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At the first instance of a breach/violation of the principles of ethics. This can look like many things, such as untoward bias against the participant, information being unnecessarily kept from the participant, or the development of an inappropriate relationship between the participant and the researcher where the integrity and merit of the research is in jeopardy.

To prevent this from occurring, there should be an external ethics board/individual that periodically assesses the progress of the research. The participant should also be well-informed about their rights and have the ability to report any inappropriate behaviours from the researcher.

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A researcher must immediately halt a participant's involvement if continuing would violate core ethical principles. Key reasons include the onset of unacceptable harm, the loss of a participant's decision-making capacity or their withdrawal of consent, the protocol itself becoming unethical, or a loss of institutional integrity. When this occurs, the mandatory duties are immediate cessation for participant safety, transparent communication and provision of ongoing support, prompt reporting to the ethics committee and relevant authorities, and a full review of the protocol to prevent recurrence. The fundamental principle is that the participant's welfare is paramount and overrides all scientific objectives, with institutional oversight serving as the essential safeguard.

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When there becomes some sort of bias, in which the researcher is unable to do their research in a purely professional way. If the researchee is able to manipulate the research in any way.

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By and large, I think that the exact moment it is unethical for a researcher to continue with that participant is tricky to pinpoint and likely varies on a case by case basis depending on how the relationship has developed and its dynamics. I imagine it would be a very grey area that research institutes would likely have their own rules and codes of conducts to follow. That being said, I think it is important to have certain lines drawn in order to maintain the principles of ethical research – merit and integrity, justice, beneficence, and respect – and ensure they are not violated.

I agree with the commenter from a few years ago who said that calling off the study entirely would come at a significant cost, as I think there are alternative measures that would be just as appropriate without effectively voiding the study. For example, the researcher could take themselves off the project, or reassign themselves to a different group or participant, or the participant could choose to drop out of the group. I think during this process it is really important that decision-making autonomy of the participant is respected, while maintaining the integrity of the trial.

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I believe that it is no longer ethical to continue a study when the relationship between the researcher and participant exploits justice, beneficence, integrity and respect. The greatest way in which this could arise lies in the increased risk of coercion. Due to the relationship participants may feel obligated to continue the study in fear of impacting the relationship negatively. The relationship is a breach of professional boundaries, disregarding the ethical guidelines around relational integrity and mutual respect, particularly if the autonomy or safety of the participant is at risk. Should the relationship be adversely impacted to some capacity, this would cause emotional distress of the participant and therefore impacting their well-being, which must always take precedence over research goals.

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relations between researchers and participants.

# data[].attributes.subject
relations between researchers and participants.

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I do not think it is overly common for a researcher and a particpant developing romantic relationships during a study, much research is conducted in teams and much of the research would be double checked by different people, who may also be observers to any misconduct of either a researcher or a participant if behaviour is egregous or data is skewed in anyway, these same team members who are also qualified and participating on the research side of things may also intervene if they think that there is a breach to any of the protocols set out by the research team prior to conducting the research. I also think that in a sudy that uses humans in research that it would be remiss to not have written a protocol for the researchers regarding what to do in the even a b c happens and if so what methods could the researchers take to avoid issues with data and or vested interest between a researcher and a participant or a researcher and a sponsor or any of the other combinations where the integrity of the research or the researchers are placed in jeopardy. From some of the wider reading regarding studies conducted in recent years, when a researcher has gotten involved with a participant, the research has been concluded before the relationship starts. There would also be protocols in place by the research committees that the research would be beholden to as well as by the initial ethical committee prior to the research taking place. there are also other ways that could reduce the behaviours between researcher and participant from impacting a research including removing the researcher form the study of which the participa t is in or the restructuring of the groups so as to rotate which researcher works with which group over time.... I think the following questions and simple responses outline the crux of the afforementioned scenario: Is it unethical for a researcher to fraternise with a participant: yes, is it wrong for two consenting adults to enter a relationship: no, is it a problem when there is a position of power between one person and their significant other: yes, are there reasonable and actionable protocols to reduce the impact on a study or remove the impact on a study: depends on the study and the researchers working on it. there are cases where a relationship doesnt survive the study and the impact on results is almost as telling as when such a relationship happens between participants, or between researchers and participants, a case study on that could be the Curies, the disolution of Piere and Madam Curie's relationship and the censation of their union lead to both researchers competing to find whatever answer regarding chemistry only for both parties to eventually die from radiation poisoning. point of these two historic scientists in this discussion to say I dont think it matters so much whether your in a relationship with a test subject, or a fellow researcher, either scenario can influence a study detrimentally and a strong ethics policy to reduce any damage to the integrity of the study should be maintained and expresely written for both researcher and participant alike. with regard to the overall question at what point is it no longer ethical for a researcher to continue a study with a participant who is budding on romantically involved, I think the point is when they agree on a date to explore their emotional attachments to eachother.... the moment a researcher or participant decide to go on a date is the moment either the researcher stops working with the participant or the participant reaches their humane endpoint of the study and this should be discussed and considered prior to the ethical approval of a study to ensure all parties are abiding by the protocols of the study.

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In a long-term study where a relationship forms between the researcher and the participant, it is no longer ethical to continue when the relationship or study dynamics violate ethical principles such as respect, beneficence, justice, or integrity. The researcher’s ethical responsibility is to continually monitor the relationship and its impact on the participant and the study. When boundaries are crossed, actions such as resetting professional norms, seeking guidance, or transferring responsibility must be taken to protect the participant’s well-being and the study’s integrity. Here are some key points addressing when it becomes unethical to continue. Compromised objectivity: if the researcher develops personal biases due to the relationship (e.g. favouritism or emotional attachment), this can compromise the integrity of the research and the validity of its findings. Coercion or loss of autonomy: if the participant feels obligated to continue due to the relationship rather than their genuine willingness, their voluntary consent is no longer valid. Harm to the participant: if the study or relationship begins to cause emotional, psychological, or social harm to the participant, continuing would violate the principle of beneficence. Blurred professional boundaries: if the researcher's relationship with the participant becomes overly personal, it can undermine the professional nature of the study. Ethical protocol violations: if the evolving dynamics between the researcher and participant deviate from the ethical guidelines approved by the ethics committee, it is a sign to reassess the study's continuation.

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In a long-term study where a relationship forms between a researcher and a participant, ethical considerations become increasingly important. If the relationship starts to compromise the researcher's objectivity or ability to conduct the study, if the relationship starts to pose potential harm to either the participant or the researcher, if the relationship results in the participant being unable to freely withdraw from the study, it becomes unethical to continue. In such circumstances, The researcher should openly discuss the situation with the participant, explaining the reasons why continuing the relationship may not be ethical, The researcher should consult with ethics committees, supervisors to seek the best course of action and if possible, the participant could be transferred to another researcher.

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In a scenarion where a researcher and participant form a relationship over the period of a long-term study, there are moral implications that develop for the participant continuing in the study. Builiding bond with the researcher may preassure the participant into contributing the the research in ways that they may not be comfortable, out of a sense of duty to their researcher partner. In qualitative data collection this may impact the privacy of the participant. The formed relationship may lead to data being skewed, or embelishments being made from a participant to fit the needs of researcher, devaluing the benifence of the research. There is a moral obligation to put measures in place to prevent this crossing of boundries with reasearchers and participants, and there should also be systems to manage the resassesing of the study and is merit, and whether there needs to be action taken in removing the participant or researcher

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infractions of Privacy:

It would be unethical to proceed with the study if participant privacy was breached in an unanticipated way without taking appropriate action to resolve the concerns.

Solution: Put safeguards for participants' privacy in place and, if problems emerge, act quickly to address them.

Problems with Data Integrity:

It might not be ethical to use data gathered from participants if there are doubts regarding its integrity or veracity.

Solution: Quickly and openly address any problems with the data quality. Think about removing shaky data from the analysis.

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In the event that a specialist is working with a member and experiences a moral issue, for example, the member communicating uneasiness, trouble, or other negative encounters, the scientist ought to find fitting ways to resolve the issue and safeguard the member's privileges and prosperity. Assuming the analyst can't resolve the issue satisfactorily, ceasing the member's association in the study might be essential. As a rule, the place where it is at this point not moral for a specialist to go on with a member will rely upon the particular conditions and the idea of the moral issue. If a scientist is uncertain about how to continue, they can look for direction from an examination morals board or other significant power. Regardless, the scientist should focus on the member's security and prosperity while guaranteeing that the review keeps on complying with moral rules.

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Long-term studies often lead to relationships between researchers and participants. Qualitative researchers spend a lot of time with people to understand their experiences and viewpoints.
The researcher-participant relationship might benefit or hurt the study. Positive relationships can develop trust between researchers and participants, allowing for more honest and open communication. Researching sensitive themes or vulnerable communities requires this.
Negative relationships can distort data or harm participants. If the researcher has preconceived notions of the person or their experiences, they may inadvertently manipulate the dialogue, resulting in skewed data. The researcher's discomfort or unsupportiveness might also cause emotional injury.
Researchers must recognize the power dynamics in the interaction, set boundaries, and act professionally to reduce these dangers. To guarantee participant comfort and safety, obtain consent and input throughout the study. Furthermore, researchers should regularly assess their biases and assumptions to avoid biasing the data.

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Having a good relationship with your researcher is a good idea as it ensures that the participant is comfortable and wont be biasing the data due to any negative emotions. But if the relationship becomes too personal, there could also be another type of bias which is equally as detrimental to experimentation.
Researchers and participants should keep an ethical and non-personal. relationship throughout the duration of a study.

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The relationship would become unethical when these physical stages happen: there is a relationship/ interaction outside of the experiment or when an actual relationship occurs. It will also be unethical once either the researcher or participant cannot make decision or actions due to relationship (e.g feeling guilty, obliged, etc). This can lead to inaccurate results.

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I think if the relationship between the researcher and the participant become too close then there is a possibility of bias in the research and therefore, leading to unreliable data collected.

# data[].attributes.subject
I think if the relationship between the researcher and the participant become too close then there is a possibility of bias in the research and therefore, leading to unreliable data collected.

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At what point is it no longer ethical for that researcher to continue with that participant and what can be done?

# data[].attributes.subject
At what point is it no longer ethical for that researcher to continue with that participant and what can be done?

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I think that the point at which it becomes unethical depends on the study and the impact it will have. A major issue that can arise due relationships and intimacy between researcher and participant is bias, which can lead to misrepresentation in the study results.
Each interaction between research and participant should be recorded prior, referred to, and analysed according to a pre-set protocol. If a relationship is developed between a researcher and participant, the potential removal of the participant from the study should be considered if it is believed that bias has occurred.

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The point where the relationship becomes unethical depends on the type of study. For example, if it is a double-blind randomised study, and the researcher is not told who the answers to their survey/research are coming from, then the relationship has minimal impact on the study. However, if it is research that involves, for example, an in person interview process, the relationship could have ethical concerns in terms of the study. In that case, the relationship could be examined by a third party to determine if there is an ethical concern, or the participant could be interviewed by another researcher if possible. However, the best way to uphold the ethics of the research and prevent bias where possible would be to discontinue the participation of that individual from the study.

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If an incident occur where the participant can no longer decide and act on their own, it would be unethical to continue the research because the participant would unable to give consent if they are comfortable with continuing the research. If a romantic relationship occurs between the researcher and the participant, then the research must be terminated. Firstly, because it may affect the integrity of the data, and secondly because it is misconduct and a disbalance in power.

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Various ethical concerns pertaining to the conduct of biomedical research include dignity, bodily integrity, autonomy, and privacy. If a relationship exists between the researcher and participant, there is a high probability of bias in the development of data collection. When there is a relationship, it is imperative that the researcher maintains integrity by the following protocol.

# data[].attributes.headline
If there is a relationship between the researcher and participant, there is a chance that bias may occur and so the results from the study will not be valid or reliable. 

# data[].attributes.subject
If there is a relationship between the researcher and participant, there is a chance that bias may occur and so the results from the study will not be valid or reliable. 

# data[].attributes.body
When there is a relationship between the researcher and participants, there is a high chance of bias development in data collection.

Faria Mannan Mithi

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A relationship forming between the researcher and participant crosses professional and personal boundaries. The research is not ethical anymore because there is a conflict of interest and the research is no longer valid. 

# data[].attributes.subject
A relationship forming between the researcher and participant crosses professional and personal boundaries. The research is not ethical anymore because there is a conflict of interest and the research is no longer valid. 

# data[].attributes.body
The nature and extent of the relationship should be assessed externally, and if found to be beyond the bounds of a professional relationship that could impact the bias of the researcher or participant in their answers, the participant or researcher should be removed from the experiment or at least separated from each other in this context.

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I believe it is advisable to have an external board/researchers assess the case and the relationships implications for falsification of outcomes, observations etc. during the study. This of course, must be done in the shadow of the study design and the study aims, and the complexity and severity of the relationship. It must be kept in mind, however, that in some cases withdrawing the researcher will also impact the objective's  behaviour and/or experience.

# data[].attributes.body
When a study is over, the researchers should end the relationship with the participants. Or when a study has some problems, such as the experiment is no longer fair, incomplete, and contrary to the principles of respect, the relationship also needs to be terminated.

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If the researcher's personal interests in relation to the participant have the potential to affect their professional behavior, it is no longer ethical for the researcher to remain with the subject. If a conflict of interest arises, It should be disclosed in any study report, or the research should be carried out by someone else. As a result, the researcher's professional integrity must be preserved. Additional incentives should not be offered to participants in order to persuade them to join in or continue the study.

# data[].attributes.subject
If the researcher's personal interests in relation to the participant have the potential to affect their professional behavior, it is no longer ethical for the researcher to remain with the subject. If a conflict of interest arises, It should be disclosed in any study report, or the research should be carried out by someone else. As a result, the researcher's professional integrity must be preserved. Additional incentives should not be offered to participants in order to persuade them to join in or continue the study.

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Shrutee Kumari
14065914

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The researcher should maintain professional integrity. The participant should not be offered additional incentives that may influence their self-determination to enter or continue the study. If a relationship has developed, the researcher must maintain integrity in following protocols. For example, a researcher may be involved in a study using either medication or placebo and must maintain procedures to not display favouritism towards a participant and maintain validity.

# data[].attributes.body
If there is a conflict of interest between the researcher and the participant, it is no longer ethical for the researcher to continue the research. This maybe due to the researcher's interest in the participant rather than giving respect to the participant or being bias as the relationship between the researcher and the participant develop. To overcome this, another researcher should take over the study.

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It is no longer ethical for a researcher to continue with the subject when there is conflict. Somehow the participant is no longer want to the part of research then they should respect the decision.  While if the risk is not justified  than the research should be stopped temporarily and altered.
All the possible outcomes of the novel research should be disclose to the participant and maintain the dignity and integrity throughout the research.

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When To No Longer Work with a Participant.

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When To No Longer Work with a Participant.

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A professional relationship must be maintained at all times in order to ensure that the study is conducted with integrity and without any bias.
The nature of the relationship must also be considered. If the relationship is romantic, then both the researcher and the participant may need to be removed from the study. This is because the participant may have been told by the researcher what group they may have been assigned to if they were a part of a blind study. It should also be considered whether the researcher should be removed from dealing with participants.
If a close relationship is formed between the researcher and the participant, then as long as the integrity of the study is not compromised, then the participant may continue to work with the researcher. However, if the researcher believes that they are conflicted or unable to work with the participant without causing bias, then the participant should be reassigned to work with another researcher.

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If a relationship is developed between a researcher and the participant during the study, eventually bias in data collection may occur which would affect the output of the study.

# data[].attributes.subject
If a relationship is developed between a researcher and the participant during the study, eventually bias in data collection may occur which would affect the output of the study.

# data[].attributes.body
There will become a conflict of interest if a relationship is formed between a researcher and a participant. To what degree this conflict of interest develops depends on the type of relationship. Friendships and romantic relationships both cause a conflict of interest as the personal lives of those involve interfere with the professionalism of the research. I think one of the easiest ways to deal with this is to not allow the researcher who is in the relationship to conduct the experiment/study on the participant who they are involved with. This could mean having a colleague be allocated to this participant.

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If a relationship occurs during the study those involved should form a management plan to avoid any bias and preferential treatment occurring. If this can not be met or upheld then the participant or researcher should be removed from the study.

# data[].attributes.subject
If a relationship occurs during the study those involved should form a management plan to avoid any bias and preferential treatment occurring. If this can not be met or upheld then the participant or researcher should be removed from the study.

# data[].attributes.body
Particularly with longitudinal studies it is likely that relationships will form over time. For example, in some medical conditions recruitment to study the condition may include the professionals monitoring the condition.  There needs to be clarity around the role of the researcher when engaged in the study. Their inclusion of known individuals needs to be disclosed, management strategies to separate their function should be in place or alternatives to decrease the bias or risks of knowledge put in place. The participant needs to be aware of the limits when the researcher is operating within that role. They must be assured the right for their existing relationship is not impacted negatively if they do not wish to be involved at all or if they change their mind later.  They need to be aware of other parties now with access to their information and how this may make them identifiable.

At what point does this become a risk that could undermine a study?
1. If any coercion occurs due to the existing relationship
e.g., the participant is pressured to take part in a study to continue accessing professional services OR the researcher is pressured to provide counsel related to the study when the person should be
referred to the attached services the study recommends for treatment should
they become distressed.
2. where the truth of the research is deliberately masked by the relationship,
e.g. the participant is encouraged to report to suit the aims of the researcher so they obtain more funding or support OR the researcher upset their client by maintaining the professional line so the
client deliberately causes problems with the study.

With open disclosure and well planned methodology it should be possible to ensure existing or growing relationships do not negatively impact the validity or integrity of the study. There should be a
committee reporting line for researcher or participant to aid with adjustment
of contacts or removing participants entirely if any issues arise. There should also be referral services in place to provide participants support if they need to discuss their involvement in the study.

# data[].attributes.body
Researcher or participant provides truthful data or study should be closed

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If they have antipathy. Then they should make a deal of how to behave together to finish the research

# data[].attributes.body
When they become close friends it'll be unethical to collect private information for the research. They should talk and decide whether it is possible to use it in studies or not