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1. making the shell thicker/denser
2. padded packaging to protect water bubble from breaking
3. mixing different amounts of sodium alginate and calcium chloride to form a firmer shell
4. make the shell more rubbery to ease movement, and make it less likely to break
5. make a longer shelf life- research how long it is now and how we can make it longer

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1. add "mio" flavoring
-also adds vitamins
2. add in Gatorade instead of water for better taste
3. insert flavor into shell
-mio flavor, Gatorade,  etc
4. soak bubbles in flavoring to hopefully add more flavor
5. try putting propel in the bubble for flavoring AND electrolytes

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1. adding electrolyte; Electrolytes are certain minerals (i.e., calcium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, sodium ions) essential to human health. As an essential mineral, an electrolyte cannot be substituted by any other nutrient in the diet. That means that your body will only accept that particular mineral or electrolyte.
2. putting propel into bubble instead of water - had electrolytes and added vitamins
3. using an already supplemented vitamin-rich water for the inside
4. using gatorade inside the water bubble - has added electrolytes
5. adding minerals or electrolytes into the shell of the water bubble

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Packaging
1. create a compostable bag
https://www.clearbags.com/bags/eco?msclkid=d6d9bd91c31b12874ffae1c5acad42d2&utm_source=bing&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=Products%3A%20Bags&utm_term=compostable%20clear%20bags&utm_content=Eco%20Bags
2. be fun for kids; colorful packaging to look like candy, etc.
3. easy to open packaging that allows for quick access to water bubble
4. contain all nutritional facts/ingredients on outside of packaging
5. must be sterile inside packaging

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1. Hydration

1. important to add electrolytes

2. must maintain water balance as well as extra benefits

3. chemically must still form a bubble even if there are other items in the liquid

2. Durability

1. can't be punctured easily

2. thick shell

3. hard

4. not too hard so that it is hard to eat outer shell

3. Taste

1. must be edible all around and be pleasant to eat shell

2. inner liquid must have better flavor than water

3. use "Mio" flavoring? drink powder?

https://www.makeitmio.com/
Packaging

1. must be compostable packaging

2. sanitary so that outside can still be eaten

3. easy to be dispensed at school

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Protein shake: for people to have an easy way to get a protein boost when they are at the gym and don't have the waste of protein shake bottles, etc.

Electrolytes: for marathon runners who need something fast but it's impossible to drink a Gatorade and run, so we would make a formula for the bubbles to make it easier but more sustaining

Energy drink: a huge population of students drink energy drinks or some form of caffeine, which greatly contributes to the garbage on campus; creating this in bubble form would decrease this significantly

Kids' medicine: common complaint of children is that medicine doesn't taste good, or pills are too scary to swallow; a compromise would be a candy-like medicine, in the form of water bubbles, which would have the common benefits as vitamin gummies

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The biocompatibility of alginate gels has been studied extensively and their safety for consumption is well established.[11][12] As natural polysaccharides resistant to breakdown by human digestive enzymes, alginates are classified as dietary fiber. Although undigested if eaten, the Ooho capsule will gradually decompose as the calcium diffuses out of the gel matrix in the reverse of the reaction above.[13]
CaAlg₂ + 2NaCl --> 2NaAlg + CaCl2
Because it is a single-strand polymer, alginate can be depolymerized (broken into smaller units) by a variety of chemical reactions. Both acid and alkaline mechanisms can break down the linkages between the mannuronate (M) and guluronate (G) monomers. Free radical oxidation is another way the alginate can be degraded in the environment. Many bacterial species produce an enzyme (alginate lyase) which can break the molecule down into single sugar components, which can act as an energy source for the organism.[14]

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The edible water bottle is a blob-like water container made from sodium alginate gel. The biodegradable blob was created by Skipping Rocks Lab in an attempt to make a more environmentally friendly alternative to single-serving plastic bottles. The container, named "Ooho" by its creators, encloses a small volume of water in a membrane made from brown algae and calcium chloride.

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- cost 2 cents to make
- $40 to produce a few sets of water bubbles that we can test
- we can raise money through donations
- our constraints are time & money

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Molecular gastronomy is a subdiscipline of food science that seeks to investigate the physical and chemical transformations of ingredients that occur in cooking. Its program includes three axis, as cooking was recognized to have three components, which are social, artistic and technical.

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Molecular cooking kits, molecular recipes, food styling tools: Molecule-R has everything you need to experiment at home with molecular gastronomy.

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- costs 2 cents to make
- over 38 million plastic bottles littered every year

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Given the well-known detrimental effect of water bottles on the environment, some states have proposed banning plastic water bottles altogether. With 38 billion bottles annually decomposing after not being recycled in the United States alone, it's clear that something needs to be done. One company has come up with quite the creative solution.

Introducing Ooho!, an edible. biodegradable water bottle made of seaweed and calcium chloride-based membrane. It's essentially an edible water balloon. All you have to do is pierce the membrane and gulp it down.

The bottles are created with spheres of ice that are treated with a liquid form of the seaweed-derived membrane. When the water melts and the membrane solidifies, the serving of packaged water reaches its full form. Each orb only costs 2 cents to construct. The product's designers said:

"The most clear inspiration is the way nature encapsulate liquids using membranes. Made of lipids and proteins, the membrane enclose, limit and give a shape, keeping the balance between the interior and the exterior."

Perhaps we'll all be trading our camelbacks for Ooho! orbs one day. We're thinking this could be the next big eco-friendly trend.

Watch this video to learn more about the negative effects of bottled water:

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New edible, plastic-free water bottles could save the environment

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Given the well-known detrimental effect of water bottles on the environment, some states have proposed banning plastic water bottles altogether. With 38 billion bottles annually decomposing after not being recycled in the United States alone, it's clear that something needs to be done. One company has come up with quite the creative solution.

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What can we add? (common deficiencies in third-world countries)

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What can we add? (common deficiencies in third-world countries)

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-iron
-iodine (in seaweed!)
-vitamin D (egg yolks or fatty fish)
-vitamin B12 (water soluble, and in meats)
-calcium (in calcium alginate!)
-vitamin A (carrots or sweet potatoes)
-magnesium (nuts, veggies, dark choc)

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What is already available in the  market:

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What is already available in the  market:

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Company named Ooho developed the first "water bubble". This product consists of an entirely biodegradable outside packaging that holds the water made from seaweed. The item addresses the needs of  the planet. The natural, biodegradable water bubbles cut out the need for plastic water bottles that add thousand pounds of plastic to the world each year. My group would take this idea but focus more on how it could help children in developing countries. In order to do this we would research how we could add in nutritional values in the water bubble. This would provide essential needs to the children including access to clean water and nutritional needs.

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1. Sodium alginate: A colorless or light yellow powdery or crystalline polysaccharide, the sodium salt of alginic acid, used as a food thickener and stabilizer and in medicines, paint, and paper coating
Buy: ~$20 / 16 oz.
https://www.amazon.com/Sodium-Alginate-Powder-Form-Thickening/dp/B01I26D48I/ref=sr_1_5_s_it?s=grocery&ie=UTF8&qid=1543337790&sr=1-5&keywords=sodium+alginate

2. calcium lactate: a black or white crystalline salt made by the action of lactic acid on calcium carbonate. It is used in foods (as an ingredient in baking powder) and given medicinally.
Buy: ~ $20 / 14 oz.
https://www.amazon.com/Gluconate-Cape-Crystal-Brands-Gastronomy/dp/B071DWQ7QT/ref=sr_1_6_s_it?s=grocery&ie=UTF8&qid=1543337676&sr=1-6&keywords=calcium%2Blactate&th=1

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the branch of engineering concerned with the application of scientific and engineering principles for protection of human populations from the effects of adverse environmental factors; protection of environments, both local and global, from potentially deleterious effects of natural and human activities; and improvement of environmental quality.

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Many universities offer environmental engineering programs at either the department of civil engineering or the department of chemical engineering at engineering faculties. Environmental "civil" engineers focus on hydrology, water resources management, bioremediation, and water treatment plant design.

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Brand called "Oohoo

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Biodegradable and edible 'Oohos', which resemble large liquid-filled bubbles, are distributed at a marathon in London as a plastic-free alternative to water bottles. Matthew Stock reports.

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Sodium alginate (NaAlg) coagulates when exposed to calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and forms calcium alginate (CaAlg₂ ) and sodium chloride (NaCl), according to the following reaction:

2NaAlg + CaCl₂ --> CaAlg₂ + 2NaCl

1 cup sodium alginate
1 cup water
5 g calcium lactate
4 cups water

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Bottled water is a rip-off. Not only is it pretty much the same stuff that comes out of your tap for free, but plastic bottles are rarely recycled and thus account for a huge amount of the waste that's overflowing our landfills.

Next Up: Water Bottles You Can Eat

Fortunately, there are ingenious designers out there who are working on ways to create water bottles that are truly biodegradable (i.e., don't take a thousand years and emit toxins as they biodegrade) and even edible.

Rodrigo Garcia Gonzalez, Pierre Paslier, and Guillaume Couch won a Lexus Design Award for their invention, the "Ooho," which mimics nature by capturing water in a droplet-shaped container that is earth-friendly and can be eaten in a pinch. Imagine how handy that would be on your next camping or car trip!

The designers are currently in the process of testing prototypes. Their version would actually have a double layer (i.e. two membranes) for durability and hygiene. In 2013, they did a video test of the Ooho for a Spanish TV station:

Not all the participants loved the way the "bottle" tasted since it's not exactly formed from flavorful ingredients (we'll get to that in a moment), but the positive implications of the invention are enormous, considering that plastic pollution is a hugely troublesome environmental issue.

Yes, You Can Try This at Home

If you're in a scientific mood, you can actually recreate the Ooho in your own kitchen with two simple ingredients you can purchase online: sodium alginate, which is derived from brown seaweed, and calcium lactate, a salt found in baking powder and antacids.

Spherification: Food Science in Action

The process you're going to enact is called " spherification," and it actually has culinary roots. It's big in molecular gastronomy, where chefs take a liquid and form it into spheres which look and feel like caviar.

There are two types of spherification: direct and reverse. The technique discussed here is a classic example of direct spherification, where sodium alginate, a gelling solution, is mixed into your preferred liquid. That mixture is then dropped into a solution, usually calcium chloride, to create a thin gel shell, although you'll be using calcium lactate in this instance (lactate creates a more tender and eatable shell).

What You'll Need

To do this, you'll need one large bowl that holds four cups of water, plus one small bowl filled with tap water for rinsing, one small bowl filled with one cup of drinking water, a digital scale, a hand mixer, a mixing spoon, and a curved spoon or ladle.

Step 1: Dissolve Sodium Alginate in Water

Add one gram of sodium alginate to the bowl containing one cup of drinking water. Use the hand mixer to combine the two ingredients thoroughly. Once the sodium alginate is full dissolved, let the solution sit for 15 minutes to ensure there are no air bubbles.

Step 2: Dissolve Calcium Lactate in Separate Bowl

Take five grams of calcium lactate and add it to the large bowl holding four cups of water. Mix the solution well using an ordinary whisk or mixing spoon. Make sure it is completely dissolved.

Step 3: Transfer Sodium Alginate to Calcium Lactate Bath

Take your curved spoon or ladle and scoop up the sodium alginate solution and gently place it into the calcium lactate bath. It will start to form a sphere immediately.

Repeat the process, but don't let the bath become over-crowded. There needs to be plenty of space so that each sphere can be fully immersed in the calcium lactate solution.

Step 4: Stir the Solution

Once you see that the spheres have taken shape, gently stir the solution for about three minutes to help the gel fully form.

Step 5: Transfer Water Balls to Water Bowl

Take a slotted spoon and remove the water balls. Next, place them in the small bowl filled with regular water to stop the reaction.

Now your edible water containers are ready to go! Keep in mind, they may not be the sturdiest things around. Even the inventors of the Ooho are still in the prototype stage, but your samples are sure to impress your friends and coworkers.

Learn More About These Edible "Water Bottles"

You can watch Inhabitat's video below to get a step-by-step visual guide to the process, or check out their site for even more details.

While edible water bottles may not be on the market any time soon, you can definitely play with making your own in your kitchen. Even if you can't quite take them camping yet, these edible water bottles could still be quite useful in an eco-friendly water balloon fight.

Image credits: Crumpled water bottle via Shutterstock, Sodium alginate and calcium lactate via Brian P. McCarthy, Cranberry sphere via Modernist Cooking Made Easy, Sodium alginate dissolving in water via Tiny Urban Kitchen

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Bottled water is a rip-off. Not only is it pretty much the same stuff that comes out of your tap for free, but plastic bottles are rarely recycled and thus account for a huge amount of the waste that's overflowing our landfills. Next Up: Water Bottles You Can Eat