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Children are more sensitive to hypothermia because of their increased surface area-volume ratio.

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Optimum temperature for homeostatic processes to take place

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Optimum temperature for homeostatic processes to take place

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The human body maintains the temperature that enzymes work best, which is around 37°C.

36.5 - 37.5 is the narrow window of optimum body temperature

At 43°C and above, cells are irreparably damaged and enzymes denatured, rendering death a certainty (Marieb and Hoehn, 2010)

Conversely, as temperature drops, cellular processes become sluggish and the metabolic rate falls. (Nursing times, 2012)

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Babies are not as adaptable as adults to temperature change. A baby's body surface is about three times greater than an adult's, compared to the weight of his/her body. Babies can lose heat rapidly, as much as four times more quickly than adults.

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Potential effects on temperature of being cared for in the HDU environment 

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Potential effects on temperature of being cared for in the HDU environment 

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In the critically ill population, thermoregulation is often disrupted. This may be inadvertent (e.g. hypothermia in a trauma patient), part of a disease process such as fever for the therapeutic benefit, such as induced hypothermia after cardiac arrest. The close monitoring, manipulation and regulation of body temperature forms and important part of the care of critically ill patients

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Keep patient dry

Keep patient away from draughts

Keep patient away from cold surfaces

Keep blinds closed

Monitor temperature - ensure accurate readings

Only give antipyretics if child is distressed/uncomfortable. Antipyretics do not control fever.

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Body temperature and the thermoregulatory centre - Homeostasis in humans - AQA - GCSE Biology (Single Science) Revision - AQA - BBC Bitesize

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Learn about homeostasis in humans and the conditions for biological function for GCSE Biology, AQA.

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Temperature within the body varies; in a body in homeostasis (normal health state) the ‘core’ temperature is maintained within a range of 36-37.5 degsC (Aun, 1997). In this state the body is said to be ‘normothermic’.

Thermoregulation - is the maintenance of a particular body temperature, regardless of changes in the environment (Tortora and Grabowski, 2002).

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Homeostasis - Part 3: temperature regulation. | Nursing Times

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Abstract VOL: 102, ISSUE: 16, PAGE NO: 20 Brendan Docherty, MSc, PGCE, RN, is patient access manager, executive director’s unit, Prince of Wales Hospital,

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S01E04 - Treating Fevers and the Concerning Fever

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Listen to this episode from Two Paeds in a Podcast on Spotify. In the fourth part of our fevers series we cover non-medical ways of reducing a fever, medication that can be used and add a bit of our personal experience regarding treatment of fevers in children.

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Traffic light Guidelines on Fever in under 5's 

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Traffic light Guidelines on Fever in under 5's 

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https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng143/resources/support-for-education-and-learning-educational-resource-traffic-light-table-pdf-6960664333

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https://dontforgetthebubbles.com/hot-garbage-mythbusting-fever-children/

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3 ways to take a child's temperature with a thermometer accurately

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Mechanisms for measuring and optimising temperature

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Mechanisms for measuring and optimising temperature

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Mechanisms for measuring and optimizing temperature 

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Mechanisms for measuring and optimizing temperature 

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Children aged 4 weeks - 5 years old:

Electronic axillary Thermometer

Chemical dot axillary

Single use Disposable

Infrared Tympanic Thermometer

Pull ear canal up and back to reach tympanic membrane

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Evaporation:
Heat loss occurring during conversion of liquid to vapour, --Sweat, incontinence Wet or oozing dressings. Keep patient dry, Remove wet clothing, replace wet dressings if appropriate

Convection: Transfer of heat from the body surface to the surrounding air via air current,
-Air drafts in room ,Relocate patient away from draughts, close door

Conduction: Transfer of heat from one solid object to another solid object in direct contact
-Cold blankets, cold weighing scales, Cover cold surfaces with pre-warmed towel or blanket

Radiation: Transfer of heat to cooler solid objects not in direct contact with the body
-Nearby cold windows or walls | Relocate patient away from cold surfaces Close blinds on window

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Potential effects on temperature of being cared for in HDU

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Potential effects on temperature of being cared for in HDU

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Davies and Maconochie (2009) found that on average an increase of 1 degree on temp, can increase heart rate by 10 bpm

Traumatic brain injury or congential CNS malformation may cause recurrent, temporary elevations in body temperature
Some hypothalamic lesions may result in low body temperature.

Some medications (vasopressors or sedatives), parenteral fluids, blood transfusions, dialysis, anesthesia can all impact a child's ability to regulate their body temperature

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The higher the temperature dose not mean the illness is more serious.

Fever is a sign that the body is fighting off infection

Body raises its core temperature as a defense mechanism to kill off the bugs and bacteria in the patient

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The severity of the temperature has no correlation to the seriousness of the illness