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Fredrickson, Barbara L.; Roberts, Tomi-Ann. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 1997, Vol.21 (2), pp173-206

Schilling, Chris (2012) The body in society. Sage, London

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This short clip explains how by objectifying women this leads to all sorts of inequalities and discrimination.

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Stuff Mom Never Told You - HowStuffWorks

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How to Not Treat Sexy Women Like Sex Objects

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What's the difference between being attracted to women and sexually objectifying women? Share this on Facebook: http://on.fb.me/1M9eFTB Share this on Twitter: http://ctt.ec/HbWcs Subscribe: http://bit.ly/1l8JXv3 On the web: http://www.stuffmomnevertoldyou.com/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/momstuffpodcast Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/StuffMomNeverToldYou Google+: http://bit.ly/1kNchOQ Tumblr: http://stuffmomnevertoldyou.tumblr.com/ Instagram: http://instagram.com/stuffmomnevertoldyou# Join Cristen to get down to the business of being a woman and all the Stuff Mom Never Told You about bodies, boys and the female brain.

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According to Frederickson and Roberts (1997) the sexual objectification of women is likely to be influenced by the women’s race/ ethnicity, sexual orientation and social class however note that more research needs to be conducted in this area.

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According to Schilling (2012) the female body is deemed by society and in particular the media to be a project that needs to be visually created. Whether through the ideal physical body, their clothing, cosmetic surgery, beauty products or their behaviour

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Beautiful.. only when she applies make up. 

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Beautiful.. only when she applies make up. 

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This poor girl is only identified a beautiful by society once she coats her face in makeup.

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Comfort women... it's not as innocent as it sounds

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Comfort women... it's not as innocent as it sounds

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This haunting article shows the demeaning activities and sexual behaviours of women who were referred to as “comfort women” for soldiers during World War 11. Children as young as fourteen were created into sex slaves and expected to sexually satisfy 20-30 men per day.

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THE WORLD WAR TWO COMFORT WOMEN
'Comfort woman' is a translation of the Japanese euphemism, jugun ianfu, (military comfort women), referring to women of various ethnic and national backgrounds and social circumstances who became sex slaves for the Japanese troops before and during World War Two.

Military brothels existed across the Asia Pacific region in areas occupied by the Japanese forces.

There is no way to determine precisely how many women were forced to serve as comfort women, but estimates range from 80,000 to 200,000, of whom about 80 per cent of whom are thought to have been Korean.

Some of the girls forced into sexual slavery were as young as 12 years old, according to Chinese legal groups.

Japanese women and women of other occupied territories (such as Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Burma and the Pacific islands) were also used as comfort women, according to a report by San Francisco State University.

The authorities believed the comfort system would enhance the morale of the military and help prevent soldiers from committing sexual violence toward women of occupied territories, which became a real concern after the infamous Nanjing Massacre in 1937.

They were also concerned with the health of the troops, which prompted close supervision of the hygienic conditions in the comfort stations to help keep STDs under control.

When the war ended, the only military tribunal concerning the sexual abuse of comfort women took place in Batavia (now Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia) in 1948.

Several Japanese military officers were convicted for having forced the 35 Dutch women involved in the case into comfort stations.

The issue began to emerge in Korea only in the late 1980s.

The Japanese government admitted deception, coercion and official involvement in the recruitment of comfort women in August 1993, but critics said they needed to go much further.

After Japan's surrender it is reported that it set up a similar system there for American GIs, with tacit approval from U.S. authorities,

Japanese officials visited a New Jersey town in April 2012 to ask for a memorial to the thousands of Korean women and girls who were enslaved to be removed. (dailymail.co.uk)

Disgraceful: Four 'Comfort Girls' captured in the hills of Luzon, play mahjong during recess period in woman's detention home on outskirts of Manila.The girls were part of a group which rotated among various Japanese Battalions. (dailymail)

Investigation: A young Chinese woman who was in one of the Imperial Japanese Army's 'comfort battalions' is interviewed by an Allied officer ( en.wikipedia.org)

A British merchant being carried by a Sikkimese lady on her back. West Bengal circa 1903. (commons.wikimedia.org)

Women prisoners selected for work at Auschwitz-Birkenau, Poland, 1944. On arrival these women had their own clothes taken away and replaced by the smock uniform worn in the Nazi concentration camps. © 2011 Yad Vashem The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority.

Original - A woman condemned to death in Mongolia is seen from the porthole of a crate inside which she is encumbered and left to die of starvation. (wikipedia)

Starving Mongolian Woman: This was published in National Geographic in 1913 by Stefan Passe. Mongolia was newly independent. A common punishment for criminals was being placed in a box like this in public possibly until starvation. (viralnova.com)

A sculpture in Mujibnagar, Dhaka depicts the tens of thousands of rapes of Bengali women by the Pakistani Military in 1971. (pinterest)

Simone Segouin, the 18 year old French Résistance fighter, French female collaborator punished by having her head shaved to publicly mark her, 1944.

The year of vengeance: How neighbours turned on each other and anarchy erupted in the aftermath of WWII

Humiliated: A French woman accused of sleeping with Germans has her head shaved by neighbors in a village near Marseilles

Humiliated: Her head shaved by angry neighbours, a tearful Corsican woman is stripped naked and taunted for consorting with German soldiers during their occupation
The truth is that World War II, which we remember as a great moral campaign, had wreaked incalculable damage on Europe's ethical sensibilities. And in the desperate struggle for survival, many people would do whatever it took to get food and shelter.

In Allied-occupied Naples, the writer Norman Lewis watched as local women, their faces identifying them as 'ordinary well-washed respectable shopping and gossiping housewives', lined up to sell themselves to young American GIs for a few tins of food.

Another observer, the war correspondent Alan Moorehead, wrote that he had seen 'the moral collapse' of the Italian people, who had lost all pride in their 'animal struggle for existence'.

Amid the trauma of war and occupation, the bounds of sexual decency had simply collapsed. In Holland one American soldier was propositioned by a 12-year-old girl. In Hungary scores of 13-year-old girls were admitted to hospital with venereal disease; in Greece, doctors treated VD-infected girls as young as ten.

What was more, even in those countries liberated by the British and Americans, a deep tide of hatred swept through national life.

Everybody had come out of the war with somebody to hate.

In northern Italy, some 20,000 people were summarily murdered by their own countrymen in the last weeks of the war. And in French town squares, women accused of sleeping with German soldiers were stripped and shaved, their breasts marked with swastikas while mobs of men stood and laughed. Yet even today, many Frenchmen pretend these appalling scenes never happened. ( dailymail.co.uk)

American soldiers were almost as bad as the Russian soldiers when it came to exploiting German women during and after WW2

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, then a young captain in the Red Army and a committed opponent to such outrages, describes the entry of his regiment into East Prussia in January 1945: "Yes! For three weeks the war had been going on inside Germany and all of us knew very well that if the girls were German they could be raped and then shot. This was almost a combat distinction. (uncensoredhistory.blogspot.com)
FEMALE NAZI WAR HANGED
Ota Benga (1883-1916) was an African Congolese Pygmy, who was put on display in the monkey house at the Bronx Zoo in New York in1906
The African Pygmy, "Ota Benga." Age, 23 years. Height, 4 feet 11 inches. Brought from the Kasai River, Congo Free State, South Central Africa, by Dr. Samuel P. Verner. Exhibited each afternoon during September.
Congolese women reality: Shackled together, enslaved in their own homeland, held as hostages until their men returned with enough rubber to make King Leopold and the Belgium people rich beyond their wildest dreams. While impoverishing and enslaving the native people. (usslave.blogspot.com)

Belgian women who had collaborated with the Germans are shaved, tarred and feathered and forced to give a Nazi salute.

Mauritania is consistently ranked as the worst place in the world for slavery, with tens of thousands still trapped in total servitude across the country. ( mirage-a-trois.blogspot.com)

This, it can reasonably be argued, merely proves how deep the brutalization went. But what about the Paphlagonian names Atotas in the Athenian silver mines, who claimed descent from one of the Trojan heroes and whose tomb inscription included the boast, " No one could match me in skill"? The skill and artistry of slaves was to be seen everywhere, for they were not used only as crude labor in fields but were employed in the potteries and textile mills, on temples and other public buildings, to perform the most delicate work. The psychology of the slave in the ancient world was obviously more complicated than mere sullen resentment, at least under "normal" conditions. (madamepickwickartblog.com)
The Irish: The Forgotten White Slaves
Slave Auction, Jean Leon Jerome, 1866. Jews were the foremost entrepreneurs in the White Slave traffic, selling even young Jewesses as sex slaves along with abducted women ans children of other races. The girls were paraded naked before customers and always asked to open their mouth wide. Like horses, they had to let their teeth be inspected and tapped for soundness.

In all the great European cities, a certain type of prostitute was always to be found: exotic and semi-Asiatic in appearance. She was Jewish, and she was very much in demand. The word "Jewess" therefore entered the language as a loose synonym for "Jewish prostitute".

When Keats refers to Jewish prostitutes in an unpublished poetic fragment quoted in a private letter (1819), he doesn't call them "prostitutes". He just calls them "Jewesses". Why? Because so many Jewesses were prostitutes that the two terms had virtually become interchangeable. "Nor in obscurèd purlieus would he seek / For curlèd Jewesses with ankles neat, / Who as they walk abroad make tinkling with their feet." (darkmoon.me)

Jews had a monopoly on the slave trade. (deliberation.info)

Romanus Pontifex, issued on January 8, 1455, then sanctioned the purchase of black slaves from "the infidel".

His excuse?

"... many Guineamen and other negroes, taken by force, and some by barter of unprohibited articles, or by other lawful contract of purchase, have been ... converted to the Catholic faith, and it is hoped, by the help of divine mercy, that if such progress be continued with them, either those peoples will be converted to the faith or at least the souls of many of them will be gained for Christ."

It most certainly was not "Christ" he was looking to "gain" those poor slaves for, nor did he give a fig for their "souls".

It was power and money, plain and simple, that he was after. He was trying to shore up that faction of the Nesilim - the Catholics - and their insane world-domination plans.

It was also under Nicholas V, in 1452, that his Dominican Inquisitor Nicholas Jacquier"confirms" witchcraft as heresy in Flail Against the Heresy of Witchcraft thereby justifying European witchhunts. This began the burning of over 200,000 people over the next two hundred years - mostly women - on the charge of Witchcraft.

Slavery and burning witches began with this guy, he was the real thing - a slavemaster.

Nesilim nose - See book Scientology Roots, Chapter 5

The first African slaves arrived in Spain (Hispaniola) in 1501. By 1518, King Charles I of Spain approved the shipping of slaves directly from Africa as a trade.

Human slavery, despite all the flowery protestations of "humanism", was the cornerstone of the fledgling British Empire. That term itself, British Empire, having been coined by slavemaster agent Dr. John Dee.

The first rumblings of what we call the Rise of the Slavemasters, had begun with Henry the VIII, Queen Elizabeth's father. His was the House of Tudor, whom many considered had no rightful claim to the throne. Rightful, meaning as approved the Catholic Church, in other words. Henry accomplished many things during his reign, not the least was the breaking of the stranglehold that the Nesilim - the Holy Roman Empire - were exerting over what was termed "the world" - which was really just a small, obscure part of it. A few islands and some land on the continent.

The English, or "britons" all had their roots in the same race - a race which today we call "German".

The English are the descendants of three Germanic tribes:

the Angles, who came from Angeln (in modern Germany): their whole nation emigrated to Britain, leaving their former land empty.

the Saxons, from Lower Saxony and

the Jutes, from the Jutland peninsula (Danish).

They, in turn, had been part of an emigration of the Nesilim, when they left their homeland of Nesa (modern Turkey), and settled first in Constantinople and then spreading to what is now Germany.

The name England (Old English: Engla land or Ængla land) originates from the first of the three tribes mentioned above. Their language, Anglo-Saxon or Old English, derived from West Germanic dialects. Anglo-Saxon was divided into four main dialects: West Saxon, Mercian, Northumbrian and Kentish.

After the Norman Conquest, their language changed into what is called Middle English, in the years leading up to the Rise of the Slavemasters.

This is the language we mostly find Dr. Dee having his "english" - as opposed to Latin - writings be in the form of.

All throughout this time period, what people refer to as "the Bible" was only in Latin, and very few people were even allowed to be taught this unnatural and invented language - a form of code - not dissimilar to the type of languages small children invent to speak to each other so that "grownups" don't know what they are saying.

Note: There are no real records, of anyone using a language called Latin prior to the rise of the Holy Roman Empire. It is the invention of that empire, and the Catholic Church.

The use of this "special" language. This meant that priests and scholars could pretty much tell "the people" whatever they wanted as to what some book or tract said - or what God said even - and no one would be the wiser. That is how propaganda, (the word itself came from the Catholic Church) was handled prior to the 16th century.

To this day, many subjects have their own "special language" - in some cases using this same Latin - this act as a sort of 'insider knowledge'. A fact, and an exclusory practice, which is in no way unintentional. (mikemcclaughry.wordpress.com)
HOLOCAUST Hardly any soldier says that he was directly involved, but many talk about what they saw or heard. The accounts are often astonishingly detailed and, in any case, much more precise than the information German investigators could later glean from witness testimony. In April 1945, Major General Walter Bruns describes what happened during a typical "Jew operation" he witnessed. German soldiers march Polish women to be shot in the woods
MASS RAPE AND ABUSE OF FRENCH WOMEN BY AMERICAN SOLDIERS IN WWII
The U.S. military has considered the issue of prostitution and rape as a way to establish a form of supremacy.Remember, in 1945, the United States emerged as a world power. It was also a time when France, humiliated, realized that she had lost its superpower status. Sex becomes a way 'to ensure U.S. dominance on a secondary power.
The American soldiers too violated women during WW2 especially French women. If the motivation for rape for Russian soldiers was revenge for what the German army and SS did in their country, the Americans come through with an even smaller halo. Their motivation for violating French women was pure hedonism. And the sad part is that the American institutions, the press and the army, too egged them on. Perhaps the aim was to motivate the American soldiers to go and fight the Germans.

(uncensoredhistory.blogspot.com)

Mass Rape Of Italian Women By French Colonial Soldiers In 1944

War is hell. And The Second World War was undiluted hell. More soever for women. We have dealt in some details of the mass rape of German women by the invading Red Army soldiers in 1945. Comparatively lesser known is the mass rape of Italian women by the French Colonial soldiers in 1944. These soldiers later continued with their nefarious deeds in Stuttgart, Germany in early 1945.
The allies kept silent on this as the soldiers doing this were allied soldiers.
In Italy, Moroccan mercenaries fighting with the free French forces in 1943 fought under contract terms that included free license to rape and plunder in enemy territory. Many women in Italy were raped; the Italian government later offered the victims a modest pension in an effort to compensate the women for their trauma.
The senseless, brutal atrocities that women suffered during WW2 has not been adequately chronicled. It remains one of the most pathetic chapters of the Armageddon.
In Italy about 60,000 women from ages 11 to 85 suffered in May 1944.

(uncensoredhistory.blogspot.com)

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WWII Women:Some History Photos of WWII Women Slavery and Humility

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THE WORLD WAR TWO COMFORT WOMEN 'Comfort woman' is a translation of the Japanese euphemism, jugun ianfu, (military comfort women), referring to women of various ethnic and national backgrounds and social circumstances who became sex slaves for the Japanese troops before and during World War Two.

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Another damning article of an innocent women who was violently sexually assaulted in her own home. This lady was treated like nothing other than a sexual object by these men who believed it was their right to treat her this way. This lady has had to endure the suffering consequences of this assault with no accountability of the men for several decades. Fortunately we live in a country where this behaviour is not acceptable and hopefully justice will now be served and this poor women able to have some closure

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POLICE have arrested a man over an alleged sexual assault that occurred in Bunbury in 1992 when he was 13 years old.

The man, now 37, is one of two men accused of breaking into a 30-year-old woman's home and sexually assaulting her as her three young children slept just metres away.

Police say the woman was woken by the intruders in the early hours of August 4, 1992 and was confronted when she got up to investigate.

After sexually assaulting the woman, the men are alleged to have ransacked the home looking for items to steal.

They eventually ripped a telephone off the wall and fled.

The State Crime Operations Squad cold case review identified one of the males and charged him with two counts of aggravated sexual assault, burglary and stealing.

Detectives are still investigating the identity of the second intruder.

As the accused person was aged 13 at the time of the offence, he will appear in the Perth Children's Court on Friday, August 5.

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Man charged with sex assault when aged 13

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POLICE have arrested a man over an alleged sexual assault that occurred in Bunbury in 1992 when he was 13 years old. The man, now 37, is one of two men accused of breaking into a 30-year-old woman's home and sexually assaulting her as her three young children slept just metres away.

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unfortunately when looking for a newspaper article which covered the sexual objectification of women I had to look no further than my local online newspaper and the headline was right their at the top of the page. This article covers the story of an innocent 13 year old girl who had been pimped out by her own father and sexually abused by 8 men who "paid for her body" including her own father an no this didn't take place in some 3rd world country, this is happening in our own backyards.

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ONE of eight men charged with the horrific sexual abuse of a 13-year-old girl in WA over a two-year period is her father who allegedly "facilitated" the paedophile ring, WA Police have revealed.

Another man charged is Perth pastor and the former head of the WA Prison Fellowship Program, David Volmer.

The Sunday Times revealed earlier this month that Volmer, a married father of two from Banksia Grove in Perth's northern suburbs, who is also known as Dawid Volmer, had been charged with and pleaded guilty to a dozen offences.

His offences include three counts each of sexual penetration of a child over 13 and under 16, indecently dealing with a child under 13, indecently dealing with a child over 13 and under 16 and stupefying in order to commit an indictable offence.

Child sex abuse detectives arrested the eight men, who are aged between 35 and 47, after a tip-off from the public in April led to the rescue of the girl.

As an example of the shocking nature of the alleged offences, police said one man was in possession of 200,000 videos and four million images involving child exploitation.

The men have been charged with a total of 503 offences including sexual penetration of a child under 13, indecent dealing with a child under 13, indecent recording of a child under 13, distribution of child exploitation material, stupefying with intent to commit an indictable offence and sexual servitude of a child.

The offences allegedly happened when the girl was between the ages of 11 and 13.

She is now safe and in care, receiving treatment, police said.

Police allege the girl's father organised for the seven other men - who were not linked by any group - to meet her at various locations where the abuse happened.

As part of Operation Ripstop, the seven other men charged were:

- The victim's father, who cannot be named for legal reasons, charged with 228 offences due to appear in Perth Magistrates Court on August 19

- Ryan Trevor Clegg, 42, from Attadale charged with 61 offences. He is due in Perth Magistrates Court on August 17

- Nicholas Adam Beer, 35, from Wanneroo charged with 163 offences. He will face Joondalup Magistrates Court on August 19

- Alfred John Impicciatore, 45, from Wembley charged with four offences. He is due to appear in Joondalup Magistrates Court on July 31

-Mark Wesley Liggins, 47, from Coodanup charged with 10 offences who will appear in Mandurah Magistrates Court on August 4

- Troy Phillip Milbourne, 41, from South Bunbury charged with 10 offences who will face Bunbury Magistrates Court on August 6

- Benjamin Simon Clarke, 47, from Bedfordale charged with 15 offences who is due in Joondalup Magistrates Court on September 2

All men have faced court for the first time but it's understood most of them have not yet entered any pleas.

Volmer, 41, pleaded guilty on July 1 and is on bail to face the District Court next month.

Originally from South Africa, Volmer set up a branch of the South African Acts Christian Church in Carramar and became state executive director of the Prison Fellowship Program, a religious outreach scheme for inmates. He resigned from that position in late June.

After news broke of his charges, the international heads of Acts Christian Church, Reverend Peter de Fin, told The Sunday Times he was travelling to Perth to apologise to the victim and ask her to "forgive us for failing you".

"The allegations, to which Pastor Volmer has confessed, are a betrayal of the trust that the people place in a minister of the church," he said.

"We offer no excuses for such disgraceful and disgusting behaviour."

WA Police Commissioner Karl O'Callaghan has described the case involving eight men charged with the sexual abuse of a 13-year-old girl as "bizarre and really disturbing".

Commissioner O'Callaghan said he was "staggered" to learn about the case.

"I can't remember something like this in Western Australia," he told 6PR radio.

"It's really bizarre and really disturbing."

Mr O'Callaghan said police acted quickly after a tip-off from a member of the public.

"Without that, it might still be going on," he said.

Detective Superintendent Glenn Feeney, of the Sex Crime Division, said on Wednesday that police acted rapidly, with the priority being ensuring the child's safety.

"The child was still in a situation where this could, had we not known, had we not been advised, could have continued," he said.

"Physically when the police first intervened, she was physically OK. Psychologically I can't answer but she will receive and will need a lot of help from that side of things for a long time, I'd say."

Det Supt Feeney said it would be alleged that each offender knew the girl's father and it was the father who shared his daughter with the others as well as abusing her himself. He described it as an "ongoing investigation".

He said police had found about 150 images and videos involving this particular victim, describing the material in general as "disgusting".

"The common denominator was they all had known the father. Clearly there was electronic media used to communicate, hence we seized all the electronic devices that the (men) had," he said.

"We're just continuing the investigation into any other possible offenders, at the moment and it's ongoing. As I said, we won't stop until we completely exhaust that investigation.

Det Supt Feeney said any sex abuse, particularly against children, was "beyond words" and sadly in this line of work police saw "the dark, evil side of human nature".

"It just goes to the heart of being a parent," he said.

"Whether it's a parent or a relation or a close family friend or teachers or anyone in a position of trust you would expect them not to do these things."

All eight men have already faced court for the first time on these charges. One man has already pleaded guilty.

Anyone with information relating to child abuse or exploitation is urged to call CrimeStoppers on 1800 333 000.

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Pastor one of eight who 'shared' girl, 13

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ONE of eight men charged with the horrific sexual abuse of a 13-year-old girl in WA over a two-year period is her father who allegedly "facilitated" the paedophile ring, WA Police have revealed. Another man charged is Perth pastor and the former head of the WA Prison Fellowship Program, David Volmer.

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How women are constantly self objectifying and cant just live.

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Beauty Redefined: How Self-Objectification Hurts Girls and Women

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Most girls and women feel negatively about their bodies and are fixated on their appearance much of the time -- often without even being aware of it. This preoccupation with what we look like to outsiders is called self-objectification, and it gets in the way of everything we could be concentrating on and succeeding at.

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The personal effects women feel as a result of being portrayed and treated as merely a sexual object to be enjoyed by males is extensive. According to Szymanski, Moffit and Carr (2011).  Women who are sexually objectified are likely to experience an array of issues including mental health problems such as eating disorders, depression, anxiety self objectification and sexual dysfunction just to name a few.

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In this Padlet we will explore the Objectification theory which explains how women are portrayed as sexual objects, and are merely present to meet the sexual desires of males.

Fredrickson & Roberts (1997) objectification theory provides an outline for making sense of what it is like for females to experience sexual objectification of the female body in a sociocultural context. The framework is important for the research and intercession of protecting women and overall improvement of their lives in a world where the female body is objectified and is said to equate to the females worth through her body’s appearance and sexual role. The Objection theory hypothesizes that women are commonly treated as objects to be used by others and need to be sexually appealing both physically and emotionally, to be valued they need to be sexually appealing to fulfill the males sexual desires.

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Determining if pictures and media campaigns are sexually objectifying

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Determining if pictures and media campaigns are sexually objectifying

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Wondering how to determine if an image in the media is sexually objectifying? If the answer is yes to any of the questions in the Sex Object Test then the answer is Yes, it is sexually objectifying. It is difficult to find any pictures in marketing campaigns or the media that don't in fact meet at least one of the criteria's to be sexually objectifying.

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The phrase "sexual objectification" has been around since the 1970s, but the phenomenon is more rampant than ever in popular culture-and we now know that it causes real harm.

What exactly is it, though? If objectification is the process of representing or treating a person like an object, then sexual objectification is the process of representing or treating a person like a sex object, one that serves another's sexual pleasure.

How do we know sexual objectification when we see it? Building on the work of Nussbaum and Langton, I've devised the Sex Object Test (SOT) to measure the presence of sexual objectification in images. In it, I propose that sexual objectification is present if the answer to any of the following seven questions is "yes":
1) Does the image show only part(s) of a sexualized person's body?
Headless women, for example, make it easy to see them as only a body by erasing the individuality communicated through faces, eyes and eye contact:
2) Does the image present a sexualized person as a stand-in for an object?
We achieve the same effect when showing women from behind, which adds another layer of sexual violability. American Apparel seems to be a culprit in this regard:

Covering up a woman's face works well, too:

The breasts of the woman in this beer ad, for example, are conflated with the cans:

Likewise the woman in this fashion spread in Details, in which a woman becomes a table upon which things are perched. She is reduced to an inanimate object, a useful tool for the assumed heterosexual male viewer:

3) Does the image show sexualized persons as interchangeable?
4) Does the image affirm the idea of violating the bodily integrity of a sexualized person who can't consent?
Interchangeability is a common advertising theme that reinforces the idea that women, like objects, are fungible. And like objects, "more is better," a market sentiment that erases the worth of individual women. The image below, advertising Mercedes-Benz, presents just part of a woman's body (breasts) as interchangeable and additive:

This image of a set of Victoria's Secret models, borrowed from a previous Sociological Images post, has a similar effect. Their hair and skin color varies slightly, but they are also presented as all of a kind:
5) Does the image suggest that sexual availability is the defining characteristic of the person? 6) Does the image show a sexualized person as a commodity that can be bought and sold?
In this "spec" ad for Pepsi (not endorsed by the company), a boy is being given permission by the lifeguard to "save" an unconscious woman:

Likewise, this ad shows an incapacitated woman in a sexualized position with a male protagonist holding her on a leash. It glamorizes the possibility that he has attacked and subdued her:

This American Apparel ad, with the copy "now open," sends the message that this woman is open for sex. She presumably can be had by anyone.
7) Does the image treat a sexualized person's body as a canvas?
By definition, objects can be bought and sold, and some images portray women as everyday commodities. Conflating women with food is a common sub-category. This PETA ad, for example, shows Pamela Anderson's sexualized body divided into pieces of meat:
Cross-posted at Caroline Heldman's Blog and Sociological Images
And this album cover shows a woman being salted and eaten, along with a platter of chicken:

In the ad below for Red Tape shoes, women are literally for sale and consumption, "served chilled":

In the two images below, women's bodies are presented as a particular type of object: a canvas that is marked up or drawn upon.

The damage caused by widespread female objectification in popular culture is not just theoretical. We now have more than 10 years of research demonstrating that living in an objectifying society is highly toxic for girls and women. I'll describe that research in Part 2 of this series.

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Sexual Objectification, Part 1: What is it? - Ms. Magazine Blog

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This is Part 1 of a four-part series on sexual objectification-what it is and how to respond to it. The phrase "sexual objectification" has been around since the 1970s, but the phenomenon is more rampant than ever in popular culture-and we now know that it causes real harm.

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Technology, another readily available avenue to expose women

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Technology, another readily available avenue to expose women

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The sexual objectification of women can be seen everywhere... from tv shows, movies, billboards and magazines. you need to look no further than your local newsagency or corner store to find magazines lining the shelves at the checkout exposing women in a sexual light, from what they are wearing to how they are posing. It is right there in front of us. They are now even more readily available with the future of technology making it available anywhere, anytime as this article exposes.

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Dozens of magazines with half-naked women once proudly sat in UK magazine racks, in supermarkets and corner shops everywhere. These so-called "lads mags" had a coveted readership-men aged 18-24. They were once so popular they projected nude women onto Big Ben.

The original lad mag, the monthly Loaded, first came into the scene in 1994. The founder d escribed it as a "magazine which unashamedly celebrated working-class Britain: football, drinking, sex." The success of Loaded was quickly followed by a number of magazine similarly characterized by nudity and tongue-in-cheek humor, like FHM, which was selling 700,000 copies a month at its peak in the late 1990s.

The format expanded around the world-in 2000, FHM launched a US edition, joining editions in Australia, Singapore, Malaysia, Turkey, and France, where each was the number one magazine in terms of circulation and advertising sales. These magazines did so well that the format went weekly with Nuts and Zoo in 2004; Zoo's circulation peaked at more than 260,000 the following year.

Yet within a decade, all the titles most synonymous with the lad-mag boom have ceased publication. Nuts, Loaded, and Arena have all closed. Maxim shut down in 2009. FHM USA shut down in 2006 (paywall). Maxim USA's rebrand under the leadership of Kate Lanphear, the former style director at both T: The New York Times Style Magazine andElle, failed (paywall). And now Bauer Media has announced it will suspend publication of both FHM and Zoo; Zoo had gone from selling 200,000 copies a month in 2005 to 24,000 copies earlier this year.

But does the demise of lad mags signal an end to lad culture? And have young men in Britain and elsewhere finally seen the error of the ways, choosing to reject the sexual objectification of women? Not exactly.

While it's tempting to attribute the decline of lads mags to a feminist awakening in young men, there may be a more compelling reason as to why sales plummeted. Men may have just moved onto a plethora of sites offering the exact same type of content online. As a former writer who worked for FHM and Zoo recently said:

The business move was described as less a response to us living in a more enlightened time in terms of sex and gender discussion, but instead a realigning of their business models to the new "viral" news model that better works in the age of social media.

King among them is the social-media phenomenon called the Lad Bible.

First launched in 2012, the Lad Bible now boasts over 10 million Facebook likes and 1.5 million followers on Twitter. Mimi Turner, Lad Bible's marketing director, says that half of all British men between 18 and 24 read the Lad Bible. "Far from being dead, the content young men really like, engage with, and trust is probably on a bigger scale than it's ever been," she tells Quartz.

The Lad Bible claims to reach 150 million people a week through Facebook alone. Web analytics site Alexa reports Lad Bible is the 12th most popular website in the UK. It is only one of two British companies in the top 12; the other is the BBC. Turner says that while "young men are always going to want to see exciting pictures of beautiful women," Lad Bible wants "women to feel happy about those pictures as well."

Turner claims that 20% of 18 and 24 women follow the Lad Bible, suggesting their content "spans the gender divide." But it's popularity is clearly not universal with all women. Laura Bates, of the advocacy campaign Everyday Sexism, suggests the site, and many like it, promote "a culture of misogyny sickeningly disguised as 'banter'."

If only FHM and Zoo were folding because the brand of misogyny they peddle is outmoded, rather than because the Internet does it better.

- Rob Deering (@DeeringRob) November 17, 2015

But in our porn-filled world, these lad mags look somewhat innocent. As Martin Daubney, who was features editor on FHM during its heyday from 1997-99, says:

...The anti-lad mag campaigners are deluded if they feel this represents some hollow victory against 'lad culture', which migrated online some time ago, where it has the potential to be much more toxic and misogynistic. It is my prediction that, in time, the campaigners who despised the lad mags' lifeblood will look back on these magazines as a period of relative innocence, that they would welcome back in a heartbeat.

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The objectification of women is out at magazines-but thriving online

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Dozens of magazines with half-naked women once proudly sat in UK magazine racks, in supermarkets and corner shops everywhere. These so-called "lads mags" had a coveted readership-men aged 18-24. They were once so popular they projected nude women onto Big Ben. The original lad mag, the monthly Loaded, first came into the scene in 1994.

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A confronting video that shows the length women feel they need to go to whilst using their body as project or canvas that needs to be constantly improved. To view more from the #womennotobjects visit http://womennotobjects.com/

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#IStandUp Against the Harm Caused By Objectification of Women in Advertising

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Show your support by posting your own #IStandUp video. Film yourself standing up with the caption: #IStandUp against the objectification of women and the harm it causes. #WomenNotObjects Then tag your friends to stand up too. http://womennotobjects.com/ Twitter: @Not_Objects Instagram: @WomenNotObjects Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/womennotobjects