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1. https://www.britannica.com/event/Gulf-of-Tonkin-incident
2. https://www.legion.org/magazine/213998/mysteries-tonkin-gulf
3. https://www.britannica.com/event/Gulf-of-Tonkin-Resolution

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In the heat of the affair, the United States thought it would be necessary for them to take some action towards such aggression, as they felt an immediate and direct threat from Northern Vietnamese government. This led to the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, and it was thought to be America's key entry point to enter war in Vietnam. The revolution aimed to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression. It also stressed the significance of international peace and security in Southeast Asia in terms of American interests and global order.

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1.https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ngo-Dinh-Diem
2.https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/ngo-dinh-diem-assassinated-in-south-vietnam

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The U.S. destroyers were initially sent to the area in 1964 to carry out reconnaissance as well as intercepting messages and communication of North Vietnam government. Meanwhile, the Vietnamese troops aimed to conduct attacks on "radar stations, bridges and other such targets along North Vietnam's coasts".

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https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/november-22-1963-death-of-the-president
https://americandiplomacy.web.unc.edu/2020/11/without-dallas-john-f-kennedy-and-the-vietnam-war/
Images:
https://www.scmp.com/news/world/united-states-canada/article/2117088/zapruder-captured-jfks-assassination-chilling-detail

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May 1963 -Nov 1963, Diem made an action that is opposing people who believed in Buddism. The action made several Buddhist dead, which made U.S. stop the support to Diem

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- USSR offered to remove the missile in exchange for the US not invading Cuba
- Communication improved between Washington and Moscow to avoid similar situations.
- Although the USSR removed their missiles from Cuba, they continued improving and strengthening their military arsenal
- In 1963, tensions lessened between the US and the Soviet Union; President Kennedy publicly urged Americans to not stereotype Soviets and voiced his support for diversity and peace between the 2 nations

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Dates: August 2, 1964 - August 4, 1964

The Gulf of Tonkin Incident  happened in August 1964 started when Vietnamese torpedo boats conducted two unprovoked aggression on two U.S. destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy.

When Maddox was first being attacked, it called in air support from a nearby carrier, causing severe damage to one of the torpedo boats and escaping harm. In order to reinforce Maddox, the U.S. government sent another destroyer Turner Joy to North Vietnam. However, their interceptions indicated that the North Vietnamese troops planned out an attack on the destroyers which was actually a salvage of torpedo boats. As they misconceived the message, the destroyers claimed that "they were tracking multiple unidentified vessels approaching their positions" which they thought to be Vietnamese torpedo boats. They again sought air support, but found out that there was no torpedo boats nearby.

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- President Kennedy decided to place a naval blockade of ships organized in a ring around Cuba to physically prevent the USSR from bringing in more military supplies and demanded for the missiles to be removed
- JFK addressed the US on television and publicly discussed the crisis on October 22 1962

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Lee Harvey Oswald was the suspect of the JFK assasination. Born in 1939, he joined the Marines and the discovered Marxism. He was denied citizenship by the USSR. he returned to Texas and allegedly attempted to shoot retired United States Major General Edwin A. Walker who had been a staunch critic of Communism.

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Diem was a firm believer of Roman Catholicism and was against the communist party led by Ho Chi-minh. He did not believe in the US form of democracy either, and established an autocracy, against terms of the Geneva Accord.

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Aftermath of Ngo Dinh Diem's Assassination

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Aftermath of Ngo Dinh Diem's Assassination

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After the assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem there was wide spread celebration among the people of the south. But the assassination plummeted Vietnam into chaos, as there was no leader/government. It also lead to the U.S becoming more involved in Vietnam, as they tried to stabilize the government and fight back rising communist rebels

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- Cuba's nuclear weapon is close to America
- Soviet Union has been sending powerful nuclear bombs to Cuba.
- America's dominance in nuclear power over the Soviet Union might be affected
- America's relationship with Cuba is hostile (US launched a bomb on Cuba before in 1961)

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https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/cuban-missile-crisis
https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/cuban-missile-crisis

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“I don’t agree with those who say we should withdraw” from Vietnam as it was “a very important struggle.” - JFK
When JFK was alive, he saw interfering in Vietnam as an important action to take for the US. Getting involved in Vietnam was what the US gov planned to do, whether the president was alive or not.

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https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/cuban-missile-crisis

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November 22, 1963--JFK assassinated
Lee Harvey Oswald-employee at the Book Depository, arrested for assassinating JFK

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Gulf of Tonkin lies in the northwest arm of South China Sea. It is surrounded by China, Hainan Island and northern Vietnam. The gulf is 300 miles (500 km) long, 150 miles (250 km) wide, and up to 230 feet (70 meters) deep.

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President John F. Kennedy was assassinated while riding in a motorcade through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas, Texas.

During that period of time, the fall of 1963, President Kennedy was preparing to run for the next presidential campaign. He seemed confident about his chances for re-election.

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Dictatorial and presidental power over South Vietnam. (1955-1963)
- Defeated the emperor Bao Dai in a government-controlled referendum, and made himself the president. (1945, 1955)
- Refused the 1954 Geneva Accords to establish a national government and built an autocratic regime in the south.
- Under his power, Diem imprisoned and executed many who expressed opposition against his regime.
- Buddhists protested against his discrinimation and dictatorial rules.
- Diem's generals assassinated him on November 2, 1963.

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- Conflict between the United States and the USSR over the installation of Soviet Nuclear missiles in Cuba.
- John F. Kennedy was president of the United States at the time.
- The missile proposed a huge threat to American national security because it is very close to the United States

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history.com

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During WW2, French colony Vietnam occupied by Japan until March 1945

After the Japanese surrender, the Viet Minh, a communist organization led by Hồ Chí Minh, declared Vietnamese independence

French regains control over Vietnam after Japanese defeated by Allies

French send more army troops to South Vietnam and Ho Chi Minh’s resistance army in North Vietnam fights back!

An independence war, known as the First Indochina War, broke out in late 1946 between French and Viet Minh forces

The United States had been supporting the French out of concern that a victory for Ho’s forces would be the first step in communist expansion throughout Southeast Asia

The French eventually surrendered after massive casualities (1946-1954)

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World leaders from 9 nations meet in Geneva, France to decide the political future of Asia – talks lasted for two months

Nations and Ho Chi Minh decided on an agreement – Vietnam would be split by a demilitarized zone called the “17th parallel” and the territory was divided into North and South Vietnam until an election was held that would help reunify the two halves

An election that would unify the two halves wouldn’t happen for another 20 years...

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Ho Chi Minh was born in 1890  to Vietnamese official in the French Regime. He received a French education. After participating in an anti-french demonstration he was expelled from school. He left Vietnam in 1911 and lived in exile for 30 years.

By early 20th century, Vietnamese nationalism was on the rise because the people weren’t happy with French rule and the French colonial government harshly punished those who resisted the empire

After WWI he tried to deliver a petition for Vietnamese independence to Woodrow Wilson that outlined plans for independence but it was never delivered to President Woodrow Wilson

Minh became founded Vietnamese nationalist group fighting for independence called VIET MINH

He had many aliases and traveled to many European counties. He spent time with French socialists, Chinese communists, and lived in NYC as a baker.

1941: Ho snuck back into Vietnam and called for Vietnamese independence. He gained support from locals and founded the Viet Minh, a North Vietnamese counter-insurgency military

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Colonial Vietnam “French Indochina” (1858 - 1954)

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Colonial Vietnam “French Indochina” (1858 - 1954)

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1858: The French colonial empire occupied and seized Vietnam with a bloody invasion of port of Da Nang

Over the course of 50 years, the French took claim over territories that would later be called Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia (they named it “French IndoChina”)

French set up a series of puppet emperors and employed French-speaking Vietnamese officials

French lived on plantation estates and in cities like Saigon in which they built structures inspired by French architecture

French put citizens to work building roads, canals, railroads, bridges and farms to mass produce crops like rice and rubber

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Ngo Dinh Diem's Election, Rule, and Assassination 

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Ngo Dinh Diem's Election, Rule, and Assassination 