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Non-verbal and intercultural communication in Japanese Population

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5) Do not leave your chopsticks crossed on your bowl or the table
If you need to put your chopsticks down place them neatly side by side next to your plate or bowl.

6) Do not point with your chopsticks
Pointing with your chopsticks is considered very rude, much like pointing at someone with your finger in the UK.

7) Do not take food from a sharing place using the chopsticks you’ve eaten with
If you can, find another pair of chopsticks to take food from a sharing plate. If not, use the clean, fat end of your chopsticks.

8) Do not wave your chopsticks over dishes
It is also considered impolite to hover your chopsticks in the air indecisively above all of the dishes in front of you.

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8 rules for Japanese chopstick etiquette

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8 rules for Japanese chopstick etiquette

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1) Do not rub your chopsticks together
Rubbing your chopsticks together is seen as an insult in Japan. If you rub your chopsticks together it implies you’re trying to get rid of splinters because they’re cheap.

2) Do not stick chopsticks into your food
If you stick your chopsticks upright in your food in any establishment, it is seen as a lack of respect because it’s traditionally done at funerals.

3) Do not pass food to another pair of chopsticks
It can be seen as rude to pass food from your chopsticks to someone else’s. Put the food down on a plate or bowl so the other person can pick it up.

4) Do not use one chopstick
Don’t stab your food with one chopstick. Two chopsticks should be used at all times.

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Using correct manners and proper etiquette is very important in Japan. When visiting, one should be familiar with taking your shoes off to enter someone’s house or greeting others in the correct manner. One of the main ways to show politeness is being able to use chopsticks correctly.

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This meeting between the two leaders, the one who was president of the USA and the Japanese president, represents the flexibility and adaptation that must be chosen in intercultural changes, in this case. It is common for Japanese leaders belonging to a high stratum to greet and are often greeted with a slight bow, that is, they require a wide range of bows (ojigi). Because people often use this with strangers, relatives, friends, bosses, and leaders like presidents. In this case, the Japanese president chose to give in to his custom, because in this way he relates the trust that should exist between them "Mutual trust will help us move forward, while misgivings will make us go back"

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“moshi mosh ” is really a polite, humble way of saying “speaking, speaking” or “I say, I say”. Moshi mosh is not only used on the telephone. It can also be used to call someone's attention in person. Is a common Japanese phrase that Japanese people use when picking up the phone. It’s a casual greeting used for friends and family, like a “hello”, but in fact means something entirely different! In English.

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When you present a speech, you send two kinds of messages to your audience. While your voice transmits a verbal message, a vast amount of information is visually conveyed by your appearance, your manner, and your physical behaviour.

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We must bear in mind that different communication models are used in different cultures, and although we are aware of linguistic diversity, we tend to believe that our communication model is universal, and this can lead to misunderstandings. Throughout the analysis, the conclusion is reached of the importance of non-verbal language for a good understanding, since by not being aware of certain aspects and customs, other individuals can be underestimated, and this can cause them not to want to cooperate in the situation or in the conversation, which adds even more obstacles to a better understanding.

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To begin with, interculturality appears in an obligatory way when two or more groups with diverse cultures meet. This interaction might be cordial or hostile, but it is vital to get to know the other participants in order to comprehend them. Thus, understand some cultural aspects or foundations that at first might seem negative or that simply collide with one's own culture. It is in this type of difficult scenario that a dialogue is required to achieve understanding and peaceful coexistence and where ethnocentrism, prejudice, and discrimination have no place.

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It is concluded that the qualities that distinguish the Japanese are different from those of the Colombians. In contrast, the students consider that Colombians have in their culture more traits of affectivity and extroversion such as courtesy, affection, joy, friendship, passion, noise, gossip, and kindness.

On the other hand, intercultural communication is not a new phenomenon. Exchange and confrontation between societies of different cultures have been occurring throughout human history.

Finally, Japanese culture has very particular features in terms of communication and etiquette. Japanese culture has very particular features in terms of communication, which are important to know in order to establish any type of relationship with them, intercultural communication being the central theme to interact with each other without misunderstandings.

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The Influence of Culture on Japanese Non-verbal Behaviour 

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The Influence of Culture on Japanese Non-verbal Behaviour 

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Opler (1945) contends that cultural themes motivate or influence the behaviour and activities of a society's indigenous people. Japan manifests a particularly rich array of cultural patterns, which occur in both isolation and integration.

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Non-verbal behaviours are, in fact, integral to the Japanese psyche. Numerous scholars have posited that the Japanese value and rely on intuitive, indirect, non-verbal communication as their primary method of communication and consider verbal means as a secondary, often unreliable, mode.

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Japanese population may be ambiguous when answering questions as a way to maintain harmony, prevent a loss of face, or being out of politeness.
In Japanese culture, communication styles reflect on maintaining harmony. The Japanese are generally non-confrontational and rarely directly give negative responses such as insults, criticisms, or cause embarrassment to anyone.

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Literally means "the art of the womb" and refers to a Japanese custom of leaving an important part of communication to insinuations. Silence and euphemisms or vague statements are vitally important in Japanese communication. From them are communicated feelings and thoughts that, otherwise, loudly, could not be transmitted. The haragei is the art of using the belly, our interior, to interpret the insinuations of the other interlocutor, all without using speech. It’s the art of non-verbal communication.

The key to haragei is, therefore, to insinuate, rather than to state clearly, and thus avoid offending the other interlocutor. Thus, silence can therefore be synonymous with honesty (since the womb does not deceive), social discretion, shame, or resistance, since expressing one’s wishes openly is considered naive, rude, or ill-mannered, and can sometimes put both partners in an embarrassing situation.
It refers, in one simple sense, to a visceral communication among the Japanese that defies Western logic. According to the author, Japanese society, in Western people’s eyes, is a cohesive, close-knit society. By that, it means that if you can’t feel haragei or if you can’t understand their unspoken language and act appropriately, it proves you’re gaijin (non-Japanese).

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Temples do not have a dress code. However, for males, smart casual wear with collared shirts (may be polo or golf shirts) and trousers is preferred. Women should wear a modest top and pants or a longish skirt. Nice socks are also a must for when people have to remove their shoes in temples and restaurants.

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Code of business dress Japan's Dress Code for Men: Suit of a dark, solid colour such as black, navy, or dark grey. Wear no pinstripes or other unusual patterns.
-Under your coat must be a white shirt. Wear dress shoes in black or dark brown.
-Accessorize with a modest dress watch and, if applicable, a wedding band. Japan's Dress Code for Women: -Suit with a dark, solid skirt in black, navy, or dark grey. Wear a plain white blouse underneath your cardigan or office blazer.
-Complete the look with court shoes in black or navy blue, with 5cm–7cm heels. No open-toed shoes, sandals, platforms, or clogs.

-Accessorize with a modest dress watch and, if applicable, a wedding band. Simple necklaces or little stud earrings may suffice.

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According to Soltys (2018) the degree to which a person bows is related to the level of respect he or she is displaying. In informal gatherings, such as among friends and family, a simple 5 degree bow is commonly used.
There are 3 common ojigi for business situations. These include eshaku (会釈), keirei (敬礼) and saikeirei (最敬礼).
- The most laid-back ojigi is Eshaku:
This is the most commonly used ojigi, just like a salute. It can be used on almost anyone individuals come across, along with a bright smile, to show their respect for them.
- The next level of bow is keirei, which is about 30 degrees. This bow is frequently used in professional settings, such as greeting potential business partners or customers, or to show respect to someone of higher status.
- The most formal of these three bows is the Saikeirei, which is used with a more serious tone. This bow can be used to show respect for someone of high status, such as the emperor, or to express regret or guilt.

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Don’t go to Japan without knowing these 10 Japanese Gestures

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Kazue (2020) affirms that Japanese gestures and body language may differ from those used in other countries. For example:
"Me" is denoted by a finger pointing to oneself.
Could you do me a favour, please? They put their hands in a prayer position.
When they do an X with their arms, to signify no.

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The connection of this project with the authors' lives.

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The connection of this project with the authors' lives.

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These photographs are the most substantial evidence that the authors are connected to the project's theme.

On the one hand, Tatiana had a relationship with a Japanese native, from whom she learnt a lot about non-verbal communication, gestures, and ways of being that, at first, made little sense to her as a Colombian. After spending some time with the young man, he informed her of a variety of cultural differences, beginning with non-verbal ones.

Michelle, On the other hand, spent more than two years with many Japanese people and experienced numerous cultural shocks as a result of her difficulties in understanding their non-verbal communication. However, by talking about it with them, she was able to understand, identify, and learn about them.

Subsequently, the authors' intercultural communication experiences with people of Japanese nationality can contribute them to perceive and develop this project.

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Andersen, P. (2012). The basis of cultural difference in non-verbal communication (chapter 5 – Reading 4). In E. McDaniel, L. Samovar, & R. Porter (Eds.), Intercultural communication: A reader (pp. 293-313). Wadsworth: Cengage Learning.

Andersen, P. (2012). The basis of cultural difference in non-verbal communication (chapter 1). In E. McDaniel, L. Samovar, & R. Porter (Eds.), Intercultural communication: A reader (pp. 17). Wadsworth: Cengage Learning.

Bunka (2017). OSHIGOTO RULES: BOWING. http://www.bunkalang.com/blog/oshigoto-rules-bowing/

Hattori, T. (1987) A study of nonverbal intercultural communication between japanese and americans - FOCUSING ON THE USE OF THE EYES

Edwin, R. (1993). Japanese nonverbal communication: A Review and Critique of Literature . Document resume. https://archive.org/stream/ERIC_ED367014/ERIC_ED367014_djvu.txt

Jones, G. (2012) Contemporary Management, nonverbal communication is "the encoding of messages by means of facial expressions, body language, and styles of dress.

Kazue (2020) The most popular Japanese gestures.

Surabaya, N. (2019) Ojigi: The Ethics of Japanese Community’s Nonverbal Language Miftachul Amri Universitas.

Soltys, J. (2018) The art of the Japanese bow. https://gogonihon.com/en/blog/japanese-bow/

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The Japanese bow is an important feature of the culture, and there is a lot of meaning in its usage.

Japanese culture places heavy emphasis on respect, and bowing is one of the primary ways that people in Japan show respect to other people. The Japanese word for "bow" is ojigi (おじぎ). Foreigners living in Japan will constantly encounter situations where people will bow, so it is important to understand why Japanese people do so and what it means.

Culturally, there are many different ways to bow; knowing the different types of bows and how they are used traditionally will help you to understand the culture in a deeper way than most.

Why Japanese people bow

There are many reasons that Japanese people bow, but it is predominantly used in order to communicate respect. Interaction in Japan is about much more than just verbal communication, and people will quickly notice another person's expression in the form of body language as well.

The concept of bowing is simple and basically shows that whatever your social status is, you are lowering yourself and putting yourself in a position that is vulnerable. Bowing demonstrates to the other person that you are placing them over yourself and that you are thankful for your interaction with them.

Simple gestures like bowing go a long way in terms of communication in Japan, and sometimes are even more powerful than words.

How to bow in Japan

In Japan, learning how to bow is one of the best ways to show that you appreciate the culture. The Japanese bow is simple, but there are a lot of subtleties that go into bowing. When bowing, it is important not to slouch over and curve your back; nice, straight posture shows that you are putting on your best for the other person.

Bowing should also come from the upper torso, meaning that your lower body should not move and should remain perpendicular to the ground, as if you were standing straight up. Your gaze should be focused downwards when you bow, having your head move downward with your torso.

Men should bow with their hands and arms at their sides, while women bow with their hands and arms in the front. There is a lot that goes into bowing, but understanding the subtleties will help to show a great amount of respect.

Types of bows

There are different types of bows meant to show respect in various forms. For example, the degree of the angle in which a person bows is connected with the depth of respect the person is showing. A simple bow of about 5 degrees is commonly used in informal gatherings such as amongst friends and family. There are also a few specific types of bows that are directly connected to the degree of the bow such as eshaku (会釈, えしゃく), keirei (敬礼, けいれい), and saikeirei (最敬礼, さいけいれい).

Eshaku is a bow of about 15 degrees that is used around acquaintances and is a generally polite way of saying thank you or casually greeting someone.
Keirei is the next level of bow that is about 30 degrees. This bow is commonly used in business situations such as greeting potential business partners or customers, or to show respect to someone of higher status.

Saikeirei is the most formal of these three bows and is used with a more serious tone. This bow can be used to show respect to someone of very high status such as the emperor, or to show a strong sense of apology or guilt.

Lastly, the least used bow is known as dogeza (土下座, どげざ). This bow is only used in extremely serious circumstances such as when a mistake is made that led to the death of another person. It involves the person who is bowing to get on his hands and knees and place his face to the ground. It is essentially the person showing that he is begging for his life.

Bowing is a very important tradition in Japan, and much can be learned from partaking in it. In order to show your own sense of respect, it is important to put in the effort to learn the correct way to bow and the meaning behind the action.

Understanding the intricacies of bowing as well as the different types will help you to form a deep sense of the views of Japanese culture. The practice of bowing in Japan is more than a habit, but is a characteristic that defines the Japanese culture. If you're curious about it, and want to deepen your understanding, why not study for a while in a traditional city like Kyoto?

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Learn about the Japanese bow or Ojigi, an integral part of Japanese culture

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The Japanese bow is an important feature of the culture, and there is a lot of meaning in its usage. Japanese culture places heavy emphasis on respect, and bowing is one of the primary ways that people in Japan show respect to other people. The Japanese word for "bow" is ojigi (おじぎ).

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According to Andersen, P. (2012), gestures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, body position and movement, touch, clothing, silence, the use of space and time, objects and artefacts, and paralanguage are all examples of non-verbal behaviour in intercultural communication. Non-verbal behaviours, which are inextricably linked to verbal behaviours, frequently convey the same or more meaning than spoken words. Culture, like language, has a direct impact on the use of non-verbal behaviour and the meanings assigned to it. Non-verbal behaviours that are inappropriate or misunderstood in intercultural communication can easily create misunderstandings and, in some cases, insults.

Like language, non-verbal facial and body expressions form a coding system for constructing and expressing meaning, and these expressions are culturally specific. People learn which non-verbal behaviours are appropriate for various social interactions through culture. However, what is acceptable and polite in one culture may be impolite or even insulting in another.

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The subject of this project is non-verbal communication and all that covers this field, in the Japanese population. This is a phenomenon that can be studied from intercultural communication, despite being such a small country, it has a high population density of 125,824,999 people (United Nations, 2022) and its non-verbal cultural customs are different from those of the whole world, and for the Latin American population could be even more different and difficult to understand. In Japan, verbal communication is much less important than non-verbal communication, and the spoken word can have multiple meanings. As a result, non-verbal cues are crucial, whether they are communicated consciously or unconsciously. The Japanese rely heavily on facial expressions, posture, hand movements, and voice tones.

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According to Hattori (1987) When compared to other cultures, particularly Western cultures, Japanese people make a lot less eye contact. Making repeated eye contact is considered aggressive in Japanese culture, and it can also be intimidating. This occurs not only with strangers, but also with family and friends.

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Jones (2012), stated that Japanese has a distinct non-verbal corporal language. They do not kiss, shake hands, or even touch when greeting one another. Slight flexion of the torso, accompanied by the head, with the hands together at chest height, constitutes a greeting. Ojigi is a type of non-verbal communication, which is the foundation of Japanese politeness and can sometimes replace verbal communication. (Amri, 2019)
Bowing is a simple concept that basically shows that you are lowering yourself and putting yourself in a vulnerable position, regardless of your social status. Bowing proves to the other person that you value their presence and are grateful for the opportunity to interact with them.
Women bow with their hands and arms in front, while men bow with their hands and arms at their sides. There's a lot that goes into bowing, but knowing the intricacies will help individuals show a lot of respect.

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          How this topic is connected to the authors lives and how they are going to study it from an intercultural communication perspective.

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          How this topic is connected to the authors lives and how they are going to study it from an intercultural communication perspective.

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This topic is connected to the two members of the group, as both have had close contact with persons of Japanese nationality. In the case of the member Michelle, most of her closest friends are Japanese, they are very close, they have lived together, they have come to Colombia and nowadays, they speak almost every day. On the other hand, the former romantic partner of the member Tatiana has dual nationality, both Japanese and Colombian, lived until 17 years in Japan, but he also knows how to speak Spanish. During the time they were together, she learnt much from their culture, including the current theme of this project. Therefore, this project will study intercultural non-verbal communication, from experience, also through guided interviews and research previously carried out by other authors.

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Hey, my name is Michelle María Del Castillo Toledo, and I'm 26 years old. I'm from Bogotá and I am an only child. I graduated from Siervas de San José School in 2011, and from Sergio Arboleda University in 2016 with a degree in Industrial Engineering. In 2014, I moved to Australia to continue my degree at a university affiliated with Bogotá's Sergio Arboleda. I completed my real estate internship while also working as a waitress in a bar. When I returned to Colombia, I worked as an administrator in the family business and began my degree in Spanish and Foreign Languages at La Salle University. I'm less than a year away from finishing my bachelor's degree, and I am completing a virtual master's degree in project management with a Finnish university. My long-term goals are to return to Australia or Asia (with my dogs) and work as an engineer and, if possible, a teacher. I also want to marry and start a family.

Hello, my name is Angélica Tatiana Ramos Sosa, I'm 21 years old and was born in Yopal, Casanare, on 18 December 2000. Sports and watching series, as well as taking naps, are some of my life's great pleasures.
I enjoy playing basketball and have done so since I was a child, specifically since I was ten years old. I also like riding bicycles, although I only began to do so when I was 19 years old, so it is a relatively new hobby for me. Likewise, I enjoy practising sports because I feel free while I'm running or playing on the court as if I'm taking a breather from my routine. I enjoy watching comedy shows since they provide the ideal excuse to laugh and engage in various activities. I'm now pursuing a degree in foreign languages, with an emphasis on English. This degree allows me to strengthen my English as a foreign language as well as my teaching methods.