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Bernard Partridge (19 February 1919) ‘Giving him rope’, Punch, United Kingdom <http://punch.photoshelter.com/image/I0000pKC6PGYqAEw>
26 January 2016.

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Bernard Partridge Cartoons from Punch magazine | PUNCH Magazine Cartoon Archive

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Giving Him Rope. German Criminal (to Allied Police). "Here, I say, stop! You're hurting me! [Aside] If I only whine enough I may be able to wriggle out of this yet."

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Thomas
Theodor Heine (3 June 1919) ‘Versailles sends Germany to the guillotine’, Simplicissimus <http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_0x0MjBKPQV8/TK7jxNqP4eI/AAAAAAAAAJw/J7SfsUoc_Xk/s1600/Versailles.jpg>
26 January 2016.

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Edward N. Jackson (1919) Council of Four at the WWI Paris Peace Conference, May 27, 1919: Lloyd George, Orlando, Clemenceau and Wilson, U.S. Army Signal Corps, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919#/media/File:Big_four.jpg>,  26 January 2016.

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Will Dyson (17 May 1919) ‘Peace and future cannon fodder’, Daily Herald, United Kingdom, <https://originsofww2.wikispaces.com/When+Did+WW2+become+inevitable%3F?responseToken=3d4b9ad43cbaa000b633c508d3443c24>
26 January 2016

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OriginsofWW2 - When Did WW2 become inevitable?

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The USA had only declared war in April 1917 and thus experienced far fewer casualties herself. Wilson arrived in Europe with his ' Fourteen Points'. These were his plans to ensure future peace in Europe. He believed Germany should be treated fairly and that a 'League of Nations' should be set up to settle future disputes between countries.

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Thomas Theodor Heine (3 June 1919) ‘Versailles sends Germany to the guillotine’, Simplicissimus <http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_0x0MjBKPQV8/TK7jxNqP4eI/AAAAAAAAAJw/J7SfsUoc_Xk/s1600/Versailles.jpg>
26 January 2016.

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Include new terms in your glossary.

Redo Sources 2 (Giving him rope) and 4 (Perhaps it would gee-up better if welet it touch earth).
Put it in your revision book.

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The Americans, on the other hand, who fought for a little more than a year and suffered least, wanted lasting peace. Wilson believed that the Treaty should punish Germany but not so harshly that one day they would want revenge. He came up with a fourteen- point plan to help the world achieve peace. One of these points was that an international body called the League of Nations should be set up as an international police force. His plan also promoted his view on the importance of ‘self-determination’ – that people in colonies should have a say in their own government.

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British citizens were strongly pushing for a treaty which punished Germany as much as possible. Lloyd George wanted an agreement which would satisfy the desire of people of Britain to punish the enemy, but without causing Germany to seek revenge in the future and start another war.

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The French who had suffered the most in World War I, wanted revenge and compensation for the damage done to their country. Clemenceau saw the Treaty as an opportunity to cripple Germany so that it could not attack France again.

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All in all, the Treaty of Versailles meant that Germany:

Lost 10% of its land

Lost all of its overseas colonies

Lost 12.5% of its population.

Lost 16% of its coalfields and almost half of its iron and steel industry.

Had to reduce its army to 100,000 men, had no air force and only a tiny navy.

Had to accept blame for World War I and pay huge amounts of reparation.

Although they had been on opposite sides during World War I, two powerful nations – Germany and Japan – felt unfairly treated by, and bitter about, the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Germany had been forced to take total responsibility for the war and Japan an Allied nation, was not rewarded with German territory in Asia and under the Treaty was not accepted as a racial equal.

Historians traditionally considered that the treaty was excessively vindictive and short-sighted, although many have now come to acknowledge that, whilst it was harsh, it may have been the fairest settlement that could have been concluded under the circumstances.

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After much disagreement, debate and compromise, the Treaty of Versailles was agreed upon. The main terms of the Treaty were as follows:

1. War guilt. Germany had to accept blame for starting the war.

2. Reparations. Germany had to pay reparations (compensation) to France, Belgium and Britain. The final figure was decided in 1921 and set at 660 million pounds (equivalent to $15 Billion Australian today)

3. Germany’s armed forces. The army was limited to 100,000 men. Conscription (compulsory joining of the army was banned – soldiers had to be volunteers. They were not allowed armoured vehicles, submarines or military aircraft.

4. German territory and colonies. Germany lost all its overseas colonies (mostly to Britain and France). It also lost most of its territories in Europe and large numbers of German speaking people in Poland, Romania and Czechoslovakia. Germany was also forbidden from joining with its former ally Austria.

5. League of Nations. A League of Nations was set up. Germany was not allowed to join until it proved it was a peaceful country.

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The following political cartoons reflect a range of views about the Treaty. Analyse each source by answering the following questions in the worksheet:

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Author/publisher: Australian cartoonist Will Dyson

Date and place of publication: Daily Herald 17th May 1919 (British newspaper)

Format: Political cartoon

Interesting features: The Big Four appear to be leaving the Palace of Versailles looking powerful and smug. They are surprised to hear an infant weeping over a document representing the peace negotiations.  The title Peace and cannon fodder suggests that peace will be lost and the next generation represented by the naked and vulnerable child will be sent to war in 1940 because of the punitive terms of the Treaty. Considering the Second World War started in 1939 this cartoon has an almost prophetic quality.

Point of view: The cartoonist takes a very cynical view of the negotiations and the fact it was published in a British newspaper suggests that some ordinary Britons also felt the Treaty would be a failure and would not bring peace to Europe. The cartoon was published in May 1919, and this indicates that people already had doubts about its effectiveness even before the signing in July.

Useful/ reliable?: The source is very useful because it represents the cynical attitude toward the Treaty held by many people at the time. The use of the term ‘cannon fodder’ is interesting and the cartoon may also represent a pacifist position i.e. those people opposed to all war and violence.  It does not however represent other attitudes such as the desire to punish the Germans or alternatively the humiliation and anger felt by the Germans.

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David Low (24 January 1921) ‘Perhaps it would gee-up better if we let it touch earth.’
The Star <https://www.cartoons.ac.uk/browse/cartoon_item/anytext%3Ddavid%20low%20unlimited%20indemnity>
26 January 2016.

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Will Dyson (17 May 1919) ‘Peace and future cannon fodder’, Daily Herald, United Kingdom, <https://originsofww2.wikispaces.com/When+Did+WW2+become+inevitable%3F?responseToken=3d4b9ad43cbaa000b633c508d3443c24>
26 January 2016

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OriginsofWW2 - When Did WW2 become inevitable?

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The USA had only declared war in April 1917 and thus experienced far fewer casualties herself. Wilson arrived in Europe with his ' Fourteen Points'. These were his plans to ensure future peace in Europe. He believed Germany should be treated fairly and that a 'League of Nations' should be set up to settle future disputes between countries.

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After World War One ended, the winning countries had to come up with a plan for rebuilding Europe and ensuring ongoing peace for the future. They met at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 in Versailles (near Paris) to develop and agree upon a peace settlement. The conference lasted for twelve months. They developed a number of treaties but the main one was called the Treaty of Versailles.

The four main powers involved in drawing up the Treaty of Versailles were Prime Ministers David Lloyd George of Britain and George Clemenceau of France, President Woodrow Wilson of the United States of America and Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy. The defeated countries including Germany, Austria, Hungary and Turkey were not consulted about the Treaty.

Opinions were different about how harshly Germany should be treated by the terms of the Treaty.

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Title/description: Council of Four at the WWI Paris Peace Conference, May 27, 1919: Lloyd George, Orlando, Clemenceau and Wilson

Author/publisher: Edward N. Jackson, U.S. Army Signal Corps.

Date and place of publication: 27 May 1919.  Likely to be published in major European and American newspapers at the time.

Format:   Black and white photograph

Interesting features: The Council of Four (or Big Four) are photographed on the steps outside a doorway at the Palace of Versailles. Wilson and Clemenceau are standing apart and may be listening to an intense conversation between Orlando and Lloyd George. All men are formally dressed and the photograph conveys a sense of their political power, and the importance of their task.

Point of view: Likely to be an Allied (victors) point of view. The four men appear dignified and powerful although this image still may have appeared in German papers

Useful/reliable?:  The photograph does not appear staged and it reliable represents the four major powers who determined the terms of the Treaty. It does not however inform us regarding the duration and complexity of the negotiations – for example the Big Four met informally 145 times.

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Event Description and Background Details

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Event Description and Background Details

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What happened?
After World War 1 ended the winning countries came up with a plan for rebuilding Europe and ensuring ongoing peace. They met at the Paris Peace Conference in Versailles to develop and agree upon  a peace settlement. They developed a number of treaties but the main one was called the Treaty of Versailles.

The main terms of the Treaty were:

1. Germany had to accept blame for starting WW1.

2. Germany had to pay huge reparations (compensation) to France, Belgium and Britain.

3. Germany’s armed forces were limited to 100,000 men.

4. Germany lost territory and all its overseas colonies (empire).

5. League of Nations was set up and Germany was not allowed to join.

When and where?

The Treaty of Versailles was signed on the 28th June 1919 at the Palace of Versailles near Paris after twelve months of intense negotiations.  The Treaty was registered at the League of Nations on 21st October 1919.

Who was involved?

Twenty – one countries were involved in the negotiations (including Australia) but the four major players were Prime Ministers David Lloyd George of Britain and George Clemenceau of France, President Woodrow Wilson of the USA and Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy.  The defeated countries including Germany, Austria, Hungary and Turkey were not consulted about the Treaty

Why did it occur?

The Allies wanted to punish and pacify Germany. The French who suffered the most wanted revenge and compensation and an opportunity to cripple Germany so it could not attack again. The British also wanted to punish Germany but without causing Germany to seek revenge in the future. The Americans who had suffered least wanted lasting peace and President Wilson developed a fourteen point plan to help the world achieve peace.

Without this event ...

Hitler may not have come to power in 1933 and the Second World War as we know it may not have occurred.  Nazi nationalist ideology exploited German bitterness and humiliation regarding the treaty. The economic impact of the separation payments and lost territory heightened economic and political instability and increased suffering during the Great Depression.

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Title/description: Versailles sends Germany to the guillotine

Author/publisher: Thomas Theodor Heine

Date and place of publication: 3 June 1919, Simplicissimus

Format: Painting

Interesting features:  Dramatic hand painted colour image of half-naked prisoner (Germany ) being escorted to the guillotine by  Wilson, Lloyd George and Clemenceau.  Clemenceau has the role of executioner suggesting that the cartoonist is holding Germany’s old foe France primarily responsible for the terms of the Treaty. The representation of Germany as victim in the image and title implies the Allies will be responsible for the imminent destruction of the German nation.

Useful / reliable: Extremely useful indication of the strength of negative German attitudes towards the Treaty.