# data[].attributes.body
Au lendemain de la signature par Donald Trump du décret présidentiel ordonnant le retrait du Traité de partenariat transpacifique (TPP), plusieurs pays de la région disent espérer sauver le traité, en encourageant la Chine et les autres pays à les rejoindre....

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Le Premier ministre australien Malcolm Turnbull à Sydney, le 10 juillet 2016. PHOTO PAUL MILLER / REUTERS

Au lendemain de la signature par Donald Trump du décret présidentiel ordonnant le retrait du Traité de partenariat transpacifique (TPP), plusieurs pays de la région disent espérer sauver le traité, en encourageant la Chine et les autres pays à les rejoindre.

Le traité, qui n'était pas encore ratifié, avait été signé en février 2016 et regroupait déjà onze pays en plus des États-Unis. Il prévoit la réduction des droits de douane, mais aussi des clauses de protection de l'environnement, du droit du travail et de la propriété intellectuelle. Le président Obama en avait fait le pilier de sa politique de "pivot" vers l'Asie.

" Les onze gouvernements ayant signé le TPP sont prêts à entrer dans une ère '​postaméricaine'", écrit le quotidien New Zealand Herald. Il poursuit :

Résignés au départ des États-Unis, les Premiers ministres de Nouvelle-Zélande, d'Australie et du Japon ont déclaré qu'ils poursuivront leurs efforts pour le TPP. Sans les États-Unis, il devrait être possible aux membres restants d'envisager une candidature de la Chine. Les administrations américaines précédentes se sont engagées dans le TPP principalement pour enrayer la marche de la Chine dans la région Asie-Pacifique, mais les gouvernements tels que celui de la Nouvelle-Zélande ont toujours été favorables à l'inclusion de la Chine."

Nouveau modèle pour l'économie mondiale

L'éditorial prévoit même la possibilité d'un renversement de leadership : "Avec le Japon, la Chine et peut-être la Corée du Sud dans le TPP, son régime de commerce et d'investissement sans frontière pourrait devenir un exemple pour l'économie mondiale cependant que les États-Unis se referment sur eux-mêmes."

À Singapour, le ton est moins optimiste. Le ministre du Commerce et de l'Industrie a estimé que "le TPP ne [pouvait] être mis en œuvre dans sa forme actuelle sans la participation des États-Unis", selon le Straits Times.

"La Chine ne doit pas se réjouir trop tôt"

En Chine, où les réactions après l'arrivée de Trump à la présidence américaine sont très prudentes, les experts sont partagés sur les bénéfices à attendre pour la Chine de cette décision américaine. Certains estiment que Pékin "ne devrait pas se réjouir trop vite du retrait américain", selon le South China Morning Post.

Lin Limin, analyste stratégique à l'Institut de relations internationales contemporaines de Chine, "estime que ce retrait signale 'la dislocation du cordon de pays qui était censé contenir la Chine', mais pas nécessairement que l'influence régionale de la Chine augmenterait rapidement". La Chine a proposé de son côté un traité de libre-échange avec les pays de la région, mais "elle devrait saisir l'occasion de l'abandon du TPP pour en accélérer les progrès", a estimé Zhou Shijian, chercheur à l'Institut de relations internationales de l'université Tsinghua, à Pékin.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Économie. Sauver le traité transpacifique après le retrait américain

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Au lendemain de la signature par Donald Trump du décret présidentiel ordonnant le retrait du Traité de partenariat transpacifique (TPP), plusieurs pays de la région disent espérer sauver le traité, en encourageant la Chine et les autres pays à les rejoindre.

# data[].attributes.body
Un article du site diploweb sur la crise que connaît le pays de nos jours

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
programme géopolitique classes prépa ecs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Comprendre la crise qui touche le Brésil. C-A. Paillard

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Voici une étude de référence sur la crise que traverse le Brésil. Présenté depuis le début des années 2000 comme un pays

# data[].attributes.body
Gallica

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Initiée en 2003 dans un partenariat avec la BDIC, la numérisation des journaux de tranchées français concerne actuellement près de 130 titres, pour 10 000 vues environ.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Donald Trump's election as the next US president, along with a Republican-controlled Congress, brings with it an avalanche of questions about the election itself - and about what happens next.

From health insurance to same-sex marriage, global warming and Obamacare - American citizens and people around the world want to know what the future will hold under the new administration. Here we tackle some of the questions being raised online and by BBC audiences.

Will Trump chase illegal immigrants from the US?

Five days after the election, Mr Trump told US broadcaster CBS that he would deport or jail between two and three million illegal migrants initially. Those targeted would be migrants with criminal records, such as gang members and drug dealers.

Overall, there are about 11 million illegal immigrants in the US, and Mr Trump has published a 10-point plan on immigration which includes overturning amnesties introduced by President Barack Obama, strictly enforcing immigration laws and deporting those who do not have correct documents.

In the US, though, illegal immigrants do have a right to due process, so many more judges and prosecution lawyers will need to be appointed to practically make this happen and this could clog up the court system for years to come. Congress would need to approve funding for this process.

Mr Trump is expected to revoke President Obama's executive orders of 2014, which gave hundreds of thousands of illegal immigrants temporary legal status and an indefinite reprieve from deportation. Executive orders allow presidents to introduce their own legally binding policies without Congressional approval.

Mr Trump has said that on his first day in office he will sign orders to speed up the removal of "criminal illegal immigrants", but that he will also end President Obama's non-enforcement policy and will detain people found illegally entering the US until they are deported. He has promised to increase the number of enforcement officers needed to accomplish this.

In its 2015 report, the Migration Policy Institute, a Washington-based non-partisan think-tank, said there were about 820,000 illegal immigrants with criminal records. Many of them had been arrested for crossing illegally into the US.

Meanwhile, a 2012 report by the non-partisan Congress Research Service think-tank said that only a small minority of all the unauthorised immigrants had committed violent crimes.

"All unauthorised aliens are potentially removable, indicated by crosshatches in the figure, but the majority of them have not been convicted of a crime and are therefore not classified as criminal aliens," the report said.

It did not provide an overall number of illegal immigrants in the US.

What will happen with ongoing lawsuits against Trump?

Even by the standards of billionaire businessmen, Donald Trump is an unusually litigious man who has been involved in thousands of lawsuits - both those he has launched and those he has defended - over the years.

The president-elect is currently facing 75 active lawsuits, according to an analysis by USA Today newspaper.

By far the most pressing - and potentially embarrassing for the newly elected leader - are several lawsuits launched over the now-defunct Trump University, which centre on former students claiming they were charged tens of thousands of dollars for courses that promised to unlock the secrets of real estate entrepreneurship - and didn't. Mr Trump denies the claims.

Because these were launched long before he assumed office, no presidential immunity statutes apply and Mr Trump will have to attend court when required.

Could Trump be impeached?

Article II of the US Constitution states that the president "shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors"

If Mr Trump loses the case against him on Trump University that may leave him open to impeachment, some legal scholars suggest.

Christopher L Peterson, professor of Law at the University of Utah, argues that "fraud and racketeering are serious crimes that legally rise to the level of impeachable acts".

Beginning the process of impeachment requires a majority vote in the House of Representatives. Whether the Republicans, who hold the majority of seats, would want to impeach their own president is another matter.

What are Trump's plans for Social Security?

Mr Trump has not proposed reductions on Social Security.

The funding needed for Social Security is expected to balloon over the next decade, and it's unclear where the money to pay for it will come from without tax increases.

The Republican Party's official 2016 platform says: "Current retirees and those close to retirement can be assured of their benefits. Of the many reforms being proposed, all options should be considered to preserve Social Security."

However, Mr Trump has appointed Michael Korbey to his transitional team to head Social Security.

The Associated Press reports that "as a senior adviser to the Social Security Administration, Korbey was an advocate for the George W Bush administration's failed attempt to privatise Social Security".

Who is Mike Pence, Trump's vice-president-elect?

Indiana Governor Mike Pence has described himself as "a Christian, a conservative and a Republican, in that order".

The 57-year-old has been a loyal supporter of Mr Trump, but - at times - he has not been afraid to speak his own mind.

Prior to being named the business mogul's running mate in July, Mr Pence had criticised Mr Trump's proposed ban on Muslims entering the US as "offensive and unconstitutional".

And during his vice-presidential debate performance on 4 October, Mr Pence defended his own positions - not necessarily those of Mr Trump - when challenged.

Mr Pence has served as governor of Indiana since 2013, but he also has 12 years of legislative experience as a member of the US House of Representatives.

He is a favourite among social conservatives who boasts considerable experience in Washington.

Mr Pence had considered running for president in 2016.
Read our full profile here.
Will same-sex marriages be upheld and continue to be recognised?

Donald Trump has said in interviews over several years that he is opposed to same-sex marriage, although he's also said he has attended a gay wedding.

He says the issue should be decided at state level, rather than nationally, and that he was unhappy with the 2015 Supreme Court ruling earlier this year that made same-sex marriage legal across the country. After that decision he appeared to agree that it was a "dead issue" and suggested that he didn't support attempts to overturn the ruling.

But earlier this year he told Fox News he would "strongly consider" appointing Supreme Court justices who would reverse it.

He has not made the issue a priority. His Vice President-elect, Mike Pence, is strongly opposed to gay marriage.

How many people voted in the US election?

Election officials do not finalise the data until about two weeks after polling day. But the US Elections Project estimates that 128.8m Americans voted, out of 231.5m eligible voters - a turnout rate of 55.6%. In 2012, turnout was 58.6%, and in 2008 it was 62.2%.

Who won the popular vote?

Hillary Clinton looks set to win the popular vote by a narrow margin.

The latest count shows that Mrs Clinton won 60,981,118 votes, which amounted to 47.8% of the total, compared with Donald Trump's 60,350,241 votes, or 47.3%.

However, the system under which the US elects its president means that candidates need to win races in individual states to pick up "Electoral College" votes. As a result of victories in key "swing" states (those more likely to change hands between the two main parties) carrying large numbers of Electoral College votes, Mr Trump won 290 Electoral College votes - comfortably ahead of Mrs Clinton's 228. Two states, Michigan and New Hampshire, have not yet been declared.

Other candidates polled 6,260,817 votes.

How old were the candidates?

To answer one of the most-asked questions on Google Trends - Donald Trump is 70 and Hillary Clinton is 69.

When does Trump take office?

He will be inaugurated at noon on Friday, 20 January 2017. In the meantime he will name his team, develop policy positions, and have access to government briefings, including classified information on national security and military operations.

Will President Trump live in the White House?

In an interview with The Hill website last year, Mr Trump appeared to scotch rumours that he would break with long tradition and not live in the presidential residence and principal workplace in Washington DC.

"Yes, I would live in the White House because it's the appropriate thing to do," he said. He went further, adding that he would "rarely leave the White House because there's so much work to be done".

Since Mr Trump won Tuesday's election, the Federal Aviation Administration has implemented flight restrictions over the area of his home on New York's Manhattan island that expire on 21 January, the day after his planned inauguration and expected move to the White House.

Will Trump continue to run his businesses when president?

Apparently not. In an interview with CNN, Donald Trump's lawyer said the privately owned Trump Organization - a company with US and international holdings including hotels, golf courses and commercial and residential property - would be held in a "blind trust" run by Mr Trump's adult children, Donald Junior, Ivanka and Eric.

Whether such an arrangement constitutes a true blind trust that avoids conflicts of interest is being questioned by critics, as Mr Trump will still be aware of his business holdings and how policies might affect them, and direct relatives will be running them on a day-to-day basis.
Trump to trust in daughter power
When is Trump going to start building the wall on the Mexican border?

Donald Trump has made building a wall along the border to stop illegal immigration a refrain of his campaign.

In an interview on CBS Mr Trump has said "a wall is more appropriate" in some parts but "there could be some fencing".

A document on his website outlines how he would "make Mexico pay". It would begin on "day one" with amending money transfer rules so that no "alien" would be able to wire money out of the US without showing documents establishing their lawful presence in the country. Mexico has rejected his assertion that it will pay.

Given the expected cost and scale of the wall, the challenges of acquiring privately owned land along the border route to build it on, and Congressional backing from sceptical Republicans, many analysts think it will never be built. Instead, they expect an increase in border policing and tightening of immigration rules. Some Trump advisers have talked of a "virtual" or "technological" wall, though he has insisted it will be built.

I have health insurance through Obamacare. Will I lose it?

Donald Trump has pledged to repeal the Affordable Healthcare Act, which he intends to scrap "very, very quickly".

However, Mr Trump has now said he is open to leaving intact key parts of President Barack Obama's healthcare bill.

He has said he will keep the ban on insurers denying coverage for pre-existing conditions.

He told the Wall Street Journal that he also favoured allowing young adults to be insured on their parents' policies.

BBC North America reporter Anthony Zurcher notes that: "the challenge for the president-elect is that the Obamacare features he praises - such as its mandate that insurers cover pre-existing medical conditions - are made possible by portions of the law he has condemned, like requiring all Americans to obtain insurance.

Keeping the law's carrots while abandoning its sticks could prove difficult.

Complicating the matter is that a "revise and reform" effort may not fly with Mr Trump's ardent supporters and the cadre of arch-conservative politicians in Congress, who want to tear up the law "root and branch".

Mr Trump often broke with Republican orthodoxy while campaigning and didn't pay a political price. He may learn that as president he won't get far without his party establishment's help."

Can Trump launch nuclear bombs by himself?

A US president has the authority to launch a nuclear attack within minutes. The nuclear briefcase (or "football", as it's known) kept close to him at all times contains the codes he must use to authenticate his identity when ordering military commanders to carry out a nuclear strike. The Defence Secretary is also required to authenticate the codes, but does not have the authority to veto the decision. A complex system of people, procedures and technology then kicks into action to launch a nuclear attack.

The system is designed to allow the US president to respond to an imminent nuclear attack, with as little as 10 minutes warning. The briefcase also contains a "menu" of pre-planned strike options, targeting different parts of the world in different ways.

Donald Trump's critics have questioned whether he has the temperament, and intellectual capacity, to weigh complex information under the pressure of a nuclear alert - and have also raised concerns about someone known for his temper having access to the nuclear codes.

His statements have given mixed messages on his approach, and he has stressed that "unpredictability" is important where military - including nuclear - options are involved.

In April he told NBC he would "be the last to use nuclear weapons" describing their use as "a horror".

"I will not be a happy trigger like some people might be, but I will never, ever rule it out," he said.

But a month earlier he said: "Somebody hits us within ISIS, you wouldn't fight back with a nuke?"

Will he stop abortion?

In March, Donald Trump said that abortions should be illegal and he supported "some form of punishment" for women who had them. However, he later backed down from this, saying the legality of abortions should be left up to individual states, with any criminal penalties being reserved for abortion providers.

Mr Trump has said that he supports an abortion ban exception in cases of "rape, incest and [danger to] the life of the mother". He has also said he opposes the use of Medicaid to cover abortions for low-income women, and that with a Republican-controlled Congress he is willing to make that a matter of law.

Most abortions in the US are carried out by clinics, with Planned Parenthood being one of the largest providers of the service. Mr Trump has promised to stop funding the organisation, which provides reproductive healthcare - including birth control measures - to women across the United States.

But Planned Parenthood, whose affiliates operate around 650 health centres nationwide, has vowed to continue its work, tweeting: "Planned Parenthood has been here for 100 years. One thing is clear we'll never back down & we'll never stop providing care for our patients."

How will access to birth control be affected?

Women with health insurance can currently obtain contraceptives for free under the Affordable Healthcare Act - known as Obamacare - which Donald Trump has vowed to dismantle.

According to Vox, he could exclude birth control from the programme simply by changing a definition, rather than as part of wider moves to overturn the act.

But Mr Trump has not said he plans to do this - or said whether he would include contraceptives in a scheme to replace Obamacare. He has said he backs access to contraceptives without a prescription.

There's also concern about Donald Trump's plan to cut Planned Parenthood's funding. He has said the money will be reallocated to other providers, but critics say these would not be able to fill the gap in provision.

Fears that birth control will become harder and more expensive to access have prompted a flurry of interest in long-term contraceptive implants known as IUDs. Women are advised to consult a doctor on contraceptive options.

Will Donald Trump seek to halt or reduce legal immigration to the US?

Mr Trump has stated that he wants jobs to go to American workers first and that he wants to reduce the numbers of foreign workers admitted to the US.

Under his administration he says immigrants will be selected among other things on their ability to be financially self-sufficient and he has said people will be subject to " extreme vetting" and an "ideological test".

There has been no detail given on what this vetting and testing would involve and experts point out that the US immigration code already includes ideological tests and screens those attempting to enter the country.

Mr Trump also wants to temporarily suspend immigration from regions that ' export terrorism and where safe vetting cannot presently be ensured'.

Over the years Congress has granted wide powers to the president to change immigration rules and he could institute even greater background screening checks. However, there is debate about whether he could impose lower limits on the number of people who can immigrate or change current green card categories, without Congressional support.

According to US law the president does hold the authority to " suspend the entry of all aliens or any class of aliens" if the group's entry "would be detrimental to the interests of the United States." That can extend for as long as the president deems necessary.

I'm a Muslim, will I still be allowed to go on holiday to the US?

After last year's mass shooting in San Bernardino, California, when 14 people were killed, Mr Trump issued a press release calling for a " total and complete shutdown" on Muslims entering the US "until our country's representatives can figure out what is going on".

The statement attracted condemnation from around the globe and significantly from his Vice President-elect Mike Pence, who called the proposal "offensive and unconstitutional".

Over the months it appears Mr Trump may have abandoned his plan. In October, Mr Pence told journalists he no longer protested against the proposed ban "because it's not Donald Trump's position now".

After the election, the page on his website that set out the policy appeared to have been removed, replaced by a redirect to the site's main page. That raised questions about whether it was being dropped, but the page was later restored and the Trump campaign told the Washington Post it had been an error.

Can Trump undo accords and agreements on climate change?

Mr Trump has expressed scepticism about the science behind climate change and wants to get the US out of the Paris Climate Agreement deal. He says the deal is "bad for US business" and will allow "foreign bureaucrats control over how much energy we use".

In 2012, he tweeted that the concept of global warming was created by the Chinese to make US manufacturing non-competitive. But last January, he described that comment as a joke.

However, the Paris Agreement has been ratified and is already part of international law. While Mr Trump probably would easily find sufficient political backing to withdraw US support, the formal process to do this would take four years.

Since the election, delegates from 200 countries at the UN climate talks in Morocco have said they are prepared to move ahead with work on the Paris Agreement without the US.

Will Trump weaken Nato and put US allies at a disadvantage?

The president-elect's foreign policy, expressed in his " America First" plan, states that it will always prioritise US interests, and that foreign allies should bear more of the cost of military action and defence.

Mr Trump has made it clear he intends to reassess US involvement in the Western military alliance Nato.

In an interview in July with the New York Times, he stated that in the face of a future attack from Russia, Nato members could only expect the US to defend them if they " have fulfilled their obligations to us" - an apparent breach of the alliance's mutual-defence treaty.

Following his election, European leaders have asked Mr Trump to clarify his position, while Nato Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg reminded him that the treaty commitment was " something absolutely unconditioned".

Whether a compromise can be reached is, at present, not known.

Will Trump attack North Korea?

Former US Assistant Secretary of State PJ Crowley told the BBC: "At some point, probably quite early on, Kim Jong-un will stand up (spreads arms wide) and say to President Trump: 'We're a nuclear power. What are you doing to do about it?' That will be a key test for President Trump."

Much of Donald Trump's foreign policy remain unclear.

In May, he did suggest that he would sit down with North Korean leader Kim Jong-un to try to stop Pyongyang's nuclear programme, proposing a major shift in US policy toward the isolated nation by saying: "I would speak to him, I would have no problem speaking to him."

Pyongyang endorsed him and called him a "wise politician" and a "far-sighted candidate", and cheered his comments that South Korea should pay more for US troops to remain on its soil.

But following the election, North Korea has made it clear it does not intend to give up its nuclear weapons.

Addressing this question in the last few days, Graham Allison, one of the world's leading experts on nuclear proliferation and containment, said: "One of the many problems with Trump is that he has apparently not worked his way through any of the possible scenarios regarding a North Korean threat. Our commander-in-chief is the only person who stands between us and the possibility of getting blown to hell. Whether he would be impetuous, or impatient, or not know the material, we just don't know."

Mr Trump has also said he would be open to allowing Japan and South Korea to build their own nuclear arsenals for their protection against North Korea and China.
How might Trump deal with Kim Jong-un?
What are Trump's policies regarding Africa?

The US spends billions on Africa through aid and investment, but Donald Trump has said very little about how he intends to deal with the continent.

On foreign aid in general, he has said he would rather see money spent in the US. This raises concerns over the future of US aid schemes such as the Power Africa project, which aims to double the number of people with electricity across the continent and the Pepfar plan to tackle HIV/Aids.

His tough talk on so-called Islamic State, support for torture and anti-Muslim immigration statements all suggest a probable hard-line approach to security in North Africa, where US military involvement has increased in recent years.
Is Africa on Donald Trump's radar?
Is Canada now going to get many more American immigrants?

When the news of a possible Trump victory started to emerge, Canada's immigration website crashed, a phenomenon that was attributed to higher than normal level of traffic. There was also a surge of traffic to the New Zealand immigration website and the Google search "Australia immigration" hit a massive spike.

It is uncertain at this stage if this wave of interest by US citizens will result in people actually deciding to make the move to Canada or elsewhere.

However, while getting a travel visa to Canada would be straightforward for many Americans, moving permanently is a different issue.

Canada has several different immigration programmes and each has different application and eligibility requirements. According to specialist immigration lawyers, having a special skill or profession, joining immediate family members already living in Canada, or claiming political asylum as a "protected person" are the three main ways to make the move.

But for others, factors such as nationality, age, language ability, education and work experience will all be thoroughly scrutinised.
Canadians ready to welcome troubled Yanks
Will a Trump presidency be favourable to a post-Brexit UK?

Unlike President Obama, Mr Trump supported Brexit and said in May that Britain would not be at the "back of the queue" for a trade deal outside the EU.

His trade adviser, Dan DiMicco, has said the president-elect wanted to to do a deal with the UK as soon as possible after Brexit but that doesn't mean he had a deal in mind that would necessarily be good for the UK.

Despite the so-called "special relationship", the UK gets no mention in the trade policy plans Mr Trump outlined to voters. He also stated clearly in his "America First" speech, that in both trade and foreign policy: "No country has ever prospered that failed to put its own interests first."

The impact of his policies at home on the American economy as a whole will resonate in the UK, and PM Theresa May will want to protect and grow the UK export market to the US which is currently worth around £3.5bn .

But Mr Trump is unpredictable and the UK is moving into unpredictable times.

What will happen to the petition to bar Trump from the UK now that he will be president?

In 2015, a petition was drawn up to, "Block Donald J Trump from UK entry" for hate speech. This was in response to a number of comments made by Mr Trump, particularly about Muslims.

The petition had over half a million signatures and was debated in parliament in January 2016. Although current Prime Minister Theresa May, who was the home secretary at the time, condemned Mr Trump's controversial remarks, she rejected the call to ban him from the UK.

Although there was a debate, there was no vote on the issue so there will be no direct action taken.
Do you have a question on another issue for the BBC to investigate?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Trump presidency: Your questions answered

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Donald Trump's election as the next US president, along with a Republican-controlled Congress, brings with it an avalanche of questions about the election itself - and about what happens next. From health insurance to same-sex marriage, global warming and Obamacare - American citizens and people around the world want to know what the future will hold under the new administration.

# data[].attributes.body
La question des frontières (vidéo)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Le dessous des cartes - RÉVOLUTION CARTOGRAPHIQUE ? | ARTE

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
En 2005, l'américain Google crée son service de cartographie numérique. Une décennie plus tard, c'est le système le plus utilisé au monde. Le ...

# data[].attributes.body
La question des frontières

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Le dessous des cartes - RÉVOLUTION CARTOGRAPHIQUE ? | ARTE

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
En 2005, l'américain Google crée son service de cartographie numérique. Une décennie plus tard, c'est le système le plus utilisé au monde. Le ...

# data[].attributes.body
L'enseignement de l'histoire et les mémoires : un enjeu politique

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Le député LR accuse l'école d'apprendre aux enfants à " avoir honte " de la France et veut réécrire les programmes d'histoire comme un " récit national ".

Haro sur l'école. François Fillon a dénoncé des programmes scolaires qui font " douter de notre histoire ", dans son discours de Sablé-sur-Sarthe, dimanche 28 août. L'ex-premier ministre, candidat à la primaire de la droite, a dressé un réquisitoire contre des enseignements qui apprennent à avoir " honte " de son pays, selon lui, proposant de les réécrire pour en donner une meilleure image. Quitte à déformer de la réalité des enseignements en classe. Explications.

CE QU'A DIT FRANÇOIS FILLON

" Pourquoi les enfants chinois apprennent-ils par cœur la liste des dynasties qui ont régné sur leur pays durant trois mille ans et expriment-ils leur fierté d'appartenir à une grande civilisation, quand les jeunes Français ignorent des pans de leur Histoire ou, pire encore, apprennent à en avoir honte ? "

Il propose donc de " revoir l'enseignement de l'Histoire à l'école primaire afin que les maîtres ne soient plus obligés d'apprendre aux enfants "à comprendre que le passé est source d'interrogations". Faire douter de notre Histoire : cette instruction est honteuse ! Quand les thèses révisionnistes prolifèrent sur Internet, à l'heure ou notre nation est en quête de sens, qu'elle est menacée par des barbares, faut-il que l'école renonce à faire le récit de la nation ? "

L'ancien premier ministre souhaite " réécrire les programmes d'histoire avec l'idée de les concevoir comme un récit national ", en s'entourant de " trois académiciens ". Et de détailler :

" Le récit national c'est une histoire faite d'hommes et de femmes, de symboles, de lieux, de monuments, d'événements qui trouvent un sens et une signification dans l'édification progressive de la civilisation singulière de la France. "

POURQUOI C'EST TRÈS EXAGÉRÉ

L'enseignement de l'histoire à l'école fait l'objet de polémiques récurrentes depuis les années 1970. Avec deux visions contradictoires, pour ne pas dire irréconciliables : d'un côté, ceux qui accusent les enseignements de se perdre au fil des années, laissant de côté des pans entiers de l'histoire du pays ; de l'autre, ceux qui regrettent qu'ils véhiculent toujours une vision " conservatrice " et fantasmée de la France.

" L'histoire est l'une des disciplines qui soulèvent le plus de passion ", note Patricia Legris, maîtresse de conférences en histoire contemporaine à l'université Rennes 2 et auteure d'une thèse sur L'écriture des programmes d'histoire en France de 1944 à 2010. Sur l'école primaire, " il y a eu un gros moment de débat vers la fin des années 1970 et le début des années 1980 parce qu'il n'y avait pas de programme détaillé comme aujourd'hui, l'objectif des enseignements était surtout de mettre les élèves en activité. " C'est alors que sont réapparus les fameux récits chronologiques.

Malgré cela, " ces débats ont été réactivés régulièrement depuis ", note l'historienne. Les nouveaux programmes du CP à la troisième en application à la rentrée 2016 n'y ont pas échappé : leur version initiale avait ulcéré les tenants du " roman national ", ce qui avait abouti à une copie finale jugée trop " identitaire " par certains. La version finale de ces programmes est découpée de la manière suivante :

cycle 2 (du CP au CE2),

cycle 3 (du CM1 à la sixième),

cycle 4 (de la cinquième à la troisième).

Avant d'entrer dans le détail des programmes d'histoire, il faut savoir que " les principes et les valeurs inscrits dans les grandes Déclarations des droits de l'homme, la Convention internationale des droits de l'enfant et dans la Constitution de la Ve République " font l'objet d'un enseignement " moral et civique " à part entière, qui fait par exemple la part belle à La Marseillaise au cycle 2.

" Confronter faits historiques et croyances "

L'enseignement d'histoire et de géographie apparaît quant à lui au cycle 3. C'est dans ce programme qu'on trouve la phrase décriée par François Fillon : " En travaillant sur des faits historiques, les élèves apprennent d'abord à distinguer l'Histoire de la fiction et commencent à comprendre que le passé est source d'interrogations. "

Sauf qu'il n'est pas question de faire " douter " de l'Histoire, comme l'entend l'ex-premier ministre, par ailleurs ministre de l'éducation en 2004 et 2005. Les programmes affirment au contraire apprendre à " confronter faits historiques et croyances ", " particulièrement en classe de sixième en raison de l'importance qui y est accordée à l'histoire des faits religieux ". Ce qui n'est d'ailleurs pas une nouveauté en soi : la notion d'" esprit critique " était d'ailleurs déjà mentionnée dans les programmes d'histoire des années de CM1-CM2 datés de 1980.

" La présentation de la démarche que fait François Fillon est tronquée ", estime Patrick Garcia, professeur à l'université de Cergy-Pontoise, auteur, avec Jean Leduc, de L'Enseignement de l'histoire en France de l'Ancien régime à nous jours (2003). " L'objectif, c'est de faire comprendre aux élèves qu'il y a des histoires et l'Histoire. Cela s'appuie sur l'idée que l'Histoire est porteuse d'interprétations, qu'il faut que les élèves approchent de ce qu'est le travail d'historien. " Dans la vision de François Fillon, l'apprentissage des dates prime au contraire sur la méthode.

Difficile également de donner du crédit à l'idée selon laquelle les programmes donneraient une vision coupable de l'Histoire de France. L'étude de l'esclavage, par exemple, est limitée à un thème en CM1 (" Le temps des rois ") et deux en quatrième (" Le XVIII e siècle " et " L'Europe et le monde au XIX e siècle ").

Sur ce plan, les nouveaux programmes sont même " beaucoup plus classiques que ceux de 2008, juge Patricia Legris. Quand j'ai écouté François Fillon, je me suis dit qu'on ne devait pas parler des mêmes programmes. On dirait qu'il avait en tête les premiers projets de programme dans son discours, sauf qu'entre-temps les thèmes sujets à polémiques ont été resserrés, voire effacés. "

" Des pans entiers " de l'Histoire ignorés ?

Contrairement à ce qu'affirme François Fillon, la majorité des repères historiques fréquemment associés au " roman national "français figurent également au programme, dans des enseignements classés par ordre chronologique. Voici la liste des thèmes abordés en histoire, du CM1 à la troisième :
CM1 :

" Et avant la France ? " (préhistoire, puis Histoire des Celtes, Gaulois, Grecs, Romains, Clovis et Charlemagne, Mérovingiens, Carolingiens...) ;

" Le temps des rois " (Louis IX, le " roi chrétien ", François Ier, Henri IV, Louis IX...) ;

" Le temps de la Révolution et de l'Empire ".

CM2 :

" Le temps de la République " (centenaire de la République en 1892, Jules Ferry...) ;

" L'âge industriel en France " ;

" La France, des guerres mondiales à l'Union européenne ".

Sixième :

" La longue Histoire de l'humanité et des migrations " (des débuts de l'humanité aux premières écritures) ;

" Récits fondateurs, croyances et citoyenneté dans la Méditerranée antique au Ier millénaire avant J.-C. " ;

" L'Empire romain dans le monde antique ".

Cinquième :

" Chrétientés et Islam (VIe-XIIIe siècles), des mondes en contact " " Société, Eglise et pouvoir politique dans l'occident féodal (XIe-XVe siècles) " ;

" Transformations de l'Europe et ouverture sur le monde aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles " (Charles Quint, François Ier, Henri IV, Louis XIV...).

Quatrième :

" Le XVIIIe siècle. Expansions, Lumières et révolutions " ;

" L'Europe et le monde au XIXe siècle " ;

" Société, culture et politique dans la France du XIXe siècle ".

Troisième :

" L'Europe, un théâtre majeur des guerres totales (1914-1945) " ;

" Le monde depuis 1945 " (guerre froide, construction européenne...) ;

" Françaises et Français dans une République repensée " (et notamment les IVe et Ve Républiques).

" Est-ce que ces enseignements ignorent le passé ancien de la France ? On y trouve l'Antiquité, les temps médiévaux et modernes, note Patrick Garcia. L'Histoire à la Lavisse [ la référence des manuels du début des années 1900] était appuyée sur le travail des historiens de l'époque, ce n'était pas mythique. Mais le travail des historiens a fait évoluer les choses depuis. Comment pourrait-on enseigner la même Histoire qu'il y a cent ans ? "

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Les exagérations de François Fillon sur les programmes d'histoire à l'école

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Le député LR accuse l'école d'apprendre aux enfants à " avoir honte " de la France et veut réécrire les programmes d'histoire comme un " récit national ".

# data[].attributes.body
Le CETA

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Un militant anti-Brexit et une supporter canadienne (illustration) Crédit : AFP

Alors que le Brexit continue d'agiter l'Union européenne, Bruxelles se prépare à un nouveau fiasco. Le 27 octobre, le CETA, un important accord de libre-échange commercial entre l'Europe et le Canada, devait être signé par les représentants de l'ensemble des pays de l'Union européenne. Mais depuis que le gouvernement wallon s'oppose au projet, sa ratification est plus que jamais compromise.

De quoi parle-t-on exactement ? Le CETA, ou Accord économique et commercial global, est un accord de libre-échange "de nouvelle génération". En cela, il se rapproche du Tafta, le projet de libre-échange transatlantique entre l'Europe et les États-Unis, dont les négociations avaient été définitivement stoppées par le secrétaire d'État français chargé du Commerce extérieur, Mattias Fekl.

Contrairement au Tafta, le CETA est ardemment défendu par le gouvernement français. Celui-ci le présente comme "l'un des meilleurs accords jamais négociés par l'Union européenne". Mais il suscite aussi de nombreuses contestations au sein de la société civile.

À quel objectif répond le CETA ?

Derrière ce texte de plusieurs milliers de pages, l'objectif affiché est de créer un grand marché entre le Canada et l'Europe et dynamiser les échanges commerciaux entre les deux zones. Le traité prévoit pour cela de faire baisser les droits de douane ainsi que les "barrières non tarifaires", c'est-à-dire les normes qui peuvent faire obstacle au commerce (quotas, normes sanitaires ou techniques).

Que contient ce texte ?

L'un des volets les plus importants concerne l'agriculture : à l'heure actuelle, les producteurs agricoles canadiens peuvent exporter une quantité très limité de produits (comme le bœuf par exemple). Avec le CETA, cette quantité pourrait être multipliée par dix.

Un autre élément central de l'accord est l'ouverture des marchés publics. Aujourd'hui, les entreprises européennes sont très peu incitées à candidater au Canada et vice-versa. Le CETA prévoit d'assouplir ces règles. Nouveauté également : sur les 1.500 appellations géographiques reconnues par l'Union européenne, 145 d'entre elles seront reconnues et protégées sur le sol canadien. Le marché de l'audiovisuel, en revanche, restera à l'extérieur de cet accord pour protéger "l'exception culturelle" chère à certains pays européens, dont la France.

Pourquoi est-il si critiqué ?

Même si la quasi-majorité des gouvernements européens s'est prononcée en faveur du CETA, l'accord est loin de plaire à tout le monde. Ses détracteurs lui reprochent notamment d'être le "Cheval de Troie" de la libéralisation économique. Les agriculteurs européens craignent par exemple que le relèvement des quotas pour les produits agricoles bouleversent le marché actuel et que les produits canadiens leur fasse de la concurrence déloyale.

Certaines associations s'insurgent également contre la création de tribunaux d'arbitrage privés. La fonction de ces juridictions serait d'accueillir les plaintes d'entreprises s'estimant lésées par des décisions d'États. Problème : pour les opposants au projet, cela donnerait aux grandes entreprises du nucléaire ou du tabac, par exemple, la possibilité de faire céder les États sur des questions sanitaires ou environnementales.

La rédaction vous recommande

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Qu'est-ce que le CETA, le traité transatlantique qui divise l'Europe ?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Alors que le Brexit continue d'agiter l'Union européenne, Bruxelles se prépare à un nouveau fiasco. Le 27 octobre, le CETA, un important accord de libre-échange commercial entre l'Europe et le Canada, devait être signé par les représentants de l'ensemble des pays de l'Union européenne.

# data[].attributes.body
Processus, acteurs et débats

Une vidéo du monde sur la question de l'intervention de l'Etat dans l'industrie. A mettre également en relation avec le chapitre d'histoire "gouverner la France depuis 1946

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Eclairage

La question du rôle et de la responsabilité de l'Etat s'invite de nouveau dans le débat public avec l 'affaire Alstom. L'Etat doit-il intervenir pour sauver l'entreprise ? Est-ce son rôle ? Pour en débattre en plateau, les économistes Elie Cohen et El Mouhoud Mouhoud.

La direction d'Alstom a annoncé début septembre sa décision de transférer l'activité du site belfortain vers le site bas-rhinois de Reichshoffen d'ici à 2018, l'usine qui fabrique les motrices de trains à grande vitesse tourne au ralenti. Les syndicats ont appelé les salariés à " lever le pied " et à ne " plus mettre la main dans le cambouis ". A la suite de cette annonce, le gouvernement s'est donné quelques jours pour trouver des solutions et ainsi éviter la fermeture du site, qui emploie plus de 400 salariés.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
L'Etat français doit-il intervenir dans l'industrie ?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
La question du rôle et de la responsabilité de l'Etat s'invite de nouveau dans le débat public avec l 'affaire Alstom. L'Etat doit-il intervenir pour sauver l'entreprise ? Est-ce son rôle ? Pour en débattre en plateau, les économistes Elie Cohen et El Mouhoud Mouhoud.

# data[].attributes.body
Cet espace est dédié à la veille d'actualités. Vous choisirez des articles que vous pourrez mettre en lien avec les cours.

A titre d'exemple, une infographie du monde qui pourrait être utile dans le chapitre sur les dynamiques géographiques de l'Amérique du Sud, à propos de la Colombie.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Après l'accord de paix, à quoi ressemble la Colombie d'après-guerre avec les FARC ?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Le Congrès colombien a ratifié l'accord de paix signé avec la guérilla marxiste. Malgré ce très long conflit, le pays est la troisième économie d'Amérique latine mais avec des inégalités colossales.