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Request military records and learn about other services for yourself or a family member.

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DocsTeach is a product of the National Archives education division. Our mission is to engage, educate, and inspire all learners to discover and explore the records of the American people preserved by the National Archives. The National Archives and Records Administration is the nation's record keeper.

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American Rhetoric: Movie Speech from It's a Wonderful Life - George Bailey Addresses to Board of the Bailey Building and Loan Society

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Full text and audio mp3 of movie "It's A Wonderful Life" - George Bailey Addresses the Board of the Bailey Building and Loan Society

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A merican R hetoric: M ovie S peech

"Schindler's List" (1993)

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Oskar Schindler Addresses 1200 Jewish Brunnlitz Factory Workers And Nazi Guards
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Audio mp3 delivered by Liam Neeson

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The unconditional surrender of Germany has just been announced.

At midnight tonight, the war is over. Tomorrow, you'll begin the process of looking for survivors of your families. In most cases, you won't find them.

After six long years of murder, victims are being mourned throughout the world.

We've survived.

Many of you have come up to me and thanked me.

Thank yourselves.

Thank your fearless [Itzhak] Stern --

I am member of the Nazi Party.

I'm a munitions manufacturer.

I'm a profiteer of slave labor.

I am...a criminal.

At midnight, you'll be free and I'll be hunted. I shall remain with you until five minutes after midnight, after which time -- and I hope you'll forgive me -- I have to flee.

[Turning to the Nazi guards]

I know you have received orders from our Commandant, which he has received from his superiors, to dispose of the population of this camp.

Now would be the time to do it. Here they are; they're all here. This is your opportunity....Or, you could leave and return to your families as men -- instead of murderers.

[The guards gradually turn and leave, first the SS guards, followed by their officers.]

In memory of

the countless victims

among your people,

I ask us to observe

three minutes of silence.

[The Kaddish - Jewish Prayer]

Text of the Kaddish (nusach ashkenaz)

[Text translation and transliteration of traditional Kaddish below]
Yisgadal v'yiskadash shmai raba. Magnified and sanctified be His great name.

Congregation: Amen.

Mourner: B'olmo deev'ro chir'usai, In this world which He has created in accordance with His will, v'yamlich malchusai, b'chayechon u'vyomechon, may He establish his kingdom during your lifetime, u'vchayai d'chol bais Yisroel, and during the life of all the House of Israel, ba'agolah u'vizman koriv, v'imru amen. Speedily, and let us say, Amen.

Mourner: Y'hai shmai rabah m'varach, l'olam u'lalmey olmaya! Let His great name be blessed for ever and to all eternity!

Cong: (Repeats above verse.)

Mourner: Yisborach v'yishtabach v'yispa-er v'yisromam; Blessed, praised, glorified and exalted; v'yisnasai v'yishadar v'yisaleh v'yis-halal, extolled, honored, magnified and lauded, shemei d'Kudsha, b'rich Hu. Be the name of the Holy one, blessed be He.

Cong: B'rich Hu. Blessed be He.

Mourner: L'aila min kol birchasa v'shirasa, tushbechasa v'nechamasa, He is greater than all blessings, hymns, praises and consolations, da'amiron b'olmo; v'imru, Amen. Which can be uttered in this world; and let us say Amen.

Cong: Amen.

: For source details concerning the Kaddish Research Note 1 click here.

Research Note 2: Click here for a TEXT version of the actual speech delivered by Schindler.

Research Note 3: Click here for the list of Deportees (pdf) to Brunnlitz as compiled in 1945 and provided to AmericanRhetoric.com courtesy of Yad Vashem (registered under P.41/44). A second list, compiled in March 1944 by Mordechai Lustig ( who is on the list but was later removed), was taken from Krakow to Budapest and then to Turkey. It finally reached [what was then] Palestine and thereafter printed in the Davar daily Hebrew newspaper.

See also: Yad Vashem - The Holocaust Martyrs and Heroes Remembrance Authority

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Movie Speech: Schindler's List -- Oskar Schindler Delivers Farewell Address to Jewish Factory Workers

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A merican R hetoric: M ovie S peech "Schindler's List" (1993) Your browser does not support the audio element. Oskar Schindler Addresses 1200 Jewish Brunnlitz Factory Workers And Nazi Guards Your browser does not support the video tag. Audio mp3 delivered by Liam Neeson Your browser does not support the audio element.

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American Rhetoric: Movie Speech from The Fountain Head - Howard Roark Addresses His Jury

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Full text and audio mp3 of movie The Fountainhead - Howard Roark Addresses the Jury

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American Rhetoric: Movie Speech from Citizen Kane - Charles Kane Addresses Executives on the Success of his Newsaper

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Full text and audio mp3 of Movie Speech: Citizen Kane - Charles Foster Kane Speaks to his Executives on the Enquirer's Success

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American Rhetoric: Movie Speech from Pride of the Yankees - Lou Gehrig's Farewell to Baseball Address at Yankee Stadium

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Full text and audio mp3 and video of movie Pride of the Yankees - Lou Gehrig Delivers Farewell to Baseball Address at Yankee Stadium

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Critique Partners, Story-telling, & People Looking Over Your Shoulder

I'm a storyteller, not a writer.

I used to think I was the latter, and then I thought I was the former because all of the former were the latter by default. Now that I've met bunches of both, I know they aren't the same thing. I've met people who really and truly are purely writers. They write for themselves. They construct elaborate journals only for their own eyes. They would continue writing even if they never got a word published.

I am not that person. I write for an audience. For the reaction. To change people's moods and hearts. And if I couldn't write words, I'd tell stories in another way. I'd compose music or paint images or get into stand-up comedy to continue telling stories. For me, the equation isn't complete until I've solved for audience.

Because of that, critique partners and beta readers are crucial for me. I want to have a hint of how my stories are landing before they are released into the wild, particularly as my stories get wilder and stranger as I stretch my bizarre wings. Good critique partners help me hone perception on a small scale.

Finding them is a tricky thing.

I've written before how I tried writers' groups, both online and offline, without success. Ultimately I realized that I needed to find readers with the same story-telling priorities as mine, or it was never going to work. I hosted a critique partner match-up on my blog and went through over a dozen partners before finding two people - Tessa Gratton​ & Brenna Yovanoff - who I connected with instantly. They weren't agented at the time, and I was, but it didn't matter. I was looking for story support, not career support. Tessa leaned more high fantasy than me, and Brenna leaned more contemporary than me, but they both had the same interest in character that I did. And last year I stumbled across another, Sarah Batista-Pereira, and knew right away that her story-telling priorities were the same as mine, even though she comes from the film world. And this year I was delighted to get a clever read from Courtney Stevens​ - again, more contemporary than me, but still focused hard on character. All of them offered me a slightly different perspective on my manuscript while sharing enough of my story-telling sensibilities to act as an extension of my own brain. A delightful cacophonous sounding board. People to look over my shoulder before the entire world does.

I'd like to help other writers find some critique partners for themselves. In the past, I've done yearly match-ups like the one I linked above, but they ended up with hundreds of unwieldy blog comments spread across multiple posts and platforms. I'm going to try something different now at the end of '15. I've set up a Google group with the most common genres split up into different discussions, and no moderator. I'm going to cross my fingers and see how it does. It is here: Critique Partner Match Up.

Here are the rules, such as I ever have rules:

STEP ONE: Find the discussion post that matches your genre best - there's one for undecided/ mixed genres, too. Post a comment there saying the age range (adult, YA, MG) of your project, a brief, one-sentence blurb about your book (or just the genre if you don't want to share more than that), and whether or not you have an agent, etc.*. Also include the last book you read that you loved and also the book you feel epitomizes you as a reader. If you write in a language other than English, include that info with the language in all caps so it's easy to find while skimming the comments. Finish with a way to contact you.

*You don't have to include the agent/ publication information unless it's important to you to find a critique partner who is also agented/ published. I was agented/ published when I met Tessa/ Brenna/Sarah; they were not. It depends on the sort of support you're looking for.

STEP TWO: If someone else in the comments sounds like a possible match, send them a message saying so and find out if it's mutual. If it is, exchange the first 50 pages of your manuscripts, critique them, and return said critiques. If either of you doesn't feel like the crit relationship is working at that point, you get to smile and say thanks and walk away without any questions asked. This is VERY IMPORTANT.This ability to shake hands and part ways without hard feelings is the reason why this process works. Sometimes it takes a few exchanges before you realize it's not a good match. Don't feel pressured into sticking with each other - remember that this is honest speed dating and a 'not for me!' is not a rejection based upon merit.

Okay. GO.

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Critique Partners, Story-telling, & People Looking Over Your Shoulder

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I'm a storyteller, not a writer. I used to think I was the latter, and then I thought I was the former because all of the former were the latter by default. Now that I've met bunches of both, I know they aren't the same thing.

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The Curiosities (a collection of stories) 

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The Curiosities (a collection of stories) 

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The Curiosities by Tessa Gratton, Maggie Stiefvater and Brenna Yovanoff

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The Curiosities by Tessa Gratton, Maggie Stiefvater and Brenna Yovanoff - book cover, description, publication history.

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The official site of NYT Bestselling Author Maggie Stiefvater, including news, videos, and free music downloads.

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A few years ago I became a part-time student and enrolled in a master's course called Writing Instruction.The professor took a unique approach by having us, a group of English teachers, write our own poetry and fiction.It was an eye-opener.I realized that somewhere between high school and my first teaching job, I forgot the lonely and uneasy feeling of staring at a blank page, not knowing where to begin.
When the professor allowed us to work with another teacher on the next writing piece, there was a sense of comfort in that I had someone to discuss, collaborate, and share ideas with.Collaborative writing not only broke down my reserve and hesitation, but also allowed me to foster a relationship of trust and partnership with my co-author. I wanted to bring this experience into my own classroom, so I made a point to allow more opportunities for students to write creatively with a partner or a group.Try 5 of my favorite engaging, low-prep collaborative writing activities that you can use in your class tomorrow.

Snowball writing is an activity that your middle and high school students will always remember. It can be used with almost any writing genre and is highly-engaging for even your most reluctant writers. I use this method for , , descriptive, and writing. I even use it as anintroductory icebreaker activity during back-to-school or a semester change!

- One student starts the writing process for a timed period decided by the teacher.

- When time is up, the teacher tells students to crumple up their work into a "snowball" and throw it somewhere else in the room. Get ready to see lots of confused faces .

- Students retrieve one of the snowballs, smooth out the paper, and continue the writing process! (Tip: have students use a pen to make the writing easier to read for the next student)

This process is repeated as needed.When all parts are completed, the paper goes back to the original writer who creates a final copy. If you want to know more about how I use this for narrative writing, read this detailed blog post that gives the step-by-step process in more detail.

Have your students write a descriptive paragraph using vivid imagery with an activity called Shared Sensory Writing.

- Put students into groups of three and give them an object to describe.

- As a group, they decide which of the 3 senses they will focus on (sight, taste, smell, touch, hearing).Each person is assigned a sense, and they write a short paragraph describing the object based only on the sense they receive.

- The group combines elements from each of the paragraphs to create a final descriptive piece. Download this activity for FREE by clicking here -->
Shared Sensory Writing

One of the challenging parts of creative fictional writing is developing the story elements that will form the plot. Use the graffiti fiction brainstorming technique as a way for students to work together to spark fictional writing.

- Set up 4 chart-paper stations around the room with the following titles: Conflicts, Character Traits, Settings, and Themes.Break the class up into 4 groups and have each group go to one of the stations.

- The group members work together to "graffiti" the page with potential conflicts, character traits, settings, and themes that could emerge in a fictional story.I fill in a couple of my own examples to get them started.

- Have each group spend 3-4 minutes filling the chart paper up with their ideas.Then, have them all circulate to the next station to repeat the process.

- When they are done, have each student select one character trait, conflict, setting, and theme from the graffitied pages to develop a unique narrative.You can choose to have them write independently or with a partner.

Tapestry poetry was developed by Avril Meallem (of Israel) and Shernaz Wadia (of India). The two women started writing tapestry poetry collaboratively via email. The form consists of two authors writing a 9-line poem based on the same title, and then working together to meld it into one seamless finished product.

- Put your students into pairs (or let them choose a partner).

- Have one of the students select a title for the poem.This student who selects the title is the only one who has the option of using it in the poem (to avoid repetition).

- Both students write a 9-line poem.

- When they are done, the pair works together to interlace the poem into one. All 18 lines must be included.Students are permitted to make grammatical changes (singular to plural, verb tenses etc.), and adjustments to adjectives and adverbs, but the majority of the poems should remain the same. Download this activity for
FREE by clicking here --> Tapestry Poetry

Sketch and scribble writing is meant to be used with descriptive/narrative writing and will particularly appeal to those artistic students in your classroom.

- Have students form a group of three.Give each of the students a picture as a writing prompt. The picture prompts below are the ones I use. The images should allow them to use a narrative voice to describe a scene. They should keep the prompt hidden from the other members of the group.

- Once the time is up, each student passes the writing to another student in the group who will read it and draw the scene based on the description (no words allowed).

- When the drawings are done, they are given to the final student who must write a paragraph based on the drawing.In the end, have students compare and contrast the drawings to the original picture writing prompt as well as the two pieces of writing.

Want even more ideas for collaborative writing? Check out these activities from some of the other Secondary English Coffee Shop bloggers!
Tandem Writing from The SuperHERO Teacher
Group Writing Challenges from Room 213
Two Truths and a Lie from Secondary Sara
Round Robin Writing from Nouvelle ELA

Have other ideas for collaborative writing? Click the comment button at the top of the post to join the conversation!

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A few years ago I became a part-time student and enrolled in a master's course called Writing Instruction.The professor took a unique approach by having us, a group of English teachers, write our own poetry and fiction.It was an eye-opener.I realized that somewhere between high school and my first teaching job, I forgot the lonely and uneasy feeling of staring at a blank page, not knowing where to begin.

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Professional magazine for writers. Provides practical technique articles, and tips and exercises on fiction, nonfiction, poetry and the business-side of writing and publishing.

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Search America's historic newspaper pages from 1789-1963 or use the U.S. Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present.

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Search America's historic newspaper pages from 1789-1963 or use the U.S. Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present.

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Results: Digitized Newspapers " Chronicling America " Library of Congress

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Search America's historic newspaper pages from 1789-1963 or use the U.S. Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present. Chronicling America is sponsored jointly by the National Endowment for the Humanities external link and the Library of Congress. Learn more

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Log In - ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Nashville Tennessean - ProQuest

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ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Nashville Tennessean

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Click on topics below to find primary sources related to curriculum standards. To see all primary sources for The 1920s and the Great Depression, click here.

Ryman Auditorium
Perhaps no other single structure among Nashville's buildings so epitomizes Music City's spirit as the Ryman Auditorium. Recognized around the world as the "Mother Church of Country Music," the Ryman is best known for having hosted the Grand Ole Opry, a weekly radio show, for decades. However, the history of the Ryman transcends genres and is closely intertwined with the history of Nashville.

The Saloon and Anarchy: Prohibition in Tennessee
It was the constitutional amendment that tried - often unsuccessfully - to put Americans on the path to sobriety and in the process created a booming market for Tennessee's providers of illegal moonshine whiskey. The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which launched the Prohibition era in 1920, was called the country's "noble experiment."

Civilian Conservation Corps
Created in 1933 by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to preserve and nurture America's natural resources, the Civilian Conservation Corps brought forests back from the brink of destruction, established recreational destinations, and provided work for tens of thousands of young men from the Volunteer state. Approximately three million American men, including more than 75,000 Tennesseans, enrolled in the program.

The Scopes 'Monkey' Trial
Without a doubt, the question, "where do humans come from?" was asked long before Charles Darwin published Origin of Species in 1859. Yet throughout the twentieth century and into the twenty-first century, the debate amongst members of the scientific and religious communities has continued to be a divisive and widely debated topic. The Scopes "Monkey" Trial is perhaps one of the critical events of this controversy and one of the landmark legal decisions of the twentieth century.

For more on the Scopes Monkey Trial, visit our online exhibit: A Monkey on Tennessee's Back: The Scopes Trial in Dayton.

Dr. Harry Mustard Photo Album
This photograph album presents detailed visual documentation of the Commonwealth Fund Child Health Demonstration's (CHD) study of children from Rutherford County, Tennessee, between 1924 and 1928. The CHD's philanthropic venture was to promote the welfare of humanity by providing publicly funded child health education and care, building hospitals, and promoting the idea of county appointed health officers. Dr. Harry Stoll Mustard (1889-1966) was the on-site director based in Murfreesboro, Rutherford County's seat of government.

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Education Outreach: 1920s and the Great Depression

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Click on topics below to find primary sources related to curriculum standards. To see all primary sources for The 1920s and the Great Depression, click here. Ryman Auditorium Perhaps no other single structure among Nashville's buildings so epitomizes Music City's spirit as the Ryman Auditorium.

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Volunteer Voices | Tennessee Secretary of State

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Volunteer Voices combines the collaborative efforts to Tennessee archives, historical societies, libraries, museums, and schools.

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Swor's Distillery, Buchanan, Tennessee, n.d.According to the Internal Revenue Service annual report for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1894, there were 288 registered distilleries in Tennessee that year, and they had 1,537,453 gallons of their distilled spirits gauged for taxation.

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Swor's Distillery, Buchanan, Tennessee, n.d.According to the Internal Revenue Service annual report for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1894, there were 288 registered distilleries in Tennessee that year, and they had 1,537,453 gallons of their distilled spirits gauged for taxation.

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The Saloon and Anarchy

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The Saloon and Anarchy: Prohibition in Tennessee, Additional Images

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Swor's Distillery, Buchanan, Tennessee, n.d. According to the Internal Revenue Service annual report for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1894, there were 288 registered distilleries in Tennessee that year, and they had 1,537,453 gallons of their distilled spirits gauged for taxation. Library Photograph Collection