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Growing Resentment of the Weimar Republic

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Growing Resentment of the Weimar Republic

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-Germany accepts defeat, responsibility for the war, and signs the Treaty of Versailles, angering the public
-A third of the workforce is unemployed

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Anger of Parties Promised Land in exchange for fighting in WWI

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Anger of Parties Promised Land in exchange for fighting in WWI

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-Countries are angered due to previously promised land not being given to them as agreed on
-Starts up several nationalist movements

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-A movement created with the end goal of creating a sovereign Jewish state
-Eventually successful when Israel was founded

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-Heavily inspired by Nationalism
-Want to have all Arab countries becomes allies because of their shared identity

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Effect of Global Depression on Brazil?
-Much of Brasil's pre-Depression economy was dependent on their massive coffee exports and the government was ruled by  an almost dictatorial and incompetent government hand in hand with a few powerful coffee oligarchs, known as "coffee and milk" politics
-When the Great Depression hits, coffee prices collapse, killing Brasil's economy, making millions jobless and starving while the government watched
How do the steps that Vargas takes compare to those of other totalitarian rulers at the time?
-Vargas consolidates power by arresting his political opponents, giving the military a lot of privileges, and using propaganda to paint an ideal public image, similar to the policies of Hitler when he first came to power. Hitler himself arrested and even killed his political opponents (like Ernst Rohm), and also gave his own guard, the SS immense privileges and Nazi propaganda is still highly recognisable to this day.

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Nationalists?
- The ones considered to be the nationalists during the Spanish Civil War were Francisco Franco, Mussolini's Italy, Nazi germany, middle (bourgeoisie) and upper class, and landlords. Francisco Franco was the commander of the Nationalists.
Republicans/Loyalists?
- The republicans/loyalists who participated in the Spanish Civil War were Francisco Largo Caballero, Juan Negrin, Spanish government, unions, communists, anarchists, and the lower class containing: workers and peasants. The commander in charge of the rebels was Francisco Largo Caballero, and after his death it was Juan Negrin who took charge.
Some Historians argue that the Spanish Civil War is the actual beginning of WWII, to what extent do you agree or disagree and why?
- The Spanish Civil War did not ignite WWII but instead contributed. Like many other events prior to WWII, they only added sparks to the call of war without lighting it. Although the Nazis were involved, it was only as a test of sorts, so nothing was ignited from the sparks but instead helped test out the Nazis' army.

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Plans?
-A want to make the Russian economy stronger by industrializing further
-Increase of government involvement when it came to workers lives
Targeting?
-Practically everyone who opposed Stalin's plans, especially the Bolsheviks (Great purge)
Effects?
-Stalin's control over the economy and government lead to Russia becoming a dictatorship, though as wanted, their industry, and as a result economy, grew greatly

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Stalin's 5 Year Plans & Collectivization

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Stalin's 5 Year Plans & Collectivization

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What were they?
-Expand the economy through agriculture
What were the goals?
-Opposition to the NEP, Stalin wanted to reverse what it had established while simultaneously pushing Russia towards further industrialization
What were the outcomes?
-The bigger industry allowed Russia to create more products for their personal economy and to export

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-Russia owes war debts, but the now ruling Bolsheviks refuse to pay them off
-Lenin creates a new economic policy in order to provide the government with more money to work with, and gave the government control over the Russian market

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Rising Nationalism and Anti-Colonial Movements 

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Rising Nationalism and Anti-Colonial Movements 

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-Imperialized colonies become anti-colonialist as they realize that major powers are getting self-determination but none of the allies colonies are
-Creates a rise in nationalism among the colonists

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Colonies of allied powers felt betrayed that their sacrifices during the war were not acknowledged, and angered that they were not afforded the opportunity for self-determination that some European peoples were given

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-Established Post war
-Made to redistribute Ottoman and German colonies

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-Ottoman colonies/territories are not allowed self-determination
-Major powers left to take control over them

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Grievances?
- Wanted the country to advance like the westerners to not be left behind.
Plans?
- Wanted National Reconstruction.
Targeting?
- Wanted to overthrow the Manchus because they were not recognized as worthy.
Effects?
- Government became republic
- Fall of Qing Dynasty
- End of imperialism in China
- Unstable country

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Grievances?
- Did not like Soviet Union being in charge of China and the impurities within.
Plans?
- Preserve Chinese communism by spreading Maoism, ridding of the Soviet Union.
- Purging impurities within China
Targeting?
- The four olds; Old customs, Old habits, Old ideas, Old culture and Soviet Union rule are seeked to be either destroyed or overthrown
- Students from school are used to make the Red Guard
Effects?
- Millions killed or suffered injuries/imprisonment/humiliation
- Economy came to a stop
- Cultural and historical items destroyed

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-During Paris Peace Conference, China gets denied all their wants and claims by Western powers
-Japan gets more open favor by being allowed to keep territories
-This combination angers China

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What is it?
The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (GEACPS), was a concept pushed by the Empire of Japan onto its occupied states across the Asia-Pacific, "for the betterment" of Asian nations, so that they could be free of rule from Western powers.
What are the goals?
To promote the cultural and economic unity of East Asian, Southeast Asian, and Oceanian states, all led by Japan, in order to instill the idea of Japanese superiority over other ethnicities.

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1. Effect of Global Depression on Japan?
-By 1927, (the first year of Emperor Hirohito's reign), Japan was already in a financial crisis for almost the exact same reason the Great Depression happened. In the post-WWI economic boom, most of Japan's few corporations, (who had oligarchical control over their individual industries in the zaibatsu system), invested in increasing production and after a large earthquake in 1923, the boom turned to bubble and burst, forcing the government to issue "earthquake bonds" to be redeemed later. When time came, rumour that bonds couldn't be redeemed caused runs on many major banks.
-The Great Depression was the final nail in the economy of pre-war Japan, with the prices of their prime exports dropping immensely
2. New Territories Seized?
-Korea, Manchuria, and Formosa (Taiwan)
3. Why did they leave the League of Nations?
-Following the invasion and subsequent annexation of Manchuria in 1931, Japan faced harsh scrutiny and criticism from the international community, and by 1932, the now military controlled government voted to remove Japan from the League.

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Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia

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Areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America that were economically dependent on Imperial powers experience severe economic consequences

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What is it?
-A series of programs, public social work, and financial reforms proposed by President Roosevelt, which took place in the United states in 1933-1937
Relief?
-The relief portion of the new deal allowed whichever president in power at the time to immediately create new jobs, food programs, and welfare initiatives
Recovery?
-Recovery was aimed towards the economy, and was meant to meant to repair it, and put an end to the Great depression in the United States
Reform?
-The object of the reform was a long term end to the Great Depression by locating the cause of the Great Depression, and figure out a way to prevent the crash from repeating itself for future generations

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Starting with the US, countries begin passing tariffs intending to protect their domestic economies.
How does this help create a GLOBAL depression?
-Other countries retaliate by creating their own tariffs on products, which leads to further retaliation in response to those tariffs, which leads to a cycle of countries continually passing new tariffs in response to any that another country makes, raising the price of products everywhere unreasonably high

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1. After a brief surge in the 20's people have over-invested in the stock market  --> Crash
2. Agricultural Overproduction --> low prices on goods --> farmers can't pay off debts
3. European debtors aren't paying

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France and Britain are counting on German reparations and Soviet debt repayments in order to pay their own debts, no money in = no money out

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Grievances?
-Major one being the lack of territory that had originally been promised to them had the Allied Powers won
-Economic state of Italy is suffering
-The current government is divided and weak
Plans?
-Mussolini steps forward wanting to fix Italy's economy by attacking trade unions and taking control of the workers
-This goal turns into recreating the Italian empire as a whole
Targeting?
-First he went after Abyssinia (modern day Ethiopia) before going after the Yugoslavs, seeing them as a threat to Italy
Effects?
-Mussolini becomes the founder of fascism and in the process fixes Italy's economyy
-Also inspires Hitler, setting up the main basis for his mass genocide

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Grievances?
- Against the Weimer Republic, due to extreme unemployment and lack of structure--> The Nazi Party provided order where there was none; also provided jobs for the unemployed, as soldiers
Plans?
- Undo the effects of the Treaty of Versailles
- Unite ethnic Germans into one nation
- Reinstate Germany as a major power
Targeting?
- Targeted Jewish citizens, by pushing conspiracies claiming the Jewish wanted to "annihilate the Aryan race"
Effects?
- Possible political opponents were punished and imprisoned, mainly communists
- The "SS" (Schutzstaffel/Black Shirts) terrorized those not seen as "German enough" --> Jews, people of Roma descent
- 1933 Enabling Act --> allowed the Nazi Party to instill laws without the consent of the German parliament

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Germany doesn't have money to pay, so they just print more

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-Japan gets to retain territory that had been surrendered by Germany (Shandong)

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China wants German Colonies in East Asia

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China wants German Colonies in East Asia

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China supported the Allied Powers in the war

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-The following gets removed from Germany:
-Naval vessels/ships
-Air force
-Armed vehicles
-Establishment of a demilitarize zone in Rhineland

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-Germany gives up around ten percent of their pre-war territory in Europe, as well as all of their overseas territory

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(none of the other Cental Powers exist anymore)
-leaving nobody else to take responsibility for the war

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-Germany is already very poor, but the treaty forced them to take on both France's and Britain's war debt on top of their one
-Estimated 269 billion in today's money

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-Four major components (all effect Germany)
-One, Germany has to pay back war debts of France and Britain
-Two, accept all blame for the war
-Three, Germany loses their colonies
-Four, Germany must drastically demilitarize
-Causes a lot of resentment within the people

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- France experienced devastation due to being a major front of the war
- Britain wants payback too

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- "Peace without Victory"
- Self-Determination for former Central Powers territories
- 14 Points & League of Nations

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Bolshevik Russia refused to pay their war debts to the Allied Powers  --> Allied Powers refuse to recognize the new Bolshevik government

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Italy switched alliances in 1917 with the promise of new territory if/when the Allied Powers won.

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-Formal meeting between the Allied Powers that takes place in 1919 to set peace terms for the Central Powers
-Took place just outside of Paris in Versailles