# data[].attributes.headline
cultural movements of the 1970's (end of hippies/ punks/ 1980's materialism)

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cultural movements of the 1970's (end of hippies/ punks/ 1980's materialism)

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- Action unfolds against the backdrop of the social and political currents of 1970s Britain, much of this realised through Kureshi's portrayal of fashion in popular culture.
- Novel records the end of the hippie era and moves through the social upheavels of the 70s with the rage of punk to the pervasive materialism of the 80s. This is signified by the demise of the left and the 1979 General Election, when the era of Thatcherism began where culture and identity itself become commodities to be bought and sold like everything else.
- Charlie models himself aro und David Bowie, a cultural icon in the 1970s.
- Charlie's career in the US where Karim notes his talent at 'selling Englishness' makes him sucessful despite his mediocre music.
- Karim has Marc Bolan posters on his wall, and enjoys the 'tuneless' music by King Crimson and Captian Beefheart.
- Novel makes note on Punk's arrival into culture, as they notice unfriendly youths with black ripped jeans in a West Kensington pub, ''alien race dressed with an abandonment and originality we'd never imagined possible'' - chapter 9.
- Karim is uninterested by the politics surrounding him.

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1st generation immigrants
- Haroon and Anwar.
-feel very strongly about traditions and heritage, however Haroon tries take on another culture to make himself more appealing to his white neighbours. Although not Buddhist becomes spiritual teacher to go with the Hippy movement
-Anwar holds strongly onto his traditional views, "That is not our way boy. Our way is firm." - pg 60 but only when it suits him. For example the arranged marriage of Jamila. "It was certainly bizarre, Uncle Anwar behaving like a Muslim. I'd never known him believe in anything before," - pg 64
-When they first immigrated try to fit in and act British "For years they were both happy to live like Englishmen. Anwar even scoffed pork pies as long as Jeeta wasn't looking." -pg64
2nd Generation immigrants
-Karim and Jamila
-more liberal in their beliefs
-less concerned with tradition
"But it's old fashioned, Uncle, out of date:" - pg 60
-mix of two cultures, but both cultures learnt at same time, for 1st generation they had to learn two cultures separately, 2nd generation more at ease with mixed cultures
-still experience racism

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High and Low cultural references in the Buddha of Suburbia 

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High and Low cultural references in the Buddha of Suburbia 

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High culture:
- More associated with London; he becomes exposed to a new class of educated and sophisticated people (Eleanor's friends).

- Makes reference to high culture through Karim's interests in literature: "determined to be suave and dismissive, a real Dick Diver" Chapter 3, references F Scott Fitzgerald's 'Tender is the Night'.

- High and low culture interlink:  when Karim’s Auntie Jean and Uncle Ted walk into one of Haroon’s guru sessions at a house in Chislehurst, they are described as being ‘like characters from an Ealing Comedy walking into an Antonioni film’. (Buddha, p.33)

- When dealing with Jamila's forced marriage Karim states: "I'd had enough of family dramas, if I wanted all that Ibsen stuff I could have stayed indoors" Chapter 4. Ibsen is a  Norwegian playwright, theatre director, and poet.His work modelled strict morals of family life and propriety

Low culture:
- References pop culture of the time: "that night I didn't go to bed, but sat up listening to Radio Luxembourg"- a commercial broadcast. Shows the youth interest in music and fashion.

- Charlie models himself from David Bowie: "He stood out from the rest of the mob with his silver hair and stacked shoes... it was Bowie's influence..." Chapter 5. Teenagers in the suburbs deemed Bowie as a vision of success that they could aspire to.

- It takes place over the decline of the hippie era, the youth dissatisfaction of the punk movement in the 1970s and the rise of materialism in the 1980s.

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--> Enoch Powell was a conservative member of parliament at the time. He made a racist and controversial speech 'River of blood'; in which he stated how Britain would end up in dire consequences if they continued to allow mass immigration from the commonwealth unchecked.

--> Society did not remain unaffected by Powell's views; polls in the aftermath of his speech showed that between 67% - 82% of people agreed with what he said.

--> p40, Helen's father 'Hairy Back'  declares "We're with Enoch"  when shouting racist abuse a Karim.

--> Powell was a right wing extremist who exacerbated racial tensions, and became a figure-head for extremists.

--> Enoch was often compared to Hitler, and Kureshi recounts how his name was used as an insult due to the horrible connotations it held.

--> Enoch stated that the indigenous whites would soon become a 'persecuted minority' or a 'stranger' to their own country.

--> His hobbies included churchgoing and fox-hunting. He was a proto-Thatcherite and a supporter of Utopian capitalism.

--> Richard Croosman in 1968 spoke about his worry of Powell's celebrity like role, appealing to and fuelling peoples hatred.