederick G Banting (pictured), Charles H Best and JJR Macleod at the University of Toronto in 1921 and it was subsequently purified by James B Collip.

Before 1921, it was exceptional for people with type 1 diabetes to live more than a year or two. One of the twentieth century's greatest medical discoveries, it remains the only effective treatment for people with type 1 diabetes today.

This means that in 2021, we're celebrating 100 years since the discovery of insulin. It was one of the greatest medical breakthroughs in history, which went on to save millions of lives around the world and triggered a century of diabetes discoveries. Here we take a look at the journey that got us there.

Be the first to hear about our celebrations in 2021 and beyond, through our monthly enewsletter.

7 November 1920 - great minds come together

By 1920 scientists had already pinpointed clusters of cells in the pancreas, called islets, that produce insulin and worked out that it's these cells that are destroyed in type 1 diabetes. Understanding the cause of type 1 diabetes meant researchers now had a chance of treating the condition. Attempts had been made to extract insulin from ground-up pancreas cells, but they'd all proved unsuccessful. The challenge was to find a way to extract insulin from the pancreas without it being destroyed in the process.

In October 1920, Frederick Banting - a Canadian surgeon - read an article that suggested insulin-producing cells in the pancreas are slower to deteriorate than other pancreas tissue. Banting realised that this might allow for the removal of insulin by breaking down the pancreas in a way that would leave just the cells that produce insulin intact.

But Banting wasn't a scientist and knew he couldn't test his theory alone. On 7 November 1920 he paid a visit to a top professor at the University of Toronto, John Macleod. They put their minds together and began to work on a plan.

17 May 1921 - experiments started

Macleod provided Banting with the labs needed to conduct their experiments and brought in a research student, called Charles Best, to help out. Best specialised in testing blood to check glucose levels. This would be the way they would know whether their insulin extracts were having any benefit.

On 17 May 1921 Banting, Best and Macleod first got together to begin their research and set about figuring out how to remove insulin from a dog's pancreas. Their method involved tying off the pancreatic duct to kill off other substances in the pancreas that would destroy insulin, but leave the islets intact. The remaining extract would then be given to other dogs who didn't produce any of their own insulin because their pancreases had been removed to work out its effects on their blood sugar levels.

10 November 1921 - first experiments were successful

Progress was initially slow and while many of their experiments failed, Banting and the team saw regular drops in blood sugar levels as a result of their extract, and were confident they were on to something big. By November, they'd successfully treated a dog with diabetes with their insulin extract for 70 days.

12 December 1921 - a new team member and a new, purer insulin

James Collip, a biochemist, joined the group to work on purifying insulin so it would be safe enough to be tested in humans. With his help, a more concentrated and pure form of insulin was developed, this time from the pancreases of cattle.

John Macleod

Charles Best

James Collip

11 January 1922 - insulin was first used in a human to treat diabetes

In January 1922, Leonard Thompson, a 14-year-old boy dying from type 1 diabetes, became the first person to receive an injection of insulin. Within 24 hours, Leonard's dangerously high blood sugar levels dropped, but he developed an abscess at the site of the injection and still had high levels of ketones.

Collip worked day and night on purifying the extract even further, and Leonard was given a second injection on 23 January 1922. This time it was a complete success and Leonard's blood sugar levels become near-normal, with no obvious side effects. For the first time in history, type 1 diabetes was not a death sentence.

May 1922 - insulin produced on a mass scale

As news of insulin's success spread, demand rocketed. Banting and Best set about improving their techniques for the production of insulin so it could be made in much larger quantities. In May 1922, Eli Lilly become the first manufacturer to mass produce insulin.

25 October 1923 - a Nobel Prize win

In recognition of their life-saving discovery, Banting and Macleod were jointly awarded the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Banting split his half of the Prize money with Best, and Macleod split the other half of the Prize money with Collip.

1934 - Diabetes UK was founded to improve access to insulin

What was then known as the Diabetic Association was set up in 1934 by novelist HG Wells and Doctor RD Lawrence - both of whom had type 1 diabetes. RD Lawrence's life had been saved by the discovery of insulin and their mission was to ensure that everyone with diabetes in the UK had access to this breakthrough treatment, whatever their financial situation.

One year later, we awarded our first research grant and over the past 85 years your support has allowed our scientists to make more life-changing discoveries. We've funded the first ever insulin pen and insulin pump, transforming how we deliver insulin and making living with the condition dramatically simpler. We've helped to prevent sight loss and roll out national eye screening programmes. We set up the first diabetes foot clinic in the UK, helping to reduce amputations. And we're putting  type 2 diabetes into remission thanks to our DiRECT trial.

With more lives to change than ever before, we can't stop now. We have more research to fund and more lives to improve. Help us to keep breaking new ground for people with diabetes.
Donate today

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Insulin was discovered by Sir Frederick G Banting (pictured), Charles H Best and JJR Macleod at the University of Toronto in 1921 and it was subsequently purified by James B Collip. Before 1921, it was exceptional for people with type 1 diabetes to live more than a year or two.