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Academic Kids: The Environmental Movement

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Academic Kids: The Environmental Movement

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From Academic Kids

Environmental movement is a term often used for any social or political movement directed towards the preservation, restoration, or enhancement of the natural environment. Here are some of the most prominent and well-defined examples:

Scope of the movement

The Conservation movement which sought to protect biodiversity on traditional aesthetic and spiritual grounds.

Environmental health movement dating at least to Rachel Carson, and more related to nutrition, preventive medicine, aging well and other concerns specific to the human body's well-being. In these the natural environment is of interest mostly as an early warning system for what may happen to humans.

Ecology movement which focused on Gaia theory, value of Earth and other interrelations between human sciences and human responsibilities. Its spinoff Deep Ecology was more spiritual but often claimed to be science.

Environmental Justice is a movement that began in the U.S. in the 1980s and seeks an end to environmental racism. Often, low-income and minority communities are located close to highways, garbage dumps, and factories, where they are exposed to greater pollution and environmental health risk than the rest of the population. The Environmental Justice movement seeks to link "social" and "ecological" environmental concerns, while at the same time keeping environmentalists conscious of the dynamics in their own movement, i.e. racism, sexism, homophobia, classism, and other malaises of dominant culture.

Environmental versus Conservation movement

By contrast with the early conservation movement, environmentalists did not lobby for parks or human exclusion from "the wild". They did not see humans as apart from nature. Conservation of ecosystems is part of the concerns of the more recent environmental movement

Rationale for the Environmental movement

A report publihed in 1972 by the Club of Rome called Limits to Growth outlined some of the concerns of the environmentalists. Another report called The Global 2000 Report to the President, released later by the Council on Environmental Quality, reported similar findings but was largely ignored.

More recently the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment gives the movement vindication.

Criticism

Critics hold that the environment is in better shape than the environmental movement claims. Most notably, political scientist Bjørn Lomborg has argued in his book The Skeptical Environmentalist that on most fronts such as pollution and biodiversity loss, the negative news has been greatly exaggerated. His opponents counter that he has used evidence selectively to present a distorted picture.

In the ( 20th century, American Ayn Rand criticized the environmental movement on philosophical grounds, considering it to be the opponent of human morality, creativity and industry. While carefully differentiating and not attacking the old American conservation movement, in her book "The New Left: The Anti-Industrial Revolution", 1971 http://www.vix.com/objectivism/Bibliography/AynRand.html#TheNewLeft), she scoffed that the environmental movement was attempting to re-create the Garden of Eden. Some took her critique as a compliment. The popular techno-thriller writer Michael Crichton has recently expressed many of the same views, particularly in a number of speeches in the last few years and in his book State of Fear.

History

See: Environmental movement in New Zealand, Environmental movement in the United States

Environmental rights

Many environmental lawsuits turn on the question of who has standing; are the legal issues limited to property owners, or does the general public have a right to intervene? Christopher D. Stone's 1972 essay, " Should trees have standing?" seriously addressed the question of whether natural objects themselves should have legal rights, including the right to participate in lawsuits. Stone suggested that there was nothing absurd in this view, and noted that many entities now regarded as having legal rights were, in the past, regarded as "things" that were regarded as legally rightless; for example, aliens, children and women. His essay is sometimes regarded as an example of the fallacy of hypostatization.

Role of science

Today it is the science of ecology, rather than any aesthetic goals, that provide the basis of unity to most environmentalists. All would accept some level of scientific input into decisions about biodiversity or forest use. Conservation biology is an important and rapidly developing field.

Most would generally deny that there is such a thing as " environmentalism" and consider that phrase an invention of enemies.

One way to avoid the stigma of an "ism" was to evolve early anti-nuclear groups into the more scientific Green Parties, sprout new NGOs such as Greenpeace and Earth Action, and devoted groups to protecting global biodiversity and preventing climate change. But in the process, much of the emotional appeal, and many of the original aesthetic goals were lost - these groups have well-defined ethical and political views, backed by hard science.

Renewed focus on local action

However, the environmental movement today persists in many smaller local groups, usually within ecoregions, furthering spiritual and aesthetic values Thoreau or those who rewrote Chief Seattle's Reply would recognize. Some resemble the old U.S. conservation movement - whose modern expression is the Sierra Club, Audubon Society and National Geographic Society - American organizations with a worldwide influence.

These "politically neutral" groups tend to avoid global conflicts and view the settlement of inter-human conflict as separate from regard for nature - in direct contradiction to the ( ecology movement and peace movement which have increasingly close links: While Green Parties and Greenpeace, and groups like the ACTivist Magazine http://www.activistmagazine.com) for example, regard ecology, biodiversity and an end to non-human extinction as absolutely basic to peace, the local groups may not, and may see a high degree of global competition and conflict as justifiable if it lets them preserve their own local uniqueness. This seems selfish to some. However, such groups tend not to "burn out" and to sustain for long periods, even generations, protecting the same local treasures. The Water Keepers Alliance is a good example of such a group that sticks to local questions.

The visions and confusions, however, persist. The new tribalist vision of society for example echoes the concerns of the original environmentalists to a degree. And the more local groups increasingly find that they benefit from collaboration, e.g. on consensus decision making methods, or making simultaneous policy, or relying on common legal resources, or even sometimes a common glossary. However, the differences between the various groups that make up the modern environmental movement tend to outweigh such similarities, and they rarely co-operate directly except on a few major global questions.

Environmentalism and religion

See also

External links

de:Umweltschutz ru:Энвайронментализм zh:环境保护sv:Miljörörelsen

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Environmental movement is a term often used for any social or political movement directed towards the preservation, restoration, or enhancement of the natural environment. Here are some of the most prominent and well-defined examples: The Conservation movement which sought to protect biodiversity on traditional aesthetic and spiritual grounds.

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How Young Climate Crisis Activists Changed the World

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How Young Climate Crisis Activists Changed the World

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How Young Climate Crisis Activists Changed the World | NowThis

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The Power of Black Lives Matter Movement

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The Power of Black Lives Matter Movement

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The power of the Black Lives Matter movement

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10 Black History Facts Everyone should know

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10 Black History Facts Everyone should know

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10 Black History Facts Every Kid—and Parent—Should Know

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These 10 facts will inspire kids to learn about the great contributions of Black people not just during Black History Month, but all year long.

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Black History Month may be over, but Black history continues to feature heavily in Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis' cynical, mean-spirited political stratagems.

The governor has weaponized Black history for some time in his still unofficial presidential bid. Most notably with the signing into law of the dog-whistle-heavy Stop WOKE Act last year, which forbids teaching A.P. African American studies in Florida classrooms. And more recently with hand-picking New College of Florida trustees, who recently voted to dismantle that institution's diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) programs.

But we give DeSantis too much credit if we frame the struggle over Black history as his personal hobby horse. The effort to hide the truth of Black people's history is older than the nation itself. The governor has only hitched his wagon to it.

Over several years, lawmakers seeking to reverse decades of progress have moved aggressively to ban, repress, or outlaw the novels, scholarship, and curricula produced by Black, queer, and other marginalized communities. The excuses politicians like DeSantis, Iowa Gov. Kim Reynolds, Texas Gov. Greg Abbott and Virginia Gov. Glenn Youngkin, give range from questioning these materials' educational value to decrying a perceived "political agenda."

But how does an incomplete, inaccurate education omitting Black contributions serve society?

For far too long, Black people's vast contributions were sidelined in the U.S. history canon-scantily taught during the month of February. Integrating African American studies as a discipline into that canon benefits us because telling the truth about our country, both past and present, is vital to building a more perfect union.

If they were honest, policymakers seeking to quash such curricula would admit that teaching the extraordinary history of Black people requires young people to also learn the history and continued legacy of White racial terrorism. It requires the children of White families to learn how their neighborhoods, schools and business districts became-and often remain-predominantly White.

The collective health of the nation and future of our democracy depends on expanding access to knowledge about its accomplishments, complexity, and yes, violence. African American Studies and Black history offer us a gift: fields of study that hold both the truth and the ambition of this nation's past and present.

As educators with years of experience, degrees in African and African American studies, and advanced degrees in education and education policy, we understand the power of curriculum. Rigorous curricula that shape students into critical thinkers who approach problem-solving with reason, analysis and compassion, are less susceptible to manipulation, and are more likely to become cutting-edge innovators. These characteristics are crucial for every effort to reimagine and redesign a society now facing extensive threats and challenges. The work undertaken by any future advocate, activist, or policymaker in education, housing, public health, economic development, law, and especially public safety, demand these abilities.

African American studies as an academic discipline, and including Black history more broadly in education gives students a playbook by those who helped remake the world.

Imagine how future health officials might approach their practice with knowledge gained about bodily autonomy from Black queer theorists like Dr. Roderick Ferguson and Black feminist theorists such as professor Kimberlé Crenshaw. How might future leaders redefine and redesign what public safety means if they understand the community service and safety programs of Ida B. Wells' Negro Fellowship League?

The country has always balked at Black people's audacity to demand their rightful place, prioritizing what scholar Jason Stanley calls "a mythologized history." This affront to critical thinking can only lead to a passive republic that may eventually cease to exist at all.

True democracy requires the active participation of well-informed citizens, whether they live in Florida or anywhere else. When we deny citizens-young or fully grown-the right to the truth, we undermine what we claim to uphold.

Black history is everyone's history. Those trying to hide this fact are threatening the entire democratic experiment that matters to all of us.

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COMMENTARY | How does an incomplete, inaccurate education omitting Black contributions serve society?

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Designer Kari Johnson examines the Black Lives Matter movement.

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The Women's Rights Movement (Second Wave)

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Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) fell just short of the 38 states required for ratification by the 1982 deadline set by Congress. Recently, however, activists have pushed to revive the campaign to ratify the ERA, arguing that the constitution does not require deadlines for the ratification of amendments. As a result of these efforts, in January 2020, Virginia became the 38th state to approve the ERA, and in February 2020, the US House of Representatives voted to remove the 1982 deadline for the ERA's ratification. Women's rights activists hope that the ERA now has another chance to become a part of the US Constitution, formally guaranteeing women equal rights to men. However, the Senate has not yet voted to approve the extension of the ratification deadline, and several lawsuits both for and against the ERA are already entering the courts.

Whether or not the ERA becomes a part of the Constitution as a result of the current process, it is important for students to learn about the amendment. This Teaching Idea provides an overview of the ERA and an opportunity for students to explore some of the history behind the struggle around its ratification.

1. What Is the Equal Rights Amendment?

Place your students in small groups and share the main text of the Equal Rights Amendment with them:

Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

Ask each group to work together to write an explanation of the amendment in their own words. When students have finished, give some groups an opportunity to share their explanations with the class.

Then, play the CBS video Virginia Approves Equal Rights Amendment for your students to give them context on the history of the ERA and the current effort to ratify it. (Note: Several key developments have occurred around the ERA since this video was published on January 16, 2020. Briefly share the recent events with your students, such as the fact that the House of Representatives has voted to remove the 1982 deadline for the ratification of the ERA, and that several states are debating revoking their ratification.)

After watching the video, ask your students:

What is the significance of the Virginia legislature's vote to approve the ERA?

What obstacles remain in the way of the ERA becoming a part of the Constitution?

Finally, ask students to reflect on the significance of the ERA in their journals, by using the 3Ys thinking routine. Ask them:

Why might the passage of this amendment matter to me?

Why might it matter to people around me, for example, my family or friends?

Why might it matter to the United States as a whole?

2. Why Did the Equal Rights Amendment Fail to Pass in 1982?

Explain to your students the context of the last major effort to pass the ERA, which took place in the 1970s. Share with them that Congress passed the ERA in 1972 with broad bipartisan support. For the ERA to become a part of the Constitution, however, it needed to be ratified by a minimum of 38 (three-quarters) of the states. Within a year, 30 states ratified the ERA, but then conservative activists organized in opposition to the ERA, most notably Phyllis Schlafly. Congress extended the deadline for ratification to 1982, but by that year, only 35 of the 38 required states had ratified the ERA.

Use the Big Paper discussion strategy to help students explore some of the historical arguments for and against the passage of the ERA. Write the following questions on the board:

What were some of the arguments for and against the passage of the ERA in the 1960s and 1970s?

What information in the texts do you find surprising, interesting, or troubling?

Place students into small groups and explain the Big Paper strategy to them. Give half of the groups the first text and the other half the second text. Ask them to discuss their text silently for ten minutes, using the question on the board to guide their conversation. Then, ask the groups to swap their paper with another group that has the other text. Students should then spend five minutes silently discussing the second text. After students finish with the second text, allow them to discuss the two texts out loud in their small groups. Finally, discuss the two texts as a class. Ask your students:

What is the state of women's rights in the United States today?

Can you think of any current examples relating to women's rights that either support or refute any of the arguments made in the two texts?

The following is an excerpt from a speech Representative Shirley Chisholm made to the US House of Representatives in 1969.

As in the field of equal rights for blacks, Spanish-Americans, the Indians, and other groups, laws will not change such deep-seated problems overnight but they can be used to provide protection for those who are most abused, and to begin the process of evolutionary change by compelling the insensitive majority to reexamine its unconscious attitudes.

It is for this reason that I wish to introduce today a proposal that has been before every Congress for the last 40 years and that sooner or later must become part of the basic law of the land-the equal rights amendment . . . .

Existing laws are not adequate to secure equal rights for women. Sufficient proof of this is the concentration of women in lower paying, menial, unrewarding jobs and their incredible scarcity in the upper level jobs. If women are already equal, why is it such an event whenever one happens to be elected to Congress?

It is obvious that discrimination exists. Women do not have the opportunities that men do. And women that do not conform to the system, who try to break with the accepted patterns, are stigmatized as ''odd'' and "unfeminine." The fact is that a woman who aspires to be chairman of the board, or a Member of the House, does so for exactly the same reasons as any man. Basically, these are that she thinks she can do the job and she wants to try.

The following is an excerpt from a newsletter that the anti-ERA activist Phyllis Schlafly wrote in 1972:

In the last couple of years, a noisy movement has sprung up agitating for "women's rights." Suddenly, everywhere we are afflicted with aggressive females on television talk shows yapping about how mistreated American women are, suggesting that marriage has put us in some kind of "slavery," that housework is menial and degrading, and-perish the thought-that women are discriminated against . . . .

Why should we trade in our special privileges and honored status for the alleged advantage of working in an office or assembly line? Most women would rather cuddle a baby than a typewriter or factory machine. Most women find that it is easier to get along with a husband than a foreman or office manager. Offices and factories require many more menial and repetitious chores than washing dishes and ironing shirts. Women's [rights advocates] do not speak for the majority of American women. American women do not want to be liberated from husbands and children. We do not want to trade our birthright of the special privileges of American women-for the mess of pottage called the Equal Rights Amendment.

Additional Resources

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The Equal Rights Amendment: A 97-Year Struggle

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Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) fell just short of the 38 states required for ratification by the 1982 deadline set by Congress.

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Rose Winslow movement to ratify the 19th Amendment

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Rose Winslow movement to ratify the 19th Amendment

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5 Decades of Environmentalism: 1969--2019

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A blog dedicated to environmental education, sustainability, educational technology, & innovation for anyone concerned about our future.

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Civil Rights Turning Points Every Decade

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Civil Rights Turning Points Every Decade

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Civil Rights Turning Points in Every Decade | History by The Decade

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A Living History of the LGBT Movement Since The 1800s

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Colette Pichon Battle: Climate change will displace millions. Here's how we prepare

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Scientists predict climate change will displace more than 180 million people by 2100 -- a crisis of "climate migration" the world isn't ready for, says disaster recovery lawyer and Louisiana native Colette Pichon Battle.

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CHICAGO (WLS) -- A 2015 U.S. Supreme Court decision legalized gay marriage. But 25 years ago today President Clinton signed the Defense of Marriage Act, defining marriage as a legal union between one man and one woman

DOMA overwhelmingly passed both chambers of Congress before heading to Clinton's desk.

"It was at a time when politicians were using the lives of same-sex couples, lesbian and gay people, bisexuals as a political football," said Camilla Taylor, litigation director at Lambda Legal, which focuses on civil rights for the LGBT community.

The law also mandated states that banned same-sex marriages did not have to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states.

"What that law told me as a young person coming out to myself and to others was that I was a second-class citizen in this country," said Brian C. Johnson, the CEO of Equality Illinois.

The U.S. Supreme Court struck down DOMA's definition of marriage in 2013. And in 2015 it ruled that the Constitution grants same-sex couples the right to marry.

"I am grateful for the opportunity to be married," said Kat Hindmand, who married her wife 5 years ago on their 20th anniversary of becoming a couple.

Johnson and his husband have a 3-year-old daughter. He said he's thankful how far this country has come on same-sex marriage.

*"There is hardly a day that goes by that I don't wake up in absolute wonder and gratitude for the life I have," he said.

But some LGBTQ rights activists warn some challenges remain for same-sex couples.

"There's still lots of battles for hearts and minds when it comes to LGBTQ people," said Kim L. Hunt, the executive director of the Pride Action Tank.

Taylor said some are working to turn back progress on marriage equality.

"Recently anti-gay advocates just last week put in a brief before the Supreme Court asking the Supreme Court to revisit its decision in 2015," she said.

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Same-sex couples reflect on progress since the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act

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CHICAGO (WLS) -- A 2015 U.S. Supreme Court decision legalized gay marriage. But 25 years ago today President Clinton signed the Defense of Marriage Act, defining marriage as a legal union between one man and one woman DOMA overwhelmingly passed both chambers of Congress before heading to Clinton's desk.

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Jim Crow Laws

During Reconstruction, Black people took on leadership roles like never before. They held public office and sought legislative changes for equality and the right to vote.

In 1868, the 14th Amendment to the Constitution gave Black people equal protection under the law. In 1870, the 15th Amendment granted Black American men the right to vote. Still, many white Americans, especially those in the South, were unhappy that people they'd once enslaved were now on a more-or-less equal playing field.

To marginalize Black people, keep them separate from white people and erase the progress they'd made during Reconstruction, " Jim Crow " laws were established in the South beginning in the late 19th century. Black people couldn't use the same public facilities as white people, live in many of the same towns or go to the same schools. Interracial marriage was illegal, and most Black people couldn't vote because they were unable to pass voter literacy tests.

Jim Crow laws weren't adopted in northern states; however, Black people still experienced discrimination at their jobs or when they tried to buy a house or get an education. To make matters worse, laws were passed in some states to limit voting rights for Black Americans.

Moreover, southern segregation gained ground in 1896 when the U.S. Supreme Court declared in Plessy v. Ferguson that facilities for Black and white people could be "separate but equal."

World War II and Civil Rights

Prior to World War II, most Black people worked as low-wage farmers, factory workers, domestics or servants. By the early 1940s, war-related work was booming, but most Black Americans weren't given better-paying jobs. They were also discouraged from joining the military.

After thousands of Black people threatened to march on Washington to demand equal employment rights, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 on June 25, 1941. It opened national defense jobs and other government jobs to all Americans regardless of race, creed, color or national origin.

Black men and women served heroically in World War II, despite suffering segregation and discrimination during their deployment. The Tuskegee Airmen broke the racial barrier to become the first Black military aviators in the U.S. Army Air Corps and earned more than 150 Distinguished Flying Crosses. Yet many Black veterans were met with prejudice and scorn upon returning home. This was a stark contrast to why America had entered the war to begin with-to defend freedom and democracy in the world.

As the Cold War began, President Harry Truman initiated a civil rights agenda, and in 1948 issued Executive Order 9981 to end discrimination in the military. These events helped set the stage for grass-roots initiatives to enact racial equality legislation and incite the civil rights movement.

Rosa Parks

On December 1, 1955, a 42-year-old woman named Rosa Parks found a seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus after work. Segregation laws at the time stated Black passengers must sit in designated seats at the back of the bus, and Parks complied.

When a white man got on the bus and couldn't find a seat in the white section at the front of the bus, the bus driver instructed Parks and three other Black passengers to give up their seats. Parks refused and was arrested.

As word of her arrest ignited outrage and support, Parks unwittingly became the "mother of the modern-day civil rights movement." Black community leaders formed the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) led by Baptist minister Martin Luther King Jr., a role which would place him front and center in the fight for civil rights.

Parks' courage incited the MIA to stage a boycott of the Montgomery bus system. The Montgomery Bus Boycott lasted 381 days. On November 14, 1956, the Supreme Court ruled segregated seating was unconstitutional.

Little Rock Nine

In 1954, the civil rights movement gained momentum when the United States Supreme Court made segregation illegal in public schools in the case of Brown v. Board of Education. In 1957, Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas asked for volunteers from all-Black high schools to attend the formerly segregated school.

On September 4, 1957, nine Black students, known as the Little Rock Nine, arrived at Central High School to begin classes but were instead met by the Arkansas National Guard (on order of Governor Orval Faubus) and a screaming, threatening mob. The Little Rock Nine tried again a couple of weeks later and made it inside, but had to be removed for their safety when violence ensued.

Finally, President Dwight D. Eisenhower intervened and ordered federal troops to escort the Little Rock Nine to and from classes at Central High. Still, the students faced continual harassment and prejudice.

Their efforts, however, brought much-needed attention to the issue of desegregation and fueled protests on both sides of the issue.

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Even though all Americans had gained the right to vote, many southern states made it difficult for Black citizens. They often required prospective voters of color to take literacy tests that were confusing, misleading and nearly impossible to pass.

Wanting to show a commitment to the civil rights movement and minimize racial tensions in the South, the Eisenhower administration pressured Congress to consider new civil rights legislation.

On September 9, 1957, President Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 into law, the first major civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. It allowed federal prosecution of anyone who tried to prevent someone from voting. It also created a commission to investigate voter fraud.

Sit-In at Woolworth's Lunch Counter

Despite making some gains, Black Americans still experienced blatant prejudice in their daily lives. On February 1, 1960, four college students took a stand against segregation in Greensboro, North Carolina when they refused to leave a Woolworth's lunch counter without being served.

Over the next several days, hundreds of people joined their cause in what became known as the Greensboro sit-ins. After some were arrested and charged with trespassing, protesters launched a boycott of all segregated lunch counters until the owners caved and the original four students were finally served at the Woolworth's lunch counter where they'd first stood their ground.

Their efforts spearheaded peaceful sit-ins and demonstrations in dozens of cities and helped launch the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to encourage all students to get involved in the civil rights movement. It also caught the eye of young college graduate Stokely Carmichael, who joined the SNCC during the Freedom Summer of 1964 to register Black voters in Mississippi. In 1966, Carmichael became the chair of the SNCC, giving his famous speech in which he originated the phrase "Black power."

Freedom Riders

On May 4, 1961, 13 " Freedom Riders"-seven Black and six white activists-mounted a Greyhound bus in Washington, D.C., embarking on a bus tour of the American south to protest segregated bus terminals. They were testing the 1960 decision by the Supreme Court in Boynton v. Virginia that declared the segregation of interstate transportation facilities unconstitutional.

Facing violence from both police officers and white protesters, the Freedom Rides drew international attention. On Mother's Day 1961, the bus reached Anniston, Alabama, where a mob mounted the bus and threw a bomb into it. The Freedom Riders escaped the burning bus but were badly beaten. Photos of the bus engulfed in flames were widely circulated, and the group could not find a bus driver to take them further. U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy (brother to President John F. Kennedy) negotiated with Alabama Governor John Patterson to find a suitable driver, and the Freedom Riders resumed their journey under police escort on May 20. But the officers left the group once they reached Montgomery, where a white mob brutally attacked the bus. Attorney General Kennedy responded to the riders-and a call from Martin Luther King Jr.-by sending federal marshals to Montgomery.

On May 24, 1961, a group of Freedom Riders reached Jackson, Mississippi. Though met with hundreds of supporters, the group was arrested for trespassing in a "whites-only" facility and sentenced to 30 days in jail. Attorneys for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP) brought the matter to the U.S. Supreme Court, which reversed the convictions. Hundreds of new Freedom Riders were drawn to the cause, and the rides continued.

In the fall of 1961, under pressure from the Kennedy administration, the Interstate Commerce Commission issued regulations prohibiting segregation in interstate transit terminals

March on Washington

Arguably one of the most famous events of the civil rights movement took place on August 28, 1963: the March on Washington. It was organized and attended by civil rights leaders such as A. Philip Randolph, Bayard Rustin and Martin Luther King Jr.

More than 200,000 people of all races congregated in Washington, D. C. for the peaceful march with the main purpose of forcing civil rights legislation and establishing job equality for everyone. The highlight of the march was King's speech in which he continually stated, "I have a dream..."

King's " I Have a Dream" speech galvanized the national civil rights movement and became a slogan for equality and freedom.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964-legislation initiated by President John F. Kennedy before his assassination -into law on July 2 of that year.

King and other civil rights activists witnessed the signing. The law guaranteed equal employment for all, limited the use of voter literacy tests and allowed federal authorities to ensure public facilities were integrated.

Bloody Sunday

On March 7, 1965, the civil rights movement in Alabama took an especially violent turn as 600 peaceful demonstrators participated in the Selma to Montgomery march to protest the killing of Black civil rights activist Jimmie Lee Jackson by a white police officer and to encourage legislation to enforce the 15th amendment.

As the protesters neared the Edmund Pettus Bridge, they were blocked by Alabama state and local police sent by Alabama Governor George C. Wallace, a vocal opponent of desegregation. Refusing to stand down, protesters moved forward and were viciously beaten and teargassed by police and dozens of protesters were hospitalized.

The entire incident was televised and became known as " Bloody Sunday." Some activists wanted to retaliate with violence, but King pushed for nonviolent protests and eventually gained federal protection for another march.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

When President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act into law on August 6, 1965, he took the Civil Rights Act of 1964 several steps further. The new law banned all voter literacy tests and provided federal examiners in certain voting jurisdictions.

It also allowed the attorney general to contest state and local poll taxes. As a result, poll taxes were later declared unconstitutional in Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections in 1966.

Part of the Act was walked back decades later, in 2013, when a Supreme Court decision ruled that Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act was unconstitutional, holding that the constraints placed on certain states and federal review of states' voting procedures were outdated.

Civil Rights Leaders Assassinated

The civil rights movement had tragic consequences for two of its leaders in the late 1960s. On February 21, 1965, former Nation of Islam leader and Organization of Afro-American Unity founder Malcolm X was assassinated at a rally.

On April 4, 1968, civil rights leader and Nobel Peace Prize recipient Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated on his hotel room's balcony. Emotionally-charged looting and riots followed, putting even more pressure on the Johnson administration to push through additional civil rights laws.

Fair Housing Act of 1968

The Fair Housing Act became law on April 11, 1968, just days after King's assassination. It prevented housing discrimination based on race, sex, national origin and religion. It was also the last legislation enacted during the civil rights era.

The civil rights movement was an empowering yet precarious time for Black Americans. The efforts of civil rights activists and countless protesters of all races brought about legislation to end segregation, Black voter suppression and discriminatory employment and housing practices.

Sources

A Brief History of Jim Crow. Constitutional Rights Foundation.
Civil Rights Act of 1957. Civil Rights Digital Library.
Document for June 25th: Executive Order 8802: Prohibition of Discrimination in the Defense Industry. National Archives.
Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit-In. African American Odyssey.
Little Rock School Desegregation (1957). The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute Stanford.
Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute Stanford.
Rosa Marie Parks Biography. Rosa and Raymond Parks.
Selma, Alabama, (Bloody Sunday, March 7, 1965). BlackPast.org.
The Civil Rights Movement (1919-1960s). National Humanities Center.
The Little Rock Nine. National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior: Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site.
Turning Point: World War II. Virginia Historical Society.

Photo Galleries

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Civil Rights Movement: Timeline, Key Events & Leaders | HISTORY

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The civil rights movement was a struggle for justice and equality for African Americans that took place mainly in the 1950s and 1960s. Among its leaders were Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, the Little Rock Nine, Rosa Parks and many others.

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Highlights some of the most notable events in American History where great strides and victories were made for civil rights and equality for all people. This infographic is intended for educational or...

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Highlights some of the most notable events in American History where great strides and victories were made for civil rights and equality for all people. This infographic is intended for educational or...

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History >> Civil Rights for Kids

African-American Civil Rights Movement

March on Washington Aug 28, 1963
from the United States Information Agency

The African-American Civil Rights Movement was an ongoing fight for racial equality that took place for over 100 years after the Civil War. Leaders such asMartin Luther King, Jr., Booker T. Washington, and Rosa Parks paved the way for non-violent protests which led to changes in the law. When most people talk about the "Civil Rights Movement" they are talking about the protests in the 1950s and 1960s that led to the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Background

The Civil Rights Movement has its background in the abolitionist movement before theCivil War. Abolitionists were people that thought slavery was morally wrong and wanted it to come to an end. Before the Civil War, many of the northern states had outlawed slavery. During the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln freed the enslaved with the Emancipation Proclamation. After the war, slavery was made illegal with the thirteenth amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

Segregation and the Jim Crow Laws

Jim Crow Drinking Fountain
by John Vachon

After the Civil War, many southern states continued to treat African-Americans as second class citizens. They implemented laws that kept black people separate from white people. These laws became known as Jim Crow laws. They required separate schools, restaurants, restrooms, and transportation based on the color of a person's skin. Other laws prevented many black people from voting.

Early Protests

In the early 1900s, black people began to protest the Jim Crow laws that southern states were implementing to enforce segregation. Several African-American leaders such as W.E.B. Du Bois and Ida B. Wells joined together to found the NAACP in 1909. Another leader, Booker T. Washington, helped to form schools to educate African-Americans in order to improve their status in society.

The Movement Grows

The civil rights movement gained momentum in the 1950s when theSupreme Court ruled that segregation in schools was illegal in the case of Brown v. Board of Education. Federal troops were brought in to Little Rock, Arkansas to allow the Little Rock Nine to attend a previously all white high school.

Major Events in the Movement

The 1950's and early 1960's brought about several major events in the fight for the civil rights of African-Americans. In 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for not giving up her seat on the bus to a white passenger. This sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott which lasted for over a year and brought Martin Luther King, Jr. to the forefront of the movement. King led a number of non-violent protests including the Birmingham Campaign and the March on Washington.

Lyndon Johnson signing Civil Rights Act
by Cecil Stoughton

Civil Rights Act of 1964

In 1964, the Civil Rights Act was signed into law byPresident Lyndon Johnson. This act outlawed segregation and the Jim Crow laws of the south. It also outlawed discrimination based on race, national background, and gender. Although there were still many issues, this law gave the NAACP and other organizations a strong base on which to fight discrimination in the courts.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

In 1965, another law was passed called the Voting Rights Act. This law said that citizens could not be denied the right to vote based on their race. It outlawed literacy tests (a requirement that people be able to read) and poll taxes (a fee that people had to pay to vote).

Interesting Facts about the African-American Civil Rights Movement

The Civil Rights Act was originally proposed by President John F. Kennedy.

The 1968 Civil Rights Act, also known as the Fair Housing Act, outlawed discrimination in the selling or renting of housing.

The National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis, Tennessee was once the Lorraine Motel, where Martin Luther King, Jr. was shot and killed in 1968.

Today, African-Americans have been elected or appointed to the highest positions in the U.S. government including Secretary of State (Colin Powell and Condoleezza Rice) and President (Barack Obama).

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History >> Civil Rights for Kids

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Kids learn about the history of the African-American Civil Rights Movement including segregation, Jim Crow laws, protests, Martin Luther King, and the passage of the Civil Rights Act.

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Dolores Huerta is the fearless labor activist who coined the positive protest slogan 'si se puede'

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This prezi presentation will help you understand the purpose of "The Chicano Movement"

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The Chicano Movement Education : The Walkouts The Chicano Student Movement was formed as a result of the educational inequality that Mexican-Americans faced during this time period. Many schools in America were segregated, and so, Mexican American students were not receiving same

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East L.A. walkouts | Summary, 1968, Demands, Significance, Aftermath, & Facts

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East L.A. walkouts, social protest in March 1968 in which thousands of Mexican American high-school students walked out of classes in Los Angeles, protesting inequality in the public education system. The walkouts contributed to the wider Chicano movement seeking civil rights reform for Latinos.

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VOCES | The Chicano Rights Movement | Season 2018 | Episode 1 | PBS

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Between Two Worlds:  Black Women and the fight for voting rights 

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Between Two Worlds:  Black Women and the fight for voting rights 

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Was there ever a time when your voice wasn't being heard?

During the 19th and 20th centuries, Black women played an active role in the struggle for universal suffrage. They participated in political meetings and organized political societies. African American women attended political conventions at their local churches where they planned strategies to gain the right to vote. In the late 1800s, more Black women worked for churches, newspapers, secondary schools, and colleges, which gave them a larger platform to promote their ideas.

But in spite of their hard work, many people didn't listen to them. Black men and white women usually led civil rights organizations and set the agenda. They often excluded Black women from their organizations and activities. For example, the National American Woman Suffrage Association prevented Black women from attending their conventions. Black women often had to march separately from white women in suffrage parades. In addition, when Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony wrote the History of Woman Suffrage in the 1880s, they featured white suffragists while largely ignoring the contributions of African American suffragists. Though Black women are less well remembered, they played an important role in getting the Fifteenth and Nineteenth Amendments passed.

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Between Two Worlds: Black Women and the Fight for Voting Rights (U.S. National Park Service)

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Was there ever a time when your voice wasn't being heard? During the 19th and 20th centuries, Black women played an active role in the struggle for universal suffrage. They participated in political meetings and organized political societies. African American women attended political conventions at their local churches where they planned strategies to gain the right to vote.

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On June 4th, 1919, Congress passed the 19th Amendment, guaranteeing all women the right to vote. It would be another year, in August of 1920, before enough states ratified the amendment for it to become law.

Women's suffrage took more than seven decades of political struggle, and included marches, hunger strikes, and arrests. And, like political campaigns of today, it required a lot of money. While women like Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were on the front lines of the movement, there were other women working behind the scenes to fund it.

"We don't tend to teach about the suffrage movement as a major lobbying force, a major well-funded organization in American political history - but it was," said Corrine McConnaughy, an associate professor of political science at George Washington University, and author of "The Woman Suffrage Movement in America: A Reassessment".

"You're talking money on the order of what the major political parties had to spend," said McConnaughy. "This is this is not just a few ladies sitting around signing petitions."

Groups like the National Woman's Party kept careful records of donations that came in from all over the country. Joan Marie Johnson, author of "Funding Feminism: Monied Women, Philanthropy, and the Women's Movement, 1870-1967," found records including "a typewritten 200-page list of all of the donors who gave to the organization between 1930 and 1920 and they're recording gifts from 25 cents a dollar all the way up to Mrs. Alva Vanderbilt Belmont's $76,000 that she gave over the course of that time."

There were a number of wealthy women who Johnson said "clearly had outsized power through their financial contributions. And in some respects that caused tensions within the movement."

The financial break for the suffragists came in 1914, when wealthy widow Mrs. Miriam (Frank) Leslie left her estate - worth more than a million dollars even then - to the movement. With the million or so that remained after legal challenges from the family, the suffragists did what interest groups in Washington do to this day: They hired a bunch of lobbyists.

These women descended on Capitol Hill to persuade members of Congress to support the 19th Amendment, building a lobbying operation from scratch.

"They began keeping note cards on all of the congressmen, and they would go in to see the senators and keep notes and give each other advice," said Johnson. "Things like 'Don't go see a senator right before lunch - he's too hungry and he's not going to pay attention to you,' but also 'Don't close the door when you're in the office of a senator alone.'"

Suffragists also used the money to publish their own newspapers, cartoons, and silent films - an effort to counter the anti-suffrage messages in some mainstream press, and in popular culture.

Women work in the offices of "The Suffragist" weekly / Library of Congress

"They are running their own propaganda machine," said McConnaughy. "And in some sense [they] have an understanding that being seen as too politically savvy, or too politically sophisticated, or too much embedded in partisan politics might be bad for the cause."

But not all were represented in these grand strategies. Sarah Bryner, research director at the Center for Responsive Politics, points out that the wealthy, white women who bankrolled the movement also shaped who was included in the outcome.

"So the wives of wealthy railroad tycoons and people who had access to power were the ones negotiating the discussions about who would be able to have access to power in a post suffrage world.

There were many black women active in the suffrage movement, and there are records of Madame C.J. Walker, who made her fortune in hair care, hosting meetings for black suffragists in her home in Indiana.

Madam CJ Walker hosted black suffragists at her home in Indiana./ Madam Walker Family Archives

"She not only knew people who were suffragists and who were participating, she also was supporting it," said A'Lelia Bundles, Walker's descendant and biographer.

But the history of the suffrage movement is rife with racism, from demands black women march in the back of a 1913 parade rather than with their state delegations, to Susan B. Anthony stating she "will cut off this right arm of mine before I will ever work or demand the ballot for the Negro and not the woman."

And while they eventually gained enfranchisement for themselves, many of the woman leading and financing the suffrage movement didn't push to end exclusionary practices like poll taxes or literacy tests, which continued to restrict voting for black and poor women for decades to come.

A 1998 recording of the suffrage song, "Daughters of Freedom, the Ballot be Yours". Performed by the "Music for the Nation" Singers at the Library of Congress.

Correction (June 5, 2019): In a previous version of this article, A'Lelia Bundles's name was misspelled. The text has been corrected. There's a lot happening in the world. Through it all, Marketplace is here for you.
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On June 4th, 1919, Congress passed the 19th Amendment, guaranteeing all women the right to vote. It would be another year, in August of 1920, before enough states ratified the amendment for it to become law. Women's suffrage took more than seven decades of political struggle, and included marches, hunger strikes, and arrests.

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Tanisha C. Ford, Class of 2023 Fellow, is Professor of History at the Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), and an award-winning writer and cultural critic committed to social justice.

In this extended Q&A from The Fifth Draft - the National Fellows Program's newsletter featuring exclusive content about and from our Fellows - Ford talks more about her forthcoming book project that uncovers the power of money within the Civil Rights Movement.

Sign up for The Fifth Draft to hear how the world's best storytellers find ideas that change the world.
Your fellowship project will be a book that uncovers the secret webs of money, power, and social influence that bolstered the Civil Rights Movement. What inspired the project?
A few years ago, I read Harry Belafonte's memoir, My Song. He tells an intriguing story about a phone call he received from a leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), saying they needed the present-day equivalent of $500,000 to keep their Mississippi-based voter registration drive afloat. Belafonte and his wife Julie set about hosting in-home fundraisers attended by their wealthy friends to raise the cash. He collects $700,000. Belafonte enlists his best friend Sidney Poitier to board a small Cessna with him, to sneak a suitcase with the cash into Greenwood, Mississippi. The clandestine trip was successful, and SNCC can continue its work. My jaw dropped. I realized I knew nothing about how money was raised or by whom. And if I, a Civil Rights Movement historian, didn't know this - and hadn't even thought about it - the everyday American didn't either.
The book will be largely structured around the philanthropic career of Mollie Moon. Who is she and what attracted you to her story?
Mollie Moon is a Mississippi-born activist who founded the National Urban League Guild in 1942. The guild was the fundraising arm of the National Urban League. As the Civil Rights Movement intensified, Mollie established other guilds across the country. At the time of her death, in 1990, she was said to have raised more than $3 million for the National Urban League, spearheading countless voting rights, equal housing and labor campaigns. Her story was different from Belafonte's, but they were connected in that they relied upon the same network of monied Black and white Americans. But Mollie did it with a level of glamor that I wanted to interrogate. She hosted galas and art shows. Who were these events for? What were the stakes for poor and working-class African Americans? I wanted to know all the things. I've devoted years to piecing together Mollie Moon's story.
This project incorporates what you have described as "visions of black grandeur." What role do these images play in telling the overall story of Black Americans and the fight for racial justice?
Mollie understood then something we say all the time now: Representation matters. Part of her strategy was to depict African Americans in ways that didn't overemphasize Black struggle and lack. She was deeply invested in Black leisure and luxury. She believed Black people deserve nice things and should have equal access to luxury hotels, theaters, and high-end department stores. Her fundraising events were designed for working-class Harlemites to experience this form of opulence and then demand that they be treated as full citizens. Of course, this approach was understandably met with backlash from radical activists who believed Moon was merely reproducing capitalist logics for Black folks. My book aims to hold both political perspectives in tension to demonstrate how fraught the fight for racial and economic justice was in the civil rights era.
The central theme of your project is money, something which is often considered a social taboo. How do reservations about discussing money shape our understanding of history? What biases do you hope your book will challenge?
Our favorite stories about the movement grip us because they appeal to our learned belief that social movements erupt organically from seismic shifts in social and political life. In this formulation, money is an afterthought. But there is another, grimier story. Voter registration drives, freedom buses, breakfast programs, and legal campaigns cost cash. Where does the money come from? We have been reluctant to ask, because where there's money, there's the danger that someone has "sold out." Yet without a willingness to dive into this muck, we're doomed to repeat the same inaccurate crisis funding narratives that have real implications on an array of economic policies. I want to tell a story of African American resistance and fiscal savvy. It is my hope that my book will persuade key white decision-makers that for truly anti-racist economic policies to succeed, they must cede some of their privilege.

"I want to tell a story of African American resistance and fiscal savvy."
Your project explores the often unquestioned positive status of philanthropy. What implications does this hold for social and political issues funded by philanthropists today?
One of my main goals is to dissociate the term "philanthropy" with "white billionaire." Dating back to 1990, studies have consistently shown that African Americans donate more money than their peers of other races in the same income bracket. However, histories of philanthropy typically chronicle wealthy families. And this exorbitantly rich 1 percent isn't as generous as it claims to be. A 2020 study published in the Chronicle of Philanthropy has shown that nonprofits run by women of color receive less funding from high-net-worth individuals, and are even disadvantaged by tax-law. Ms. Foundation for Women's landmark 2020 study found that of the $66.9 billion given by foundations, only 5 percent went toward funding initiatives for women and girls of color. Despite pronouncements about a commitment to anti-racism, in practice, African Americans are not central to the social change matrix powered by major foundations. This reality won't change until America has an honest reckoning with its past.

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Tanisha C. Ford, Class of 2023 Fellow, is Professor of History at the Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), and an award-winning writer and cultural critic committed to social justice.

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Learn about the Chicano Movement of the 1960s and 1970s with this historical overview.

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A mosaic of environmental causes across health and justice, climate and energy, clean air and water, ... [+]
Mosaic

Historically, the environmental movement has followed the Golden Rule: the ones with the gold make the rules. Foundations get to decide who gets funding and will be best equipped to advance their agendas, and don't always know their blindspots. This has often led to the critique that the environmental movement cares more about polar bears than people-and leaves frontline organizations on the sidelines when it comes to funding.

This question is critical because there is so little funding available for climate change and environmental issues, period-and that which is disbursed often fails to center communities of color. Out of the $730 billion in U.S. philanthropic giving in 2019, less than 2 percent went to climate change mitigation, according to a 2020 ClimateWorks Global Intelligence report. And a recent New School Study found that of the $1.34 billion awarded to 12 environmental funders working in the Gulf and Midwest, only 1.3% went to environmental justice-focused groups.

Mosaic is one effort seeking to shift this dynamic, by changing who gets funded and how such choices are made. Launched in 2020, Mosaic supports environmental movement infrastructure, the shared advocacy tools and networks considered fundamental to the capacity, alignment, and success of social movements. Director Katie Robinson describes the organization as "a national participatory grant-making effort, led by a diverse Governance Assembly that includes a super-majority of grassroots and NGO representatives, working together with funder participants." She added, "We are oriented around community and collaboration, not silos or single issues. And we seek to fund the missing tools and relationships between activists and organizations reflecting the full breadth of the environmental movement, because it will take all to win. Through our participatory funding model, we harness the shared insights of a diverse group of field leaders who select the most impactful projects to build the power to meet the pace and scale of change today."

Today, Mosaic is announcing that they are disbursing over $6M to support 47 coalition-centered projects proposed by 226 co-applicants. And critically, 85% of these grants are being provided to people of color-led organizations, with 87% of organizations also being women-led. These projects are unique in that they empower actors not traditionally recognized as climate and environmental leaders to take action-highlighting the ways in which climate change truly impacts us all. The full list of projects can be found here, including:

Building Nursing Capacity to Advance Health Equity and Climate Justice - This grant is designed to engage and support the nation's largest group of healthcare professionals, 4.2 million nurses, in moving from interest to action to address climate change. This grant supports the creation of a "network of networks" to scale impact on equitable climate action, centered in a partnership between the national Alliance of Nurses for Healthy Environments and the Nursing Collaborative, which includes 14 national nursing organizations and academic institutions, including the American Academy of Nursing, Association of Public Health Nurses, National Association of Hispanic Nurses, and the National League for Nursing.

Building Nursing Capacity to Advance Health Equity and Climate Justice seeks to solidify a ... [+]
Building Nursing Capacity to Advance Health Equity and Climate Justice

The Ten Rivers Project - Waterkeepers Alabama (WAL) is a coalition of ten water advocacy organizations protecting watersheds across Alabama. These rivers flow through some of the nation's most impoverished and environmentally vulnerable communities. WAL members are the guardians of the states' waters, conducting routine patrols and water testing and providing a wealth of information for the public, local businesses, and other decision-makers.

Grantees at Three Rivers.
Waterkeepers Alabama/Ten Rivers Project

Rights of Nature Tribal Governance - Rights of Nature Tribal Governance is a legal expression of Indigenous worldviews for a sustainable and regenerative future. This project has deepened networks and alliances with partner organizations and tribes interested in exploring Rights of Nature, assembled a Working Group Advisory Board of 28 tribal leaders, grassroots organizers, and legal experts, as well as the development of a Rights of Nature Toolkit for tribal organizers and elected officials. This project aims to continue offering technical support to tribes that are in the process of adopting Rights of Nature laws, gathering case studies for best practices, revising the toolkit, additional outreach to grow the movement, and increasing overall public awareness through a multi- media campaign.

Rights of Nature governance offers a new legal and philosophical toolkit to prevent the destruction ... [+]
Rights of Tribal Nature Governance

Whats unique is not just who is being funded, but how participants were selected. Mosaic has tried to move away from the dynamic whereby foundation staff and boards are the only ones making decisions (especially when 92% of foundation presidents are white). Instead, they spent two years with over 100 movement leaders thinking about how to structure decision-making, landing on a 15-member Governance Assembly that is multi-stakeholder and has the power to make all grant decisions.

The majority of members are women and people of color. They serve three-year terms and are compensated for their time. Most members are part of movement organizations that range from the very large, like the Sierra Club and National Wildlife Federation, to frontline organizations like The Chisholm Legacy Project, Asian Pacific Environmental Network (APEN), and Alianzas Nacional de Campesinas. "The beauty of a participatory grantmaking model like Mosaic is that we're able to utilize the expertise of field-leaders from across the environmental movement - not just in an advisory role, but as decision-makers with a direct line to the diverse needs of the movement," said Jacqueline Patterson, Founder and Executive Director at The Chisholm Legacy Project. "That expertise is essential to building the collective power of the environmental movement and philanthropy needs much more of it if we're going to advance a winning environmental strategy."

Over 685 projects were submitted to Mosaic for consideration totaling $180M-implying that there is plenty of room for other environmental funders to jump in and support more community-driven, people of color centered projects. "If one part of the environmental movement is underfunded, the entire movement suffers," said Angela Mahecha, Director at Tishman Center Environmental Justice Movement Fellowship. "Mosaic's focus on resourcing historically underfunded grassroots and frontline infrastructure efforts is not just the right thing to do - it's critical to bolstering a winning movement."

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Who Decides Matters: How The Environmental Movement Is Democratizing And Diversifying

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Historically, the environmental movement has followed the Golden Rule: the ones with the gold make the rules. Foundations get to decide who gets funding and will be best equipped to advance their agendas, and don't always know their blindspots.

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Executive Order Would Protect Taxpayer Funds and LGBT Americans According to New Issue Brief

Washington, D.C., APRIL 9, 2013 - American taxpayers send almost $300 billion per year in federal contract dollars to businesses in states that have not yet passed laws to protect lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) Americans from workplace discrimination, according to a new brief released today. Subsidizing discrimination with taxpayer money is a lose/lose proposition for taxpayers and LGBT employees-and it breaks America's basic bargain that workers will judged and rewarded based on their contributions and capabilities, according to the brief's authors: the Center for American Progress, Freedom to Work, the Human Rights Campaign, the Movement Advancement Project, and Out & Equal Workplace Advocates.

Issue Brief: The Need for an Executive Order details how in 2012 alone, $249 billion was awarded to businesses in states that have no state-level nondiscrimination protections for sexual orientation, and a total of $293 billion contract dollars flowed to businesses in states with no protections for gender identity/expression. In addition:

Of the 25 states in which businesses received $5 billion of more in federal contracts, a substantial majority (60%) have no employment protections based on sexual orientation. And, more than two-thirds (68%) have no employment nondiscrimination laws explicitly covering gender identity.

73% of the American public supports equal job opportunities for gay and transgender employees.

"With no federal employment protections, too many LGBT workers are at risk of losing their jobs and their livelihoods," said HRC President Chad Griffin. "The permanent solution is to pass an inclusive ENDA. In the meantime, we hope President Obama will issue an executive order prohibiting federal contractors from discriminating against LGBT Americans."

"With no federal law protecting LGBT workers against discrimination, an executive order would fill the significant gaps in protections that leave far too many workers without a job to support themselves and their family. Should President Obama take action, we would likely reach a tipping point in terms of nondiscrimination coverage for the LGBT workforce. With broad support from the public, even from a majority of Republicans, workplace nondiscrimination should be a no-brainer," said Winnie Stachelberg, Executive Vice President of External Affairs at the Center for American Progress.

"With the stroke of a pen, President Obama can protect American taxpayers and LGBT employees," said Tico Almeida, President of Freedom to Work. "More than 175,000 Americans have already signed Freedom to Work's online petition because they don't want our government to subsidize corporations where talented employees fear getting fired just because of who they are or who they love."

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The Center for American Progress is a nonpartisan research and educational institute dedicated to promoting a strong, just and free America that ensures opportunity for all. We believe that Americans are bound together by a common commitment to these values and we aspire to ensure that our national policies reflect these values. We work to find progressive and pragmatic solutions to significant domestic and international problems and develop policy proposals that foster a government that is "of the people, by the people, and for the people."

Freedom to Work is a national organization committed to banning workplace harassment and career discrimination against lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, and transgender Americans through public education, policy analysis, and legal work.

The Human Rights Campaign is America's largest civil rights organization working to achieve lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender equality. By inspiring and engaging all Americans, HRC strives to end discrimination against LGBT citizens and realize a nation that achieves fundamental fairness and equality for all.

MAP's mission is to provide independent and rigorous research, insight and communications that help speed equality and opportunity for all. MAP works to ensure that all people have a fair chance to pursue health and happiness, earn a living, take care of the ones they love, be safe in their communities, and participate in civic life.

Out & Equal Workplace Advocates is committed to creating safe and equitable workplace environments for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender employees. We believe that people should be judged by the work they do, not by their sexual orientation or gender identity. Every day, we work to protect and empower employees to be productive and successful-so they can support themselves, their families, and contribute to achieving a world free of discrimination for everyone.

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Federal Government Funnels Almost $300 Billion Each Year to Businesses in States that Allow Workplace Discrimination

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Executive Order Would Protect Taxpayer Funds and LGBT Americans According to New Issue BriefWashington, D.C., APRIL 9, 2013 - American taxpayers send almost $300 billion per year in federal contract dollars to businesses in states that have not yet passed laws to protect lesbian, gay,...

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GOAL! Transgenders Social Movements throughout History Social Movements Throughout history, we have made large amounts of progress and our next step is recognizing that all human's rights, including the rights of transgenders, must be recognized as basic human rights and be fully

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Global Warming Kiera Drury, Brandon Gehrke, Bethany Jackson, Nick Nguyen, Ricky Salinas Mrs. Danks Lit Study Intro Letter Intro Letter Outcomes Staying on top Events Informative Essay The environmetal movement in the U.S encompoases many political and social changes that for the

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Landon Brownfield Thank You For Your Time This concludes my presentation One of Many Leaders Con's Helped raised awareness for the unfair treatment of Mexican Americans Lead to programs such as the Farm Workers Organizing Committee, to ensure fair treatment for everyone in the

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The #BlackLivesMatter Movement like comment share Founding and Beginning Bibliography Protest and Actions The Black lives matter movement has already had many protest and marches, here are some just of most significant and common ones since it has started. In April, 2012, a black