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There were many improvements in transportation and communication.These included railroads, steamships, telegraphs, and canals.

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The global trade led to many transnational corporations and businesses, meaning they reached over multiple regions of the world. These transnational corporations were also caused by the global spread of of European political and social thought, as well as the increasing number of rebellions.

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Financial institutions were developed and expanded, in order to facilitate investments at all levels of industrial production. These included insurance, the stock market, and limited liability corporations.

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New social classes, including the middle class and the industrial working class, developed. Family dynamics, gender roles, and demographics changed in response to industrialization.

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In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves (often into labor unions) to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wage. Workers' movements and political parties emerged in different areas, promoting alternative visions of society, including (Marxism, Anarchism).
Some governments promoted various types of political, social, educational, and urban reforms.(State pensions and public health in Germany, Expansion of suffrage in Britain, Public Education).

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E. The “second industrial revolution” led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity and precision machinery during the second half of the nineteenth century.

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Global trade was increased by the raw material, as many industrialists seeked these materials, as well as new markets for these new goods and materials produced in the factories.

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The development of the factory system concentrated labor in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor. The division of labor is the separation of tasks in any system so that participants may specialize. Individuals, organizations, and nations are endowed with or acquire specialized capabilities and either form combinations or trade to take advantage of the capabilities of others in addition to their own.

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The “second industrial revolution” led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity and precision machinery during the second half of the nineteenth century. The rapid development of steam powered industrial production in European countries and the U.S. contributed to the increase in these regions' share of global manufacturing during the first Industrial Revolution. While Middle Eastern and Asian countries continued to produe manufactured goods, these regions' share in global manufacturing declined

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The causes for the industrial revolution

A. The need for raw materials for the facotires and increased food supplies for the growing population in urban centers led to the growth of export economies around the world that specialized in commercial extractin of natural resources and the production of food and industrial crops. The profits from these raw materials were used to purchase finished goods.

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1. Causes for Industrialization
2. The development of machines
3. Specialization of labor
4. New patterns of global trade
5. The second industrial revolution
6. Development of financial institutions
7. Transnational businesses
8. Innovations in transportation
9. Responses to global capitalism
10. Organization of societies