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Joanne solicita un empleo en una empresa local que habitualmente contrata a estudiantes de secundaria para trabajar en cuadrillas de obras. Sin embargo, el gerente la conduce a un puesto de secretaria en la oficina principal de la empresa. Cuando se está retirando, Joanne escucha que el gerente le dice a un compañero que le hizo un favor, dado que el trabajo en una obra es para hombres. Joanne fue discriminada si el gerente no la contrató para un puesto en la cuadrilla por ser mujer.

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Karen esta casada con otra mujer y trabaja en una empresa desde antes de su matrimonio ,donde es señalado la gente que le gusta el mismo sexo , por lo que estuvo manteniéndolo en secreto por miedo a que le digan comentarios ofensivos los compañeros de trabajo, hasta que un día un compañero del trabajo se entera por medio de una llamada que escucho de Karen ,ocasionando que se haga chisme llegando la noticia hasta su jefe obligando a Karen a trabajar mas tiempo de su jornada laboral.

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Mary solicitó un trabajo de verano en una gran tienda de departamentos. La tienda manifestó que no contrataba a empleados para puestos de verano. Sin embargo, algunas semanas más tarde, Mary se da cuenta de que una de sus amigas de la escuela, que es blanca, trabaja en la tienda. Su amiga le cuenta que fue contratada hace unos días para ayudar durante los ocupados días de verano. Mary fue discriminada si la tienda no la contrató por ser negra.

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Ana y Jorge son 2 jóvenes que están en periodo de prueba antes de su contratación.
Ana es muy buena en su organización, mientras que Jorge no tanto, finalizado el periodo de prueba le notifican a Ana que Jorge ha sido seleccionado, ella esta confundida pues asegura que ella es mas eficaz que Jorge, a lo que la empresa le responde que ellos buscan un perfil mas del genero masculino ya que son mas "serios" y mejores en la resolución de problemas.

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Arif, que es musulmán, reza cinco veces por día. Al menos dos de esas sesiones de oración tienen lugar durante las horas de trabajo. Arif solicita que se programen sus recreos para que pueda rezar en el horario apropiado. Su supervisor se niega, señalando que "le pagan por trabajar y no por rezar. Guarda los ritos religiosos para tu tiempo libre". El supervisor de Arif lo discriminó por su religión al negarse a considerar el pedido cuidadosamente. Dado que el pedido de Arif no sería costoso, ineficiente, inseguro ni tendría un impacto negativo sobre los derechos de sus compañeros, el supervisor debería de haberlo concedido.

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Un reclutador tiene la tarea de buscar una vacante de un administrativo general, sin embargo, la empresa le pide un perfil con rasgos específicos en este caso especialmente del sexo, que la vacante sea para hombre, ya que la empresa cree que un hombre sería más eficaz y aguantaría más horas de trabajo, de igual manera no pediría incapacidad cuando tenga un hijo. Pasan unas semanas y la vacante sigue libre, la empresa llama al reclutador para preguntar el motivo de la ausencia de perfiles para el puesto, por lo que el reclutador comenta que perfiles si hay pero que son del sexo femenino por lo que recomienda darle la oportunidad y darle seguimiento para no atrasar a la empresa, de igual manera hay 6 perfiles que indican el no poder tener hijos o bien tienen planificado el embarazo por lo que la empresa no tendría imprevistos en este caso.

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Camila  se presentó a una entrevista de trabajo en una fábrica de materiales de construcción solicitando el puesto de ayudante cargador, el encargado a  realizar la entrevista la observó con desagrado y antes de empezar a hacer las preguntas la  empezó a cuestionar si estaba segura de que venia por la vacante que se anunciaba en el periódico ella segura de su misma respondió que si, pero el encargo dijo que no podría darle el puesto que estaba solicitando porque en esa área se requería un hombre porque habría que cargar cosas y se requeriría fuerza cosa que una mujer no podría hacer por ser frágil.

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En la empresa Ormex, Lucia es una mujer trabajadora, inteligente y muy productiva, lleva muchos años laborando en la empresa, sus compañeros han obtenido bonos y aumento de suelto menos ella, en las ideas innovadoras suelen llevarse los créditos sus compañeros, el jefe de Lucia omite lo que sucede con ella y le otorga mas labores, ella cansada de lo sucedido decide renunciar a su trabajo.

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Lorena trabaja en el transporte público como chofer antes este trabajo solo lo ejecutaban hombres pero con la lucha que cada día las mujeres hacen para que haya igualdad ella pudo trabajar de lo que siempre quiso , en este nuevo e innovador transporte no hay distinción alguna y hasta la fecha aun la gente se impresiona al ver a una mujer al volante.

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Doña rosi es una asociada del departamento de panadería, sin embargo ella quiere subir de rango y quiere volverse como encargada de lacteos, sin embargo no la toman en cuenta por ser mujer y el puesto requiere de un hombre que pueda cargar con las cajas

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Fabiola viene de una familia muy estricta sus padres son muy chapados ala antigua que no están de acuerdo con las ideas del siglo XXI. Mucho menos con la aceptación de los matrimonios del mismo sexo. Fabiola intenta encontrar las palabras adecuadas para poder hablar con ellos y explicarle que le gustan las mujeres y que actualmente tiene a su novia, planeo todo en una reunión familiar para poder explicarle a sus padres con mas detalle su preferencia sexual, y no resulto como ella espero. los padres no lograron aceptarlo y la corrieron de su casa.

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Amelia es un trabajadora que se identifica como hombre, ella inicio con tratamiento de hormonas y otras áreas estéticas en su cuerpo para asimilarse al cuerpo de un hombre, de igual manera inicio con los trámites para ser oficialmente hombre. En un día común para Amelia es llamada por el encargado de área para recibir quejas de sus compañeros de trabajo debido a que entra al baño de hombres y genera mucha incomodidad e inmoralidad en el momento que se encuentran ahí, debido a que los retretes están en mantenimiento y no tienen puertas. La propuesta dada para Amelia y sus compañeros es que se le evitará la entrada hasta el tiempo en que le entreguen sus papeles y sea oficialmente hombre, por lo tanto, tendrá que utilizar el baño del encargo de área.

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Marian de 23 años era recién contratada en una fabrica de calzado al momento de firmar el contrato no mencionaba nada sobre la orientación sexual así que ella se sentía bien estando ahí , al paso del tiempo su novia iba a recogerla al trabajo por las noches al finalizar su jornada, de pronto la gente mayor de edad que trabajaba ahí empezaron a señalar y a comentar en toda la fabrica que ella tenia otras preferencias y que no debería trabajar ahí ya que daña la imagen, esos rumores llegaron a la dueña que resulta que tenia un pensamiento muy conservador ya por su edad , sin embrago hablo con Marian del tema y llegaron a un acuerdo para que ella se sintiera mas cómoda así de inmediato la cambiaron de área con personas de su edad y le explico que ella no podía despedir a nadie sin embargo con respecto a que su novia iba por ella al trabajo menciono que eso no tenia que ver con la empresa.

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Liliana es una sus gerentes supervisora que trabaja en Chedraui, los gerentes la quieren mucho esto debido a su gran desempeño dentro de la empresa, desde hace tiempo Lili esta buscando un ascenso, es por eso que decidió hablar con el gerente, el gerente le recalco que no podían darle el ascenso esto debido a que el puesto que quiere estaría trabajando con muchas mujeres y el no quiere que haya un conflicto de intereses, Liliana es lesbiana

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Felipe es un estudiante universitarios que viene de intercambio de cuba y su piel es de color. por esta razón le genera conflicto relacionarse con sus demás compañeros e incluso en las clases hay un maestro que no le agrada mucho la idea que tome su clase. sin embargo el se siente incomodo por como lo miran cada vez que llega a la institución.

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Sandra es maestra de música, el director de la institución se ha enterado que la maestra mantiene una relación con otra chica y ha decidido despedirla por que le parece una falta de respeto y no tolerará que sus conocidos y los padres de familia se enteren de dicho asunto.

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David fue rechazado para ser maestro de kínder por el simple echo de ser hombre ya que la idea de esa escuela es que para ello una mujer debe estar con los niños.

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Carlos y Carla son dos hermanos gemelos. Tuvieron la oportunidad de trabajar en la misma empresa como contadores. El problema inicia cuando Carlos se ve mas beneficiado a pesar de tener el mismo rango que Carla. Pasan los meses y Carla sigue en el mismo puesto de trabajo a diferencia de su hermano Carlos ha sido ascendido como encargado del área.

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En la empresa factorion se les aumento el sueldo a todos los hombres de la industria indicando que hay un estudio que se realizo que se demuestra que los hombres realizan mayor desempeño que las mujeres, cuando es todo lo contrario, las empleadas de la empresa piden el estudio a lo cual su jefe les responde que el estudio es privacidad de la empresa y no se les puede estar mostrando

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Joe de 30 años recién llagaba a trabajar en una fabrica de intercambio a E.U el dueño lo trato como a cualquiera de sus trabajadores sin embargo el encargado de ahí trataba de siempre arruinarle los días y haciendo cada vez menos cómodo estar ahí, joe hablo con el dueño y explico lo sucedido, el dueño no dudo en hablar con el encargado del tema , resulto que el encargado era racista y no soportaba que el estuviera ahí , de inmediato fue despedido y Joe pudo trabajar mas tranquilo e .

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La compañía disney ha tenido varias criticas, esto debido a que al momento de realizar películas con temas de otros paises llegan a generalizar mucho su cultura, un ejemplo de esto, es con la película de coco, para muchos mexicanos fue algo ofensivo, esto debido a que caracterizaron a los mexicanos como si todos fueran morenos y la mayoría cantaba música ranchera, lo que esto provoco un cierto disgusto en muchos mexicanos

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Andrea quiere entrar a trabajar en un taller mecánico, ella toda su vida aprendió acerca de este oficio ya que su padre era mecánico, a ella le apasiona la mecánica y decidió estudiar sobre eso.
A todos los lugares donde a ido a presentar su solicitud la rechazan por el hecho de ser mujer porque todos tienen la mentalidad de que la mecánica es solo un oficio para hombres.

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Maria fue a buscar trabajo como chofer de camiones, al llegar al lugar solo se burlaron de ella y le decían que era trabajo para hombres, como es que una mujer podría manejar un camión, si ni siquiera pueden estacionarse con un auto normal. Ella les respondió que si era capaz, y que no tenia nada que ver son su genero, pues desde hace años, su padre era trailero, y le enseño a manejar trailers de hasta 4 toneladas.

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Dr, joss es una persona amable con un nivel de estudios sobresalientes en la rama de medicina tiene una especialización en cirugía general, solicita el puesto en un hospital general, en el cual revisan su expediente y se le deniega el puesto indicándole que no es lo que están buscando, a lo que este responde que es la especialización correcta y todos los datos están bien acomodados, señalan que falta información correspondiente y otros tramites que debe de hacer. el Dr. Joss se disgusta con la situación y decide retirarse

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Gabriel es un chico de color a quien le apasiona el futbol, a decidido postularse para pertenecer al equipo de la escuela, el capitán del equipo quien califica a los nuevos integrantes, ignora la solicitud de Gabriel y le menciona que no pierda el tiempo postulándose ya que no lo tomaran en cuenta, ya que en el equipo no se permiten personas de color.

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Yamili es una joven de 20 años que trabaja en una tienda de ropa para dama, llega 1 año y medio trabajando en la empresa , tiene una buena relación con sus compañeras de los departamentos hasta ahora siempre la invitan a salir a fiestas y a la disco pero nunca acepta asistir, por razones de corte de personal se tuvieron que ir dos compañeras y su jefa hablo con cada una, recorriendo su día de descanso para todas en general el dia domingo. Yamili inconforme externo que por motivos de su religión no le permite trabajar el día sábado, de tal forma que su jefa no acepto su petición.

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En la empresa de Bepemsa se ha desatado un conflicto con los empleados debido a la implementación de nuevas leyes que favorecen la contratación de mujeres en el área de cargadores.
Los hombres tienen la creencia de que el desempeño de las féminas va a arruinar la producción y se niegan a trabajar con ellas; a diario se oyen comentarios por parte de los hombres hacía las mujeres que laboran ahí cómo "mirá, ahí va un marimacho" o "hazlo cómo un hombre".

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José y Marcos tienen una relación desde hace un año, hace unos días unos policías les pidieron retirarse de un parque por que "no le daban un buen ejemplo a los niños" ellos alegaron que no estaban haciendo nada malo simplemente estaban abrazados como una pareja, a pesar de eso se tuvieron que ir.

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Alejandro, un joven de 27 años sufre constantemente de insultos y rechazo por parte de sus compañeros de trabajo, ya que ellos comentan que no se sienten cómodos trabajando con una persona "anormal". Alejandro es una persona homosexual y también profesional.

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Bryan es un profesor muy inteligente y muy reconocido, es una persona transgénero, nació mujer pero se identifica como hombre, el quiere entrar a trabajar a la universidad mas prestigiosa de su ciudad pero dicha universidad no lo quiere aceptar por su política de que no es buen ejemplo para los alumnos

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Una de las compañías cinematográficas más importantes busca dentro de su cast a actores con rasgos físicos iguales a los de sus personajes de ficción esto con el fin de que últimamente han habido problemas económicos ya que los consumidores del cine dejan de ver películas por no ver a su personaje igual que al actor.

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Víctor es un adolescente en desarrollo y consigo ha presentado problemas de identidad. últimamente ha sido blanco de burlas en el trabajo como en la escuela. Esto inicia cuando al regreso a clases se presenta con otro tipo de vestimenta no habitual para su género lo cual sus compañeros varones toman como motivo de burla y ocasionan la baja de este alumno

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Emilio tiene 65 años, había trabajado en bepensa por 30 años, pero al no aceptar viajar a otra ciudad y querer pasar tiempo con su familia lo despidieron olvidándose de años de antigüedad , esto afecto que Emilio buscara otro trabajo pero al ya tener una edad avanzada, las otras empresas lo rechazaban sin leer su curriculum, obligándolo a tener que trabajar de empacador en un supermercado.

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Sara es una mujer que le atraen chicas de su mismo sexo, en el trabajo no lo sabían, pues al verla se veía una mujer "normal", un día, decidió abrirse plenamente con el mundo, y decir su preferencia se sexual. No se espero mucho en recibir criticas de sus compañeras, solo la miraban de pies a cabeza, y hacían comentarios fuera de lugar, cuando ella entraba al baño de chicas, estas se molestaban, y decían que se sentían incomodadas por Sara.

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Cecilia es una trabajadora afroamericana con mucho talento y habilidades en sistemas, ella se postula para el puesto de Gerente en sistemas para un gran compañía en EU, el reclutador le da el visto bueno y la aceptan en la compañía, sin embargo, el director general le asigna actividades fuera de lugar como si fuera una secretaria o auxiliar en general, ella se cansa y enfrenta esta discriminación recalcando que no por ser de una raza y color diferente significa que no tiene la capacidad para ejecutar su área o incluso el puesto del Director.

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Carlos es despreciado por la vestimenta que porta en su trabajo, su manera de expresarse, puesto que es un fiel creyente de su religión, los malos comentarios y los malos tratos han interferido en la productividad de sus labores.

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Andrés es un mexicano que fue a estados unidos para encontrar una mejor oportunidad de empleo y de vida, lo contrataron en un viñedo pero sus compañeros siempre lo discriminan y se burlan de el diciéndole que "no vaya a brincar el muro del establecimiento" o "que mejor vaya a hacer jardineria"

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Marcos y Adán entraron al seguro social cómo enfermeros, sin embargo, a menudo sufren mucha discriminación por parte de sus compañeras de trabajo debido a que son una pareja gay. El jefe del seguro los ha mandado a hablar debido a que considera una falta de respeto que todos los días se vayan juntos a comer ya que ha recibido varias quejas por parte de sus compañeras de trabajo.
También se tiene el estigma en el lugar de que la profesión de enfermería es únicamente para mujeres.
Ésto ha desencadenado una serie de conflictos de ambas partes y se está buscando la manera de como solucionarlo.

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kevin es un muchacho de 21 años el cual acude a la iglesia todos los domingos ya que el es cristiano, esto ha provocado una cierta confrontación con su líder inmediato, ya que la empresa no acostumbra a dar domingos de descanso esto debido a lo movido que son esos días y son donde mas gente acude al negocio.

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Pedro es un joven de 20 años que quiere entrar a trabajar en un local de comida que esta por su casa, el se cambio de religión de católica a judía por su propio gusto
El dueño de ese local es una persona de 70 años, muy católico y conservador, entonces al entrevistar al joven Pedro le hizo la pregunta acerca de su religión y al enterarse que no es católico no le quiso dar el empleo ya que para el dueño el hecho de ser muy católico le ayuda a su negocio

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Una empresa sale en busca de personal, las instrucciones informan que buscan tanto a hombres y mujeres de la misma edad pero al momento de la entrevista con el reclutador éste solo atiende bien a los varones, ya que desde su perspectiva las mujeres tienen mas tendencia a abandonar el trabajo por la responsabilidad de atender a sus hijos.

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Gabriela es una mujer empresarial, exitosa y sus habilidades son increíbles. Sin embargo, su compañero el gerente, cada vez que tienen alguna reunión importante, lanza comentarios innecesarios como "eres mujer, que esperabas?", "las mujeres son débiles" y frases negativas hacia el género. Del mismo modo, Gabriela ha demostrado día a día que no importa raza, género para salir adelante y hacer que nuestras capacidades sean notados por los demás sin ser juzgados. 

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Gabriela es una mujer empresarial, exitosa y sus habilidades son increíbles. Sin embargo, su compañero el gerente, cada vez que tienen alguna reunión importante, lanza comentarios innecesarios como "eres mujer, que esperabas?", "las mujeres son débiles" y frases negativas hacia el género. Del mismo modo, Gabriela ha demostrado día a día que no importa raza, género para salir adelante y hacer que nuestras capacidades sean notados por los demás sin ser juzgados. 

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Laura es una persona indígena que sabe 3 idiomas, ganó las olimpiadas de matemáticas en su facultad y aprende muy rápido, fue de las personas con mejores calificaciones en su carrera, al finalizarla buscó trabajo de azafata sin embargo no se lo dieron por su color de piel a pesar de tener muchas cualidades.

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Carlos un joven indígena, obtuvo una beca en una buena escuela, agradeció la oportunidad, y la escuela la propuso que para continuar con este beneficio seria obligatorio ser el "rostro" en toda la publicidad de la escuela y eventos en donde se requiera su presencia para poder nombrarse "inclusiva" Carlos acepto pues el cree que es un buen trato.

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Amelia y Erica en la entrevista de trabajo

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Amelia es una chica de 29 años con bastante experiencia administrativa y de relaciones publicas lleva trabajando 5 años en la empres  "X" y se entero que hay una bacante para el cargo administrativo en gerencia, al acudir a la entrevista conoce a Erica una chica de 27 años la cual no posee las habilidades de Amelia y ella no labora en la empresa, se le notifica a Amelia  que no puede ser gerente por bastas carencias del área, ella comprende pero a su vez se entera que Erica se había quedado con el puesto  de la gerencia se siente ofendida y mal ya que sabia que en la empresa había una discriminación desde  hace tiempo.

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Mario será padre de familia pronto, así que ha solicitado una semana de incapacidad par poder estar con su bebé y su esposa. Cuando el jefe ha leído la petición, se ha burlado de él, se la ha negado y le ha dicho que esas cosas no son para los hombres, que debe dejar que la mujer haga su trabajo como madre y que él debe prestar atención a su trabajo, que el es quien debe enfocarse en la empresa y la parte económica, y que ni se le ocurriera faltar alguno de esos días, o sería despedido.

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Fabricio es un joven universitario pero el primer semestre de la carrera la llevo en línea por lo que al volver a presenciales, se vio foco de burlas por ser de pueblo y por el acento marcado que tiene al momento de hablar.

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Misael, es un joven guatemalteco, que vino en busca de una mejor vida a México, le costo mucho encontrar un trabajo pues rápido se daban cuenta que no era de aquí, a los lugares que iba solo le hacían malas caras recibía malos tratos, le decían que solo venia a robar empleo a los paisanos y que se regresara a su país.

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Rafael es un chico homosexual, siempre ha sido muy discreto en su relaciona con el chico que esta en otro departamento de su misma empresa. Una tarde ellos se encontraron en el pasillo, y se tomaron de la mano, para después continuar con su camino, uno de sus compañeros vio esta muestra de afecto e inmediatamente levantó un reporte, diciendo que había visto a esas dos "nenas" besándose y coqueteándose en el pasillo de la empresa.
Ambos chicos son de los mejores trabajadores en el área donde están, siempre reciben bonos, siempre ayudan a los demás, son responsables y son discretos con su vida privada, jamas se han involucrado en conflictos ni escándalos. Ahora se encuentran desempleados, pues el reporte llegó a oídos del jefe, y este decidió echarlos por "maricones" ya que no quiere esa imagen para su empresa.

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Miauricio se postulo para un trabajo buenísimo donde el sueldo era lo justo y las horas de trabajo se acoplaban a lo que buscaba, pero al leer que tenía que ser un gato católico, él siempre se describía como ateo sin embrago no le importo y decidió mentir, al momento de la entrevista le hicieron preguntas de religión lo cual no supo que responder y enseguida se dieron cuenta que estaba mintiendo y fue rechazado :(.

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En una escuela un docente pide su licencia por un accidente vehicular, la escuela en busca de un suplente le mandan a una maestra que está en proceso de transición, la directora desde el comienzo la empieza a llamar por su nombre de varón y discriminar delante de los alumnos, al final la maestra renuncia por no tener el apoyo que necesitaba.

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Don alex de 54 años trabaja en la empresa de Bodega Aurrera, tiene un puesto como multifuncional pero, sin embargo, no realiza las mismas actividades que sus demás compañeros de trabajo, debido a la presión que esta haciendo la empresa, la gerencia esta evaluando a los asociados con base a su rendimiento laboral, pero esto provoca una desventaja en Don alex ya que su esfuerzo no se compara con sus compañeros

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Ana tiene conflictos con sus nuevos compañeros porque se enteraron de que sus preferencias sexuales eran diferentes a los que en la mayoría sería "normal". Los sujetos pretenden buscar motivos para aue la despidan ya que, piensan que "las lesbianas" son personas vulgares que no merecen trabajar junto con la sociedad. Sin embargo, a Ana no le importa los comentarios de los demás siempre y cuando ella cumpla con sus obligaciones y tener buena conducta. 

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Ana tiene conflictos con sus nuevos compañeros porque se enteraron de que sus preferencias sexuales eran diferentes a los que en la mayoría sería "normal". Los sujetos pretenden buscar motivos para aue la despidan ya que, piensan que "las lesbianas" son personas vulgares que no merecen trabajar junto con la sociedad. Sin embargo, a Ana no le importa los comentarios de los demás siempre y cuando ella cumpla con sus obligaciones y tener buena conducta. 

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Carlota es una mujer católica. últimamente se ha presentado problemas en el área en donde ella se encuentra, ya que sus compañeros no comparten las mismas ideas. sin embargo este problema de religión ha afectado el desempeño de Carlota, ya que ocupa una hora durante sus tiempos laborales para hacer sus oraciones.

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Lorena es una joven indígena que emigró a los Estados Unidos para trabajar, sin embargo, su vida laboral no ha sido fácil debido a que los jefes le dejan mucho más trabajo que a sus compañeros residentes, e incluso ha sufrido burlas por sus compañeros y por su jefe inmediato

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En una empresa tiene libre dos puesto, gerente de nómina y de capacitación, sin embargo, la empresa es muy quisquillosa y estricta respecto a la moralidad y ética de la empresa, para esto plantea contratar una persona de religión católica y una persona atea, ya que, se plantean que los dos tipos de persona pueden desarrollarse al máximo en cada puesto.

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Ana sufre de burlas en su trabajo ya que es una persona muy católica, al llegar y quitarse de su trabajo se persigna y en su hora de comida reza antes de ingerir sus alimentos.

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José practica la religión del cristianismo, en esta religión le ponen muchos limitantes, uno de ellos es beber alcohol, todos sus compañeros lo excluían, pues no lo invitaban a fiestas, por lo mismo, sus compañeros pensaban que se tenia que beber para poner disfrutar de las fiestas.

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la maestra Alicia es una persona de excelencia en sus clases y con basto conocimiento en su rama educativa, solicita empleo en la escuela santa teresa del roció, durante la entrevista de trabajo con las hermanas de la escuela se percata que todas son católicas, y se le pregunta que se ella lo era, lo cual esta respondió que era budista, la madre superior que estaba a cargo de la entrevista le agradece por a ver acudido y deja de entrevistarla.

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María es una señora de 60 años, a quien le gusta mucho trabajar, es simpática y mantiene una buena actitud, solicita empleo en una empresa, el gerente decide no contratarla ya que busca personas que cuenten con rapidez en la elaboración de las actividades.

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Un joven de México, fue de intercambio a Estados Unidos por motivos de que la empresa necesitaba un contador con conocimientos de economía internacional. Sin embargo, los compañeros no aceptaban que Luis fuera de piel morena, por lo que siempre le decían cosas feas y en algunas veces no hacían caso a sus ordenes. 

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Un joven de México, fue de intercambio a Estados Unidos por motivos de que la empresa necesitaba un contador con conocimientos de economía internacional. Sin embargo, los compañeros no aceptaban que Luis fuera de piel morena, por lo que siempre le decían cosas feas y en algunas veces no hacían caso a sus ordenes. 

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Durante la pandemia se tuvieron que suspender las clases presenciales en las escuelas por los que los docentes tenían que impartir sus clases desde su propia casa, a algunos maestros que eran mayores de edad tuvieron complejidad al momento de adaptarse a la tecnología. Como consecuencia unos empezaron a recibir orientación y los que no pudieron pedían su pensión para poder retirarse.

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Ulises es un joven testigo de Jehová que trabaja en una empresa, sin embargo, no asiste a los festejos de la empresa ni a las reuniones debido a que su religión no se lo permite. Los jefes están pensando en remplazarlo y proponer a otro empleado para ocupar su puesto actual ya que consideran que no está los suficiente comprometido con ella

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Mariam es una mujer indígena, ella esta recién egresada de la facultad de derecho de la uady, fue una de las mejores estudiantes en su generación, ella se encuentra buscando trabajo, ha tenido algunos pero siempre terminan por ponerla a servir café o redactar documentos, ahora busca explotar todos sus conocimientos antes un tribunal. El camino para ella ha sido difícil, pues tanto los clientes como los miembros de los despachos tienden a minimizarla por la forma en la que se ve, no le prestan atención a su trabajo o simplemente la ignoran por el simple hecho de ser morena y de baja estatura. Siempre la llaman por apodos como "chaparrita" y "negrita" aun cuando ella se encuentra frente a los clientes, por lo que terminan por no contratar sus servicios.

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Derek tiene 60 años y es un cirujano que aun esta ejerciendo su profesión en el hospital, sus procedimientos son obsoletos y riesgosos y por su edad se le dificulta actualizarse a las nuevas herramientas quirúrgicas ya que la mayoría es a través de una computadora. El hospital esta considerando jubilarlo pero el señor Derek no quiere, así que el hospital como ultima opción piensa despedirlo por negligencia medica

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Francisco es joven de 15 años que desde los 5 años su padre los abandono dejandolos a su hermanita de 3 años de edad y a el muy pequeños actualmente a su madre le detectaron cáncer y se encuentra en etapa critica por no haberlo detectado a tiempo, debido a esta situación el tuvo que dejar la escuela y dedicarse a trabajar pero por razones de su edad le hes complicado poder encontrar un trabajo.

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Raquel es una joven que fue despedida de su trabajo, pues es una persona que en todo momento profesaba su religión, incluso cuando su opinión al respecto de ese tema no era solicitado, la acción fue tomada ya que sus compañeros se quejaban de la actitud que ella mostraba.

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Religion is a range of social- cultural systems, including designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relate humanity to supernatural, transcendental, and spiritual elements-although there is no scholarly consensus over what precisely constitutes a religion. Different religions may or may not contain various elements ranging from the divine, sacredness, faith, and a supernatural being or beings.

Religious practices may include rituals, sermons, commemoration or veneration (of deities or saints), sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trances, initiations, matrimonial and funerary services, meditation, prayer, music, art, dance, and/or public service. Religions have sacred histories and narratives, which may be preserved in sacred texts, symbols and holy places, that primarily aim to give life meaning. Religions may contain symbolic tales that may attempt to explain the origin of life, the universe, and other phenomena; some followers believe these to be true stories. Traditionally, both faith and reason have been considered sources of religious beliefs.

There are an estimated 10,000 distinct religions worldwide, though nearly all of them have regionally based, relatively small followings. Four religions- Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism-account for over 77% of the world's population, and 92% of the world either follows one of those four religions or identifies as nonreligious, meaning that the remaining 9,000+ faiths account for only 8% of the population combined. The religiously unaffiliated demographic includes those who do not identify with any particular religion, atheists, and agnostics, although many in the demographic still have various religious beliefs. A portion of the population, mostly located in Africa and Asia, are members of new religious movements. Scholars have indicated that global religiosity may be increasing due to religious countries having generally higher birth rates.

The study of religion comprises a wide variety of academic disciplines, including theology, philosophy of religion, comparative religion, and social scientific studies. Theories of religion offer various explanations for its origins and workings, including the ontological foundations of religious being and belief.

Concept and etymology

The term religion comes from both Old French and Anglo-Norman (1200s AD) and means respect for sense of right, moral obligation, sanctity, what is sacred, reverence for the gods. It is ultimately derived from the Latin word religiō. According to Roman philosopher Cicero, religiō comes from relegere: re (meaning "again") + lego (meaning "read"), where lego is in the sense of "go over", "choose", or "consider carefully". Contrarily, some modern scholars such as Tom Harpur and Joseph Campbell have argued that religiō is derived from religare: re (meaning "again") + ligare ("bind" or "connect"), which was made prominent by St. Augustine following the interpretation given by Lactantius in Divinae institutiones, IV, 28. The medieval usage alternates with order in designating bonded communities like those of monastic orders: "we hear of the 'religion' of the Golden Fleece, of a knight 'of the religion of Avys'".

In classic antiquity, religiō broadly meant conscientiousness, sense of right, moral obligation, or duty to anything. In the ancient and medieval world, the etymological Latin root religiō was understood as an individual virtue of worship in mundane contexts; never as doctrine, practice, or actual source of knowledge. In general, religiō referred to broad social obligations towards anything including family, neighbors, rulers, and even towards God. Religiō was most often used by the ancient Romans not in the context of a relation towards gods, but as a range of general emotions which arose from heightened attention in any mundane context such as hesitation, caution, anxiety, or fear, as well as feelings of being bound, restricted, or inhibited. The term was also closely related to other terms like scrupulus (which meant "very precisely"), and some Roman authors related the term superstitio (which meant too much fear or anxiety or shame) to religiō at times. When religiō came into English around the 1200s as religion, it took the meaning of "life bound by monastic vows" or monastic orders. The compartmentalized concept of religion, where religious and worldly things were separated, was not used before the 1500s. The concept of religion was first used in the 1500s to distinguish the domain of the church and the domain of civil authorities; the Peace of Augsburg marks such instance, which has been described by Christian Reus-Smit as "the first step on the road toward a European system of sovereign states."

Roman general Julius Caesar used religiō to mean "obligation of an oath" when discussing captured soldiers making an oath to their captors. Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder used the term religiō to describe the apparent respect given by elephants to the night sky. Cicero used religiō as being related to cultum deorum (worship of the gods).

In Ancient Greece, the Greek term threskeia () was loosely translated into Latin as religiō in late antiquity. Threskeia was sparsely used in classical Greece but became more frequently used in the writings of Josephus in the 1st century AD. It was used in mundane contexts and could mean multiple things from respectful fear to excessive or harmfully distracting practices of others, to cultic practices. It was often contrasted with the Greek word deisidaimonia, which meant too much fear.

Religion and religions

The modern concept of religion, as an abstraction that entails distinct sets of beliefs or doctrines, is a recent invention in the English language. Such usage began with texts from the 17th century due to events such as the splitting of Christendom during the Protestant Reformation and globalization in the Age of Exploration, which involved contact with numerous foreign cultures with non-European languages. Some argue that regardless of its definition, it is not appropriate to apply the term religion to non-Western cultures, while some followers of various faiths rebuke using the word to describe their own belief system.

The concept of religion was formed in the 16th and 17th centuries, despite the fact that ancient sacred texts like the Bible, the Quran, and others did not have a word or even a concept of religion in the original languages and neither did the people or the cultures in which these sacred texts were written. For example, there is no precise equivalent of religion in Hebrew, and Judaism does not distinguish clearly between religious, national, racial, or ethnic identities. One of its central concepts is halakha, meaning the walk or path sometimes translated as law, which guides religious practice and belief and many aspects of daily life. Even though the beliefs and traditions of Judaism are found in the ancient world, ancient Jews saw Jewish identity as being about an ethnic or national identity and did not entail a compulsory belief system or regulated rituals. In the 1st century AD, Josephus had used the Greek term ioudaismos (Judaism) as an ethnic term and was not linked to modern abstract concepts of religion or a set of beliefs. The very concept of "Judaism" was invented by the Christian Church, and it was in the 19th century that Jews began to see their ancestral culture as a religion analogous to Christianity. The Greek word threskeia, which was used by Greek writers such as Herodotus and Josephus, is found in the New Testament. Threskeia is sometimes translated as "religion" in today's translations, but the term was understood as generic "worship" well into the medieval period. In the Quran, the Arabic word din is often translated as religion in modern translations, but up to the mid-1600s translators expressed din as "law".

The Sanskrit word dharma, sometimes translated as religion, also means law. Throughout classical South Asia, the study of law consisted of concepts such as penance through piety and ceremonial as well as practical traditions. Medieval Japan at first had a similar union between imperial law and universal or Buddha law, but these later became independent sources of power.

Though traditions, sacred texts, and practices have existed throughout time, most cultures did not align with Western conceptions of religion since they did not separate everyday life from the sacred. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the terms Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Confucianism, and world religions first entered the English language. Native Americans were also thought of as not having religions and also had no word for religion in their languages either. No one self-identified as a Hindu or Buddhist or other similar terms before the 1800s. "Hindu" has historically been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for people indigenous to the Indian subcontinent. Throughout its long history, Japan had no concept of religion since there was no corresponding Japanese word, nor anything close to its meaning, but when American warships appeared off the coast of Japan in 1853 and forced the Japanese government to sign treaties demanding, among other things, freedom of religion, the country had to contend with this idea.

According to the philologist Max Müller in the 19th century, the root of the English word religion, the Latin religiō, was originally used to mean only reverence for God or the gods, careful pondering of divine things, piety (which Cicero further derived to mean diligence). Müller characterized many other cultures around the world, including Egypt, Persia, and India, as having a similar power structure at this point in history. What is called ancient religion today, they would have only called law.

Definition

Scholars have failed to agree on a definition of religion. There are, however, two general definition systems: the sociological/functional and the phenomenological/philosophical.

Modern Western

The concept of religion originated in the modern era in the West. Parallel concepts are not found in many current and past cultures; there is no equivalent term for religion in many languages. Scholars have found it difficult to develop a consistent definition, with some giving up on the possibility of a definition. Others argue that regardless of its definition, it is not appropriate to apply it to non-Western cultures.

An increasing number of scholars have expressed reservations about ever defining the essence of religion. They observe that the way the concept today is used is a particularly modern construct that would not have been understood through much of history and in many cultures outside the West (or even in the West until after the Peace of Westphalia). The MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religions states:

The very attempt to define religion, to find some distinctive or possibly unique essence or set of qualities that distinguish the religious from the remainder of human life, is primarily a Western concern. The attempt is a natural consequence of the Western speculative, intellectualistic, and scientific disposition. It is also the product of the dominant Western religious mode, what is called the Judeo-Christian climate or, more accurately, the theistic inheritance from Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The theistic form of belief in this tradition, even when downgraded culturally, is formative of the dichotomous Western view of religion. That is, the basic structure of theism is essentially a distinction between a transcendent deity and all else, between the creator and his creation, between God and man.

The anthropologist Clifford Geertz defined religion as a

... system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic."

Alluding perhaps to Tylor's "deeper motive", Geertz remarked that

... we have very little idea of how, in empirical terms, this particular miracle is accomplished. We just know that it is done, annually, weekly, daily, for some people almost hourly; and we have an enormous ethnographic literature to demonstrate it.

The theologian Antoine Vergote took the term supernatural simply to mean whatever transcends the powers of nature or human agency. He also emphasized the cultural reality of religion, which he defined as

... the entirety of the linguistic expressions, emotions and, actions and signs that refer to a supernatural being or supernatural beings.

Peter Mandaville and Paul James intended to get away from the modernist dualisms or dichotomous understandings of immanence/transcendence, spirituality/materialism, and sacredness/secularity. They define religion as

... a relatively-bounded system of beliefs, symbols and practices that addresses the nature of existence, and in which communion with others and Otherness is lived as if it both takes in and spiritually transcends socially-grounded ontologies of time, space, embodiment and knowing.

According to the MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religions, there is an experiential aspect to religion which can be found in almost every culture:

... almost every known culture [has] a depth dimension in cultural experiences ... toward some sort of ultimacy and transcendence that will provide norms and power for the rest of life. When more or less distinct patterns of behavior are built around this depth dimension in a culture, this structure constitutes religion in its historically recognizable form. Religion is the organization of life around the depth dimensions of experience-varied in form, completeness, and clarity in accordance with the environing culture.

Friedrich Schleiermacher in the late 18th century defined religion as das schlechthinnige Abhängigkeitsgefühl, commonly translated as "the feeling of absolute dependence".

His contemporary Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel disagreed thoroughly, defining religion as "the Divine Spirit becoming conscious of Himself through the finite spirit."

Edward Burnett Tylor defined religion in 1871 as "the belief in spiritual beings". He argued that narrowing the definition to mean the belief in a supreme deity or judgment after death or idolatry and so on, would exclude many peoples from the category of religious, and thus "has the fault of identifying religion rather with particular developments than with the deeper motive which underlies them". He also argued that the belief in spiritual beings exists in all known societies.

In his book The Varieties of Religious Experience, the psychologist William James defined religion as "the feelings, acts, and experiences of individual men in their solitude, so far as they apprehend themselves to stand in relation to whatever they may consider the divine". By the term divine James meant "any object that is god like, whether it be a concrete deity or not" to which the individual feels impelled to respond with solemnity and gravity.

Sociologist Émile Durkheim, in his seminal book The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, defined religion as a "unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things". By sacred things he meant things "set apart and forbidden-beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community called a Church, all those who adhere to them". Sacred things are not, however, limited to gods or spirits. On the contrary, a sacred thing can be "a rock, a tree, a spring, a pebble, a piece of wood, a house, in a word, anything can be sacred". Religious beliefs, myths, dogmas and legends are the representations that express the nature of these sacred things, and the virtues and powers which are attributed to them.

Echoes of James' and Durkheim's definitions are to be found in the writings of, for example, Frederick Ferré who defined religion as "one's way of valuing most comprehensively and intensively". Similarly, for the theologian Paul Tillich, faith is "the state of being ultimately concerned", which "is itself religion. Religion is the substance, the ground, and the depth of man's spiritual life."

When religion is seen in terms of sacred, divine, intensive valuing, or ultimate concern, then it is possible to understand why scientific findings and philosophical criticisms (e.g., those made by Richard Dawkins) do not necessarily disturb its adherents.

Traditionally, faith, in addition to reason, has been considered a source of religious beliefs. The interplay between faith and reason, and their use as perceived support for religious beliefs, have been a subject of interest to philosophers and theologians. The origin of religious belief as such is an open question, with possible explanations including awareness of individual death, a sense of community, and dreams.

The word myth has several meanings.

1. A traditional story of ostensibly historical events that serves to unfold part of the world view of a people or explain a practice, belief, or natural phenomenon;

2. A person or thing having only an imaginary or unverifiable existence; or

3. A metaphor for the spiritual potentiality in the human being.

Ancient polytheistic religions, such as those of Greece, Rome, and Scandinavia, are usually categorized under the heading of mythology. Religions of pre-industrial peoples, or cultures in development, are similarly called myths in the anthropology of religion. The term myth can be used pejoratively by both religious and non-religious people. By defining another person's religious stories and beliefs as mythology, one implies that they are less real or true than one's own religious stories and beliefs. Joseph Campbell remarked, "Mythology is often thought of as other people's religions, and religion can be defined as misinterpreted mythology."

In sociology, however, the term myth has a non-pejorative meaning. There, myth is defined as a story that is important for the group, whether or not it is objectively or provably true. Examples include the resurrection of their real-life founder Jesus, which, to Christians, explains the means by which they are freed from sin, is symbolic of the power of life over death, and is also said to be a historical event. But from a mythological outlook, whether or not the event actually occurred is unimportant. Instead, the symbolism of the death of an old life and the start of a new life is most significant. Religious believers may or may not accept such symbolic interpretations.

The practices of a religion may include rituals, sermons, commemoration or veneration of a deity (god or goddess), sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trances, initiations, funerary services, matrimonial services, meditation, prayer, religious music, religious art, sacred dance, public service, or other aspects of human culture.

Social organisation

Religions have a societal basis, either as a living tradition which is carried by lay participants, or with an organized clergy, and a definition of what constitutes adherence or membership.

Academic study

A number of disciplines study the phenomenon of religion: theology, comparative religion, history of religion, evolutionary origin of religions, anthropology of religion, psychology of religion (including neuroscience of religion and evolutionary psychology of religion), law and religion, and sociology of religion.

Daniel L. Pals mentions eight classical theories of religion, focusing on various aspects of religion: animism and magic, by E.B. Tylor and J.G. Frazer; the psycho-analytic approach of Sigmund Freud; and further Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx, Max Weber, Mircea Eliade, E.E. Evans-Pritchard, and Clifford Geertz.

Michael Stausberg gives an overview of contemporary theories of religion, including cognitive and biological approaches.

Sociological and anthropological theories of religion generally attempt to explain the origin and function of religion. These theories define what they present as universal characteristics of religious belief and practice.

Origins and development

The origin of religion is uncertain. There are a number of theories regarding the subsequent origins of religious practices.

According to anthropologists John Monaghan and Peter Just, "Many of the great world religions appear to have begun as revitalization movements of some sort, as the vision of a charismatic prophet fires the imaginations of people seeking a more comprehensive answer to their problems than they feel is provided by everyday beliefs. Charismatic individuals have emerged at many times and places in the world. It seems that the key to long-term success-and many movements come and go with little long-term effect-has relatively little to do with the prophets, who appear with surprising regularity, but more to do with the development of a group of supporters who are able to institutionalize the movement."

The development of religion has taken different forms in different cultures. Some religions place an emphasis on belief, while others emphasize practice. Some religions focus on the subjective experience of the religious individual, while others consider the activities of the religious community to be most important. Some religions claim to be universal, believing their laws and cosmology to be binding for everyone, while others are intended to be practiced only by a closely defined or localized group. In many places, religion has been associated with public institutions such as education, hospitals, the family, government, and political hierarchies.

Anthropologists John Monoghan and Peter Just state that, "it seems apparent that one thing religion or belief helps us do is deal with problems of human life that are significant, persistent, and intolerable. One important way in which religious beliefs accomplish this is by providing a set of ideas about how and why the world is put together that allows people to accommodate anxieties and deal with misfortune."

Cultural system

While religion is difficult to define, one standard model of religion, used in religious studies courses, was proposed by Clifford Geertz, who simply called it a "cultural system". A critique of Geertz's model by Talal Asad categorized religion as "an anthropological category". Richard Niebuhr's (1894-1962) five-fold classification of the relationship between Christ and culture, however, indicates that religion and culture can be seen as two separate systems, though with some interplay.

Social constructionism

One modern academic theory of religion, social constructionism, says that religion is a modern concept that suggests all spiritual practice and worship follows a model similar to the Abrahamic religions as an orientation system that helps to interpret reality and define human beings. Among the main proponents of this theory of religion are Daniel Dubuisson, Timothy Fitzgerald, Talal Asad, and Jason Ānanda Josephson. The social constructionists argue that religion is a modern concept that developed from Christianity and was then applied inappropriately to non-Western cultures.

Cognitive science

Cognitive science of religion is the study of religious thought and behavior from the perspective of the cognitive and evolutionary sciences. The field employs methods and theories from a very broad range of disciplines, including: cognitive psychology, evolutionary psychology, cognitive anthropology, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, neurobiology, zoology, and ethology. Scholars in this field seek to explain how human minds acquire, generate, and transmit religious thoughts, practices, and schemas by means of ordinary cognitive capacities.

Hallucinations and delusions related to religious content occurs in about 60% of people with schizophrenia. While this number varies across cultures, this had led to theories about a number of influential religious phenomena and possible relation to psychotic disorders. A number of prophetic experiences are consistent with psychotic symptoms, although retrospective diagnoses are practically impossible. Schizophrenic episodes are also experienced by people who do not have belief in gods.

Religious content is also common in temporal lobe epilepsy, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Atheistic content is also found to be common with temporal lobe epilepsy.

Comparativism

Comparative religion is the branch of the study of religions concerned with the systematic comparison of the doctrines and practices of the world's religions. In general, the comparative study of religion yields a deeper understanding of the fundamental philosophical concerns of religion such as ethics, metaphysics, and the nature and form of salvation. Studying such material is meant to give one a richer and more sophisticated understanding of human beliefs and practices regarding the sacred, numinous, spiritual and divine.

In the field of comparative religion, a common geographical classification of the main world religions includes Middle Eastern religions (including Zoroastrianism and Iranian religions), Indian religions, East Asian religions, African religions, American religions, Oceanic religions, and classical Hellenistic religions.

Classification

In the 19th and 20th centuries, the academic practice of comparative religion divided religious belief into philosophically defined categories called world religions. Some academics studying the subject have divided religions into three broad categories:

1. world religions, a term which refers to transcultural, international religions;

2. indigenous religions, which refers to smaller, culture-specific or nation-specific religious groups; and

3. new religious movements, which refers to recently developed religions.

Some recent scholarship has argued that not all types of religion are necessarily separated by mutually exclusive philosophies, and furthermore that the utility of ascribing a practice to a certain philosophy, or even calling a given practice religious, rather than cultural, political, or social in nature, is limited. The current state of psychological study about the nature of religiousness suggests that it is better to refer to religion as a largely invariant phenomenon that should be distinguished from cultural norms (i.e. religions).[clarification needed ]

Morphological classification

Some scholars classify religions as either universal religions that seek worldwide acceptance and actively look for new converts, such as Christianity, Islam, Buddhism and Jainism, while ethnic religions are identified with a particular ethnic group and do not seek converts. Others reject the distinction, pointing out that all religious practices, whatever their philosophical origin, are ethnic because they come from a particular culture.

Demographic classification

The five largest religious groups by world population, estimated to account for 5.8 billion people and 84% of the population, are Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism (with the relative numbers for Buddhism and Hinduism dependent on the extent of syncretism) and traditional folk religion.

A global poll in 2012 surveyed 57 countries and reported that 59% of the world's population identified as religious, 23% as not religious, 13% as convinced atheists, and also a 9% decrease in identification as religious when compared to the 2005 average from 39 countries. A follow-up poll in 2015 found that 63% of the globe identified as religious, 22% as not religious, and 11% as convinced atheists. On average, women are more religious than men. Some people follow multiple religions or multiple religious principles at the same time, regardless of whether or not the religious principles they follow traditionally allow for syncretism. A 2017 Pew projection suggests that Islam will overtake Christianity as the plurality religion by 2075. Unaffiliated populations are projected to drop, even when taking disaffiliation rates into account, due to differences in birth rates.

Scholars have indicated that global religiosity may be increasing due to religious countries having higher birth rates in general.

Specific religions

Abrahamic religions are monotheistic religions which believe they descend from Abraham.

Judaism is the oldest Abrahamic religion, originating in the people of ancient Israel and Judah. The Torah is its foundational text, and is part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible. It is supplemented by oral tradition, set down in written form in later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud. Judaism includes a wide corpus of texts, practices, theological positions, and forms of organization. Within Judaism there are a variety of movements, most of which emerged from Rabbinic Judaism, which holds that God revealed his laws and commandments to Moses on Mount Sinai in the form of both the Written and Oral Torah; historically, this assertion was challenged by various groups. The Jewish people were scattered after the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE. Today there are about 13 million Jews, about 40 per cent living in Israel and 40 per cent in the United States. The largest Jewish religious movements are Orthodox Judaism ( Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism), Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism.

Christianity

Christianity is based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth (1st century) as presented in the New Testament. The Christian faith is essentially faith in Jesus as the Christ, the Son of God, and as Savior and Lord. Almost all Christians believe in the Trinity, which teaches the unity of Father, Son (Jesus Christ), and Holy Spirit as three persons in one Godhead. Most Christians can describe their faith with the Nicene Creed. As the religion of Byzantine Empire in the first millennium and of Western Europe during the time of colonization, Christianity has been propagated throughout the world via missionary work. It is the world's largest religion, with about 2.3 billion followers as of 2015. The main divisions of Christianity are, according to the number of adherents:

The Catholic Church, led by the Bishop of Rome and the bishops worldwide in communion with him, is a communion of 24 Churches , including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic churches, such as the Maronite Catholic Church.

Eastern Christianity, which include Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, and the Church of the East.

Protestantism, separated from the Catholic Church in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation and is split into thousands of denominations. Major branches of Protestantism include Anglicanism, Baptists, Calvinism, Lutheranism, and Methodism, though each of these contain many different denominations or groups.

There are also smaller groups, including:

Islam is a monotheistic religion based on the Quran, one of the holy books considered by Muslims to be revealed by God, and on the teachings (hadith) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, a major political and religious figure of the 7th century CE. Islam is based on the unity of all religious philosophies and accepts all of the Abrahamic prophets of Judaism, Christianity and other Abrahamic religions before Muhammad. It is the most widely practiced religion of Southeast Asia, North Africa, Western Asia, and Central Asia, while Muslim-majority countries also exist in parts of South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Europe. There are also several Islamic republics, including Iran, Pakistan, Mauritania, and Afghanistan.

Sunni Islam is the largest denomination within Islam and follows the Qur'an, the ahadith (ar: plural of Hadith) which record the sunnah, whilst placing emphasis on the sahabah.

Shia Islam is the second largest denomination of Islam and its adherents believe that Ali succeeded Muhammad and further places emphasis on Muhammad's family.

There are also Muslim revivalist movements such as Muwahhidism and Salafism.

Other denominations of Islam include Nation of Islam, Ibadi, Sufism, Quranism, Mahdavia, and non-denominational Muslims. Wahhabism is the dominant Muslim schools of thought in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Whilst Judaism, Christianity and Islam are commonly seen as the only three Abrahamic faiths, there are smaller and newer traditions which lay claim to the designation as well.

For example, the Baháʼí Faith is a new religious movement that has links to the major Abrahamic religions as well as other religions (e.g. of Eastern philosophy). Founded in 19th-century Iran, it teaches the unity of all religious philosophies and accepts all of the prophets of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as well as additional prophets (Buddha, Mahavira), including its founder Bahá'u'lláh. It is an offshoot of Bábism. One of its divisions is the Orthodox Baháʼí Faith.

Even smaller regional Abrahamic groups also exist, including Samaritanism (primarily in Israel and the State of Palestine), the Rastafari movement (primarily in Jamaica), and Druze (primarily in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel). The Druze faith originally developed out of Isma'ilism, and it has sometimes been considered an Islamic school by some Islamic authorities, but Druze themselves do not identify as Muslims. Mandaeism, sometimes also known as Sabianism (after the mysterious Sabians mentioned in the Quran, a name historically claimed by several religious groups), is a Gnostic, monotheistic and ethnic religion. Its adherents, the Mandaeans, consider John the Baptist to be their chief prophet. Mandaeans are the last surviving Gnostics from antiquity.

East Asian religions (also known as Far Eastern religions or Taoic religions) consist of several religions of East Asia which make use of the concept of Tao (in Chinese), Dō (in Japanese or Korean) or Đạo (in Vietnamese). They include:

Taoism and Confucianism

Taoism and Confucianism, as well as Korean, Vietnamese, and Japanese religion influenced by Chinese thought.

Folk religions

Chinese folk religion: the indigenous religions of the Han Chinese, or, by metonymy, of all the populations of the Chinese cultural sphere. It includes the syncretism of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism, Wuism, as well as many new religious movements such as Chen Tao, Falun Gong and Yiguandao.

Other folk and new religions of East Asia and Southeast Asia such as Korean shamanism, Chondogyo, and Jeung San Do in Korea; indigenous Philippine folk religions in the Philippines; Shinto, Shugendo, Ryukyuan religion, and Japanese new religions in Japan; Satsana Phi in Laos; Vietnamese folk religion, and Cao Đài, Hòa Hảo in Vietnam.

Indian religions

Indian religions are practiced or were founded in the Indian subcontinent. They are sometimes classified as the dharmic religions, as they all feature dharma, the specific law of reality and duties expected according to the religion.

Jainism, taught primarily by Rishabhanatha (the founder of ahimsa) is an ancient Indian religion that prescribes a path of non-violence, truth and anekantavada for all forms of living beings in this universe; which helps them to eliminate all the Karmas, and hence to attain freedom from the cycle of birth and death (saṃsāra), that is, achieving nirvana. Jains are found mostly in India. According to Dundas, outside of the Jain tradition, historians date the Mahavira as about contemporaneous with the Buddha in the 5th-century BCE, and accordingly the historical Parshvanatha, based on the c. 250-year gap, is placed in 8th or 7th century BCE.

Sikhism is a panentheistic religion founded on the teachings of Guru Nanak and ten successive Sikh gurus in 15th-century Punjab. It is the fifth-largest organized religion in the world, with approximately 30 million Sikhs. Sikhs are expected to embody the qualities of a Sant-Sipāhī-a saint-soldier, have control over one's internal vices and be able to be constantly immersed in virtues clarified in the Guru Granth Sahib. The principal beliefs of Sikhi are faith in -represented by the phrase , meaning one God, who prevails in everything, along with a praxis in which the Sikh is enjoined to engage in social reform through the pursuit of justice for all human beings.

Indigenous and folk

Indigenous religions or folk religions refers to a broad category of traditional religions that can be characterised by shamanism, animism and ancestor worship, where traditional means "indigenous, that which is aboriginal or foundational, handed down from generation to generation...". These are religions that are closely associated with a particular group of people, ethnicity or tribe; they often have no formal creeds or sacred texts. Some faiths are syncretic, fusing diverse religious beliefs and practices.

Folk religions are often omitted as a category in surveys even in countries where they are widely practiced, e.g. in China.

Traditional African

African traditional religion encompasses the traditional religious beliefs of people in Africa. In West Africa, these religions include the Akan religion, Dahomey (Fon) mythology, Efik mythology, Odinani, Serer religion (A ƭat Roog), and Yoruba religion, while Bushongo mythology, Mbuti (Pygmy) mythology, Lugbara mythology, Dinka religion, and Lotuko mythology come from central Africa. Southern African traditions include Akamba mythology, Masai mythology, Malagasy mythology, San religion, Lozi mythology, Tumbuka mythology, and Zulu mythology. Bantu mythology is found throughout central, southeast, and southern Africa. In north Africa, these traditions include Berber and ancient Egyptian.

There are also notable African diasporic religions practiced in the Americas, such as Santeria, Candomble, Vodun, Lucumi, Umbanda, and Macumba.

Iranian religions are ancient religions whose roots predate the Islamization of Greater Iran. Nowadays these religions are practiced only by minorities.

Zoroastrianism is based on the teachings of prophet Zoroaster in the 6th century BCE. Zoroastrians worship the creator Ahura Mazda. In Zoroastrianism, good and evil have distinct sources, with evil trying to destroy the creation of Mazda, and good trying to sustain it.

Kurdish religions include the traditional beliefs of the Yazidi, Alevi, and Ahl-e Haqq. Sometimes these are labeled Yazdânism.

New religious movements

The Baháʼí Faith teaches the unity of all religious philosophies.

Cao Đài is a syncretistic, monotheistic religion, established in Vietnam in 1926.

Eckankar is a pantheistic religion with the purpose of making God an everyday reality in one's life.

Epicureanism is a Hellenistic philosophy that is considered by many of its practitioners as a type of (sometimes non-theistic) religious identity. It has its own scriptures, a monthly "feast of reason" on the Twentieth, and considers friendship to be holy.

Hindu reform movements, such as Ayyavazhi, Swaminarayan Faith and Ananda Marga, are examples of new religious movements within Indian religions.

Japanese new religions (shinshukyo) is a general category for a wide variety of religious movements founded in Japan since the 19th century. These movements share almost nothing in common except the place of their founding. The largest religious movements centered in Japan include Soka Gakkai, Tenrikyo, and Seicho-No-Ie among hundreds of smaller groups.

Jehovah's Witnesses, a non-trinitarian Christian Reformist movement sometimes described as millenarian.

Neo-Druidism is a religion promoting harmony with nature, named after but not necessarily connected to the Iron Age druids.

Modern pagan movements attempting to reconstruct or revive ancient pagan practices, such as Heathenry, Hellenism, and Kemeticism

Noahidism is a monotheistic ideology based on the Seven Laws of Noah, and on their traditional interpretations within Rabbinic Judaism.

Some forms of parody religion or fiction-based religion like Jediism, Pastafarianism, Dudeism, "Tolkien religion", and others often develop their own writings, traditions, and cultural expressions, and end up behaving like traditional religions.

Satanism is a broad category of religions that, for example, worship Satan as a deity (Theistic Satanism) or use Satan as a symbol of carnality and earthly values (LaVeyan Satanism and The Satanic Temple).

Scientology is a religious movement that teaches that people are immortal beings who have forgotten their true nature. Its method of spiritual rehabilitation is a type of counseling known as auditing, in which practitioners aim to consciously re-experience and understand painful or traumatic events and decisions in their past in order to free themselves of their limiting effects.

UFO Religions in which extraterrestrial entities are an element of belief, such as Raëlism, Aetherius Society, and Marshall Vian Summers's New Message from God

Unitarian Universalism is a religion characterized by support for a free and responsible search for truth and meaning, and has no accepted creed or theology.

Wicca is a neo-pagan religion first popularised in 1954 by British civil servant Gerald Gardner, involving the worship of a God and Goddess.

Related aspects

The study of law and religion is a relatively new field, with several thousand scholars involved in law schools, and academic departments including political science, religion, and history since 1980. Scholars in the field are not only focused on strictly legal issues about religious freedom or non-establishment, but also study religions as they are qualified through judicial discourses or legal understanding of religious phenomena. Exponents look at canon law, natural law, and state law, often in a comparative perspective. Specialists have explored themes in Western history regarding Christianity and justice and mercy, rule and equity, and discipline and love. Common topics of interest include marriage and the family and human rights. Outside of Christianity, scholars have looked at law and religion links in the Muslim Middle East and pagan Rome.

Studies have focused on secularization. In particular, the issue of wearing religious symbols in public, such as headscarves that are banned in French schools, have received scholarly attention in the context of human rights and feminism.

Science acknowledges reason and empirical evidence; and religions include revelation, faith and sacredness whilst also acknowledging philosophical and metaphysical explanations with regard to the study of the universe. Both science and religion are not monolithic, timeless, or static because both are complex social and cultural endeavors that have changed through time across languages and cultures.

The concepts of science and religion are a recent invention: the term religion emerged in the 17th century in the midst of colonization and globalization and the Protestant Reformation. The term science emerged in the 19th century out of natural philosophy in the midst of attempts to narrowly define those who studied nature ( natural science), and the phrase religion and science emerged in the 19th century due to the reification of both concepts. It was in the 19th century that the terms Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, and Confucianism first emerged. In the ancient and medieval world, the etymological Latin roots of both science ( scientia) and religion ( religio) were understood as inner qualities of the individual or virtues, never as doctrines, practices, or actual sources of knowledge.

In general the scientific method gains knowledge by testing hypotheses to develop theories through elucidation of facts or evaluation by experiments and thus only answers cosmological questions about the universe that can be observed and measured. It develops theories of the world which best fit physically observed evidence. All scientific knowledge is subject to later refinement, or even rejection, in the face of additional evidence. Scientific theories that have an overwhelming preponderance of favorable evidence are often treated as verities in general parlance, such as the theories of general relativity and natural selection to explain respectively the mechanisms of gravity and evolution.

Religion does not have a method per se partly because religions emerge through time from diverse cultures and it is an attempt to find meaning in the world, and to explain humanity's place in it and relationship to it and to any posited entities. In terms of Christian theology and ultimate truths, people rely on reason, experience, scripture, and tradition to test and gauge what they experience and what they should believe. Furthermore, religious models, understanding, and metaphors are also revisable, as are scientific models.

Regarding religion and science, Albert Einstein states (1940): "For science can only ascertain what is, but not what should be, and outside of its domain value judgments of all kinds remain necessary. Religion, on the other hand, deals only with evaluations of human thought and action; it cannot justifiably speak of facts and relationships between facts...Now, even though the realms of religion and science in themselves are clearly marked off from each other, nevertheless there exist between the two strong reciprocal relationships and dependencies. Though religion may be that which determine the goals, it has, nevertheless, learned from science, in the broadest sense, what means will contribute to the attainment of the goals it has set up."

Many religions have value frameworks regarding personal behavior meant to guide adherents in determining between right and wrong. These include the Triple Jems of Jainism, Judaism's Halacha, Islam's Sharia, Catholicism's Canon Law, Buddhism's Eightfold Path, and Zoroastrianism's good thoughts, good words, and good deeds concept, among others.

Religion and morality are not synonymous. While it is "an almost automatic assumption," in Christianity, morality can have a secular basis.

The study of religion and morality can be contentious due to ethnocentric views on morality, failure to distinguish between in group and out group altruism, and inconsistent definitions of religiosity.

Religion has had a significant impact on the political system in many countries. Notably, most Muslim-majority countries adopt various aspects of sharia, the Islamic law. Some countries even define themselves in religious terms, such as The Islamic Republic of Iran. The sharia thus affects up to 23% of the global population, or 1.57 billion people who are Muslims. However, religion also affects political decisions in many western countries. For instance, in the United States, 51% of voters would be less likely to vote for a presidential candidate who did not believe in God, and only 6% more likely. Christians make up 92% of members of the US Congress, compared with 71% of the general public (as of 2014). At the same time, while 23% of U.S. adults are religiously unaffiliated, only one member of Congress ( Kyrsten Sinema, D-Arizona), or 0.2% of that body, claims no religious affiliation. In most European countries, however, religion has a much smaller influence on politics although it used to be much more important. For instance, same-sex marriage and abortion were illegal in many European countries until recently, following Christian (usually Catholic) doctrine. Several European leaders are atheists (e.g. France's former president Francois Hollande or Greece's prime minister Alexis Tsipras). In Asia, the role of religion differs widely between countries. For instance, India is still one of the most religious countries and religion still has a strong impact on politics, given that Hindu nationalists have been targeting minorities like the Muslims and the Christians, who historically[when? ] belonged to the lower castes. By contrast, countries such as China or Japan are largely secular and thus religion has a much smaller impact on politics.

Secularism

Secularization is the transformation of the politics of a society from close identification with a particular religion's values and institutions toward nonreligious values and secular institutions. The purpose of this is frequently modernization or protection of the populations religious diversity.

One study has found there is a negative correlation between self-defined religiosity and the wealth of nations. In other words, the richer a nation is, the less likely its inhabitants to call themselves religious, whatever this word means to them (Many people identify themselves as part of a religion (not irreligion) but do not self-identify as religious).

Sociologist and political economist Max Weber has argued that Protestant Christian countries are wealthier because of their Protestant work ethic. According to a study from 2015, Christians hold the largest amount of wealth (55% of the total world wealth), followed by Muslims (5.8%), Hindus (3.3%) and Jews (1.1%). According to the same study it was found that adherents under the classification Irreligion or other religions hold about 34.8% of the total global wealth (while making up only about 20% of the world population, see section on classification).

Mayo Clinic researchers examined the association between religious involvement and spirituality, and physical health, mental health, health-related quality of life, and other health outcomes. The authors reported that: "Most studies have shown that religious involvement and spirituality are associated with better health outcomes, including greater longevity, coping skills, and health-related quality of life (even during terminal illness) and less anxiety, depression, and suicide."

The authors of a subsequent study concluded that the influence of religion on health is largely beneficial, based on a review of related literature. According to academic James W. Jones, several studies have discovered "positive correlations between religious belief and practice and mental and physical health and longevity."

An analysis of data from the 1998 US General Social Survey, whilst broadly confirming that religious activity was associated with better health and well-being, also suggested that the role of different dimensions of spirituality/religiosity in health is rather more complicated. The results suggested "that it may not be appropriate to generalize findings about the relationship between spirituality/religiosity and health from one form of spirituality/religiosity to another, across denominations, or to assume effects are uniform for men and women.

Critics like Hector Avalos Regina Schwartz, Christopher Hitchens and Richard Dawkins have argued that religions are inherently violent and harmful to society by using violence to promote their goals, in ways that are endorsed and exploited by their leaders.[page needed ][page needed ]

Anthropologist Jack David Eller asserts that religion is not inherently violent, arguing "religion and violence are clearly compatible, but they are not identical." He asserts that "violence is neither essential to nor exclusive to religion" and that "virtually every form of religious violence has its nonreligious corollary."

Animal sacrifice

Some (but not all) religions practise animal sacrifice, the ritual killing and offering of an animal to appease or maintain favour with a deity. It has been banned in India.

Superstition

Greek and Roman pagans, who saw their relations with the gods in political and social terms, scorned the man who constantly trembled with fear at the thought of the gods ( deisidaimonia), as a slave might fear a cruel and capricious master. The Romans called such fear of the gods superstitio. Ancient Greek historian Polybius described superstition in ancient Rome as an instrumentum regni, an instrument of maintaining the cohesion of the Empire.

Superstition has been described as the non-rational establishment of cause and effect. Religion is more complex and is often composed of social institutions and has a moral aspect. Some religions may include superstitions or make use of magical thinking. Adherents of one religion sometimes think of other religions as superstition. Some atheists, deists, and skeptics regard religious belief as superstition.

The Roman Catholic Church considers superstition to be sinful in the sense that it denotes a lack of trust in the divine providence of God and, as such, is a violation of the first of the Ten Commandments. The Catechism of the Catholic Church states that superstition "in some sense represents a perverse excess of religion" (para. #2110). "Superstition," it says, "is a deviation of religious feeling and of the practices this feeling imposes. It can even affect the worship we offer the true God, e.g., when one attributes an importance in some way magical to certain practices otherwise lawful or necessary. To attribute the efficacy of prayers or of sacramental signs to their mere external performance, apart from the interior dispositions that they demand is to fall into superstition. Cf. Matthew 23:16-22" (para. #2111)

Agnosticism and atheism

The terms atheist (lack of belief in any gods) and agnostic (belief in the unknowability of the existence of gods), though specifically contrary to theistic (e.g. Christian, Jewish, and Muslim) religious teachings, do not by definition mean the opposite of religious. There are religions (including Buddhism, Taoism, and Hinduism), in fact, that classify some of their followers as agnostic, atheistic, or nontheistic. The true opposite of religious is the word irreligious. Irreligion describes an absence of any religion; antireligion describes an active opposition or aversion toward religions in general.

Interfaith cooperation

Because religion continues to be recognized in Western thought as a universal impulse, many religious practitioners[who? ] have aimed to band together in interfaith dialogue, cooperation, and religious peacebuilding. The first major dialogue was the Parliament of the World's Religions at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, which affirmed universal values and recognition of the diversity of practices among different cultures. The 20th century has been especially fruitful in use of interfaith dialogue as a means of solving ethnic, political, or even religious conflict, with Christian-Jewish reconciliation representing a complete reverse in the attitudes of many Christian communities towards Jews.

Recent interfaith initiatives include A Common Word, launched in 2007 and focused on bringing Muslim and Christian leaders together, the "C1 World Dialogue", the Common Ground initiative between Islam and Buddhism, and a United Nations sponsored "World Interfaith Harmony Week".

Culture and religion have usually been seen as closely related. Paul Tillich looked at religion as the soul of culture and culture as the form or framework of religion. In his own words:

Religion as ultimate concern is the meaning-giving substance of culture, and culture is the totality of forms in which the basic concern of religion expresses itself. In abbreviation: religion is the substance of culture, culture is the form of religion. Such a consideration definitely prevents the establishment of a dualism of religion and culture. Every religious act, not only in organized religion, but also in the most intimate movement of the soul, is culturally formed.

Ernst Troeltsch, similarly, looked at culture as the soil of religion and thought that, therefore, transplanting a religion from its original culture to a foreign culture would actually kill it in the same manner that transplanting a plant from its natural soil to an alien soil would kill it. However, there have been many attempts in the modern pluralistic situation to distinguish culture from religion. Domenic Marbaniang has argued that elements grounded on beliefs of a metaphysical nature (religious) are distinct from elements grounded on nature and the natural (cultural). For instance, language (with its grammar) is a cultural element while sacralization of language in which a particular religious scripture is written is more often a religious practice. The same applies to music and the arts.

Criticism of religion is criticism of the ideas, the truth, or the practice of religion, including its political and social implications.

References

Lao Tzu; Tao Te Ching (Victor H. Mair translator); Bantam (1998).

The Holy Bible, King James Version; New American Library (1974).

The Origin of Live & Death, African Creation Myths; Heinemann (1966).

Poems of Heaven and Hell from Ancient Mesopotamia; Penguin (1971).

Selected Work Marcus Tullius Cicero

Borg, J. (November 2003), "The Serotonin System and Spiritual Experiences", American Journal of Psychiatry, 160 (11): 1965-1969, doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.11.1965, PMID 14594742, S2CID 5911066

Brodd, Jeffrey (2003). World Religions. Winona, MN: Saint Mary's Press. ISBN 978-0-88489-725-5.

Yves Coppens, Origines de l'homme - De la matière à la conscience, De Vive Voix, Paris, 2010

Yves Coppens, La preistoria dell'uomo, Jaca Book, Milano, 2011

Dow, James W. (2007), A Scientific Definition of Religion Archived 22 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine

Dundas, Paul (2002) [1992], The Jains (Second ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-26605-5, archived from the original on 22 January 2017

Durkheim, Emile (1915). The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. London: George Allen & Unwin.

Geertz, Clifford (1993). "Religion as a cultural system". The interpretation of cultures: selected essays, Geertz, Clifford. London: Fontana Press. pp. 87-125.

Marija Gimbutas 1989. The Language of the Goddess. Thames and Hudson New York

Gonick, Larry; The Cartoon History of the Universe; Doubleday, vol. 1 (1978) ISBN 0-385-26520-4, vol. II (1994) ISBN 0-385-42093-5, W.W. Norton, vol. III (2002) ISBN 0-393-05184-6.

Haisch, Bernard The God Theory: Universes, Zero-point Fields, and What's Behind It All-discussion of science vs. religion (Preface), Red Wheel/Weiser, 2006, ISBN 1-57863-374-5

James, William (1902). The Varieties of Religious Experience. A Study in Human Nature. Longmans, Green, and Co.

Khanbaghi, A., The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran (IB Tauris; 2006) 268 pages. Social, political and cultural history of religious minorities in Iran, c. 226-1722 AD.

King, Winston, Religion [First Edition]. In: Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. Lindsay Jones. Vol. 11. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference US, 2005. pp. 7692-7701.

Korotayev, Andrey, World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations: A Cross-cultural Perspective, Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2004, ISBN 0-7734-6310-0.

Lynn, Richard; Harvey, John; Nyborg, Helmuth (2009). "Average intelligence predicts atheism rates across 137 nations". Intelligence. 37: 11-15. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2008.03.004.

McKinnon, Andrew M. (2002), "Sociological Definitions, Language Games and the 'Essence' of Religion" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Method & theory in the study of religion, vol 14, no. 1, pp. 61-83.

Massignon, Louis (1949). "Les trois prières d'Abraham, père de tous les croyants". Dieu Vivant. 13: 20-23.

Palmer, Spencer J., et al. Religions of the World: a Latter-day Saint [Mormon] View. 2nd general ed., tev. and enl. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University, 1997. xv, 294 p., ill. ISBN 0-8425-2350-2

Pals, Daniel L. (2006), Eight Theories of Religion, Oxford University Press

Ramsay, Michael, Abp. Beyond Religion? Cincinnati, Ohio: Forward Movement Publications, (cop. 1964).

Saler, Benson; "Conceptualizing Religion: Immanent Anthropologists, Transcendent Natives, and Unbounded Categories" (1990), ISBN 1-57181-219-9

Schuon, Frithjof. The Transcendent Unity of Religions, in series, Quest Books. 2nd Quest ... rev. ed. Wheaton, Ill.: Theosophical Publishing House, 1993, cop. 1984. xxxiv, 173 p. ISBN 0-8356-0587-6

Segal, Robert A (2005). "Theories of Religion". In Hinnells, John R. (ed.). The Routledge Companion to the Study of Religion. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 49-60.

Stausberg, Michael (2009), Contemporary Theories of religion, Routledge

Wallace, Anthony F.C. 1966. Religion: An Anthropological View. New York: Random House. (pp. 62-66)

The World Almanac (for numbers of adherents of various religions), 2005

Further reading

Saint Augustine; The Confessions of Saint Augustine (John K. Ryan translator); Image (1960), ISBN 0-385-02955-1.

Barzilai, Gad; Law and Religion; The International Library of Essays in Law and Society; Ashgate (2007), ISBN 978-0-7546-2494-3

Bellarmine, Robert (1902). "Sermon 48: The Necessity of Religion." . Sermons from the Latins. Benziger Brothers.

James, Paul & Mandaville, Peter (2010). Globalization and Culture, Vol. 2: Globalizing Religions. London: Sage Publications.

Lang, Andrew; The Making of Religion. Third Edition. Longmans, Green, and Co. (1909).

Marx, Karl; "Introduction to A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right", Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher, (1844).

Noss, John B.; Man's Religions, 6th ed.; Macmillan Publishing Co. (1980). N.B.: The first ed. appeared in 1949, ISBN 9780023884306. OCLC 4665144.

Inglehart, Ronald F., "Giving Up on God: The Global Decline of Religion", Foreign Affairs, vol. 99, no. 5 (September / October 2020), pp. 110-118.

External links

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Religion is a range of social- cultural systems, including designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relate humanity to supernatural, transcendental, and spiritual elements-although there is no scholarly consensus over what precisely constitutes a religion.

# data[].attributes.body
Marcos un señor de 55 años fue a pedir trabajo a una tienda departamental de cargador , el asegura que esta en condiciones de trabajar ya que siempre ha trabajado de eso toda su vida , pero al final no lo contrataron ya que buscan a una persona joven y con más fuerza ya que la empresa teme que el señor se lastime al estar trabajando.

# data[].attributes.body
Manuel es un adulto que tiene 40 años laborando en la empresa, desde hace mucho se debió jubilar sin embargo desea continuar con su empleo a pesar de que muchas cosas se han actualizado, ya que está acostumbrado a trabajar y siente que si deja de hacerlo se enfermara.

# data[].attributes.body
Marco es un señor de 70 años, el ha cumplido 30 años en su trabajo, pero un día lo comenzaron a tratar mal, pues hubo cambio de jefes y el es que llevaba mas tiempo en la empresa, el era repartidor de piezas de automóviles, lo fastidiaban mucho pues tardaba mas en buscar las direcciones, cuando se implemento el cobro con terminal, el no entendía como hacerlo, pero tampoco le explicaban y nadie lo ayudaba, el señor opto por renunciar, pues sentía ya no ser útil para el trabajo.

# data[].attributes.body
Juanita es una mujer de 60 años, que con la pandemia se vio afectada en el área laboral, ya que al ser una persona de la tercera edad se encuentra en los grupos vulnerables. Al volver a la nueva normalidad, le notifican que por cambias de administración se toma la decisión de darle de baja en la empresa.

# data[].attributes.headline
Los compañeros de trabajo de Yolanda, se burlan de ella por ser testigo de jehova, muchas veces la agreden verbalmente así mismo, poniéndole de más en sus trabajos, siempre buscándole conflictos a Yolanda, provocándole y así ser despedida. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Los compañeros de trabajo de Yolanda, se burlan de ella por ser testigo de jehova, muchas veces la agreden verbalmente así mismo, poniéndole de más en sus trabajos, siempre buscándole conflictos a Yolanda, provocándole y así ser despedida. 

# data[].attributes.body
Manuel de 60 años quiere trabajar en un super mercado en el puesto de carga y descarga, se le proporciona a Manuel otros tipos de puesto en donde puede trabajar como recepcionista, empacador, etc, pero este se niega ya que no es lo que solicita

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Alberto es un señor de 63 años de edad que está a punto de jubilarse de la empresa debido a que ha bajado su rendimiento, sin embargo, sus aportaciones en la empresa han servido de mucha ayuda para el éxito de la misma.
Arturo que es un jovencito de 23 años aspira a tener el puesto que actualmente ocupa Alberto, sin embargo su falta de experiencia laboral no le permite competir por la vacante

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Carlos es un líder productivo en una empresa, sin embargo, Carlos ya tiene 56 años y la empresa observa que su productividad en los últimos años no ha sido la misma a cuando era joven, la empresa comienza a plantear la idea de buscar un nuevo líder productivo más joven que tenga la energía y capacidad para no descuidar todas las actividades.

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En un restaurante se solicita a personal que sea específicamente de una sola religión ya que con anterioridad han tenido diversos problemas con sus trabajadores que asisten a sus reuniones en días que se laboran y estos días no se pueden dar libres o de descanso.

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Paula, es una mujer musulmana que llegó a EUA para encontrar mejores oportunidades de vida, sin embargo, lleva año y medio buscando empleo en ese país y siempre ha sido rechazada, las primeras veces por su vestimenta, las demás veces por la información que tiene en las redes sociales, en donde abierta y orgullosamente describe lo mucho que ama su religión, en una ocasión, uno de los entrevistadores le dijo abiertamente que sería mejor ocultar esa información, ya que los estadounidenses rechazan esa religión, pues lo relacionan con los terroristas, y que claramente en ese lugar tampoco sería contratada.

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Roberto de 56 años fue rechazado al aplicar a un puesto vacante de una empresa, pues esta requiere de personas "activas" con nuevas ideas, y que sean rápidas de accionar.

# data[].attributes.body
Juan trabaja en una empresa de comercio, lo cual los gerentes consideran despedirlo debido a que la edad de Juan es muy avanzada, con las nuevas actualizaciones en las computadoras a Juan se le complica aprender con facilidad, se le olvida los códigos y como capturar los productos. Entonces, consideran que el señor de 58 años no debería de trabajar en la empresa.

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Andrés de 58 años, es un hombre que le gusta trabajar, no desea quedarse en casa, por lo que cuida mucho de su empleo, es puntual y responsable, ahora en la empresa han integrado unas nuevas maquinas, a él de por si se le complicaba usar el mouse y las teclas, ahora con las laptop se desespera mucho, sin embargo, no quiere abandonar su empleo.