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Two Sentence Summary:
Rothstein's gives light to possible fixes/proposals in each section of chapter 12. The proposal ranges from housing programs, to new acts, to bans on exclusionary zoning.
Key Terms (w/pg #)
- De jure: legal separation of groups of people based on the law (pg 103)

- Alienated: a person withdraws or becomes isolated from their environment or from other people. They may also show feelings of distance and estrangement, including from their own emotions. (pg 104)
- Fair Share Policy: a rule where any suburb whose population is plus or minus 10 percent the average percentage of African Americans in a suburb must take steps to integrate (pg 104).
- Dysfunctional cynicism: Dysfunctional rationalization or a behavioral pattern that allows us to find a personally acceptable reason for personal habits. The cynic never thinks they need to examine their own behavior or its effects on others.  (pg 105)

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How has government-sponsored housing discrimination policies of the past resulted in the widening health inequities of today?

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Chapter 11 "Looking Forward, Looking Back"

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Chapter 11 "Looking Forward, Looking Back"

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Two Sentence Summary:
Rothstein looks back at the series of civil rights laws/Kennedy ending fed. support for discriminatory house, passing the FHS Act. He mentions how discrimination can be straightforward, but contain varying complexities when it comes to schooling, neighborhoods, etc.
Key Terms (w/pg #)
- Modifying: make partial or minor changes to (something), typically so as to improve it or to make it less extreme (pg 95)
- Racial Landscape: distinctive features of the differences in race (pg 96)
- Wealth Mobility: the ability of an individual, family or some other group to improve (or lower) their economic status—usually measured in income (pg 97)
- Concentrated Poverty: Concentrated poverty describes areas where a high proportion of residents are poor (pg 99)

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Two Sentence Summary:
The government protected racist labor unions and supported those who  lobbied companies to replace African American workers with white ones. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration segregated their workforces, handing down African American people to the worst jobs.
Key Terms (w/pg #)
- Suppressed: prevent the development, action, or expression of (a feeling, impulse, idea, etc.); restrain (pg 81)
- Purposely: on purpose; intentionally (pg 84)
- Depressed: suffering the damaging effects of a lack of demand or employment (pg 85)
- Disproportionately: too large or too small in comparison with something else (pg 83)

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Two Sentence Summary:
This chapter gives light to state sanctioned violence and how African Americans suffered/had to face angry mobs. The police had refused to step in and arrest anyone while uncontrollable mobs took over, which was a unfortunate but common experience.
Key Terms (w/pg #)
- Harassment: aggressive pressure (pg 74)
- Law Enforcement: people who enforce laws, investigate crimes, and make arrests : the police She works in law enforcement (pg 75)
- Welfare: financial support given to people in need (pg 75)
- Mob: a large crowd of people, especially one that is disorderly and intent on causing trouble or violence (pg 76)

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Two Sentence Summary:
Certain areas were exclusive to white people. When no existing neighborhood would accept African American people, the AFSC decided to build its own, yet constantly faced rejection.
Key Terms (w/pg #)
- Subdivision: a secondary or subordinate division (pg 64)
- Exclusive: excluding or not admitting other things (pg 66)
- "De jure" segregation: segregation by law and public policy (pg 66)

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Chapter 7 "IRS Support and Compliant Regulators"

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Chapter 7 "IRS Support and Compliant Regulators"

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Two Sentence Summary:
The IRS helped segregate cities by granting tax exemptions to churches, hospitals, etc. and supporting banks and ensurers that supported racist and segregation efforts. The IRS failed to remain unbiased, and held underlying discrimination and prejudice towards African Americans.
Key Terms (w/pg #)
- Tax favoritism: authorizing exemptions/excusals to certain people/groups (pg 57)
- Racial Discrimination: Race discrimination involves treating someone (an applicant or employee) unfavorably (pg 57)
- Tax exempt: Tax-exempt refers to income or transactions that are free from tax at the federal, state, or local level (pg 58)

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Two Sentence Summary:
The presence of African American/colored people were believed to result in the "value of the white-owned properties to decline." Many white people moved out of urban areas that held a portion of African Americans, and moved into more suburban areas.
Key Terms (w/pg #)
- Property value: the worth of a piece of real estate based on the price that a buyer and seller agree upon. According to economic theory, the value of a property converges at the point where the forces of supply meet the forces of demand. (pg 53)
- Blockbusting: the practice of persuading owners to sell property cheaply because of the fear of people of another race or class moving into the neighborhood, and thus profiting by reselling at a higher price (pg 53)
- Neighborhood Deterioration: The decline of the overall quality of a residential area based on property value and location (pg 53)
- White Flight: the phenomenon of white people moving out of urban areas, particularly those with significant minority populations, and into suburban areas (pg 95)

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Chapter 5 "Private Agreements, Government Enforcement"

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Chapter 5 "Private Agreements, Government Enforcement"

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Two Sentence Summary:
Local, state, and government policies helped solidify residential segregation. The FHA adopted restrictive covenants to further complicate the process of buying a home for African Americans.

Key Terms (w/pg #)
- Restrictive Covenants: lists of obligations that purchasers of property must assume (pg 45).
- Evictions: the removal of a tenant from rental property by the landlord (pg 50)
- Shelley v. Kraemer: 1948 SCOTUS repudiated its 1926 endorsement of restrictive covenants and acknowledged that enforcement by state courts was unconstitutional (pg 51).

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“neighborhood composition rule" (pg 19)

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"Federal policy sometimes imposed racial segregation where it hadn’t previously been established, forcing African Americans into overpopulated slums" (pg 18)

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"To ensure that undesirable tenants were not accepted, the housing authority sent agents to inspect" (pg 18)

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Two Sentence Summary:
The federal government persuaded white families to move from urban apartments to single family homes and doing so led to the separation of residential areas nationwide. Government and private industry came together and solidified racial segregation.
Key Terms (w/pg #)
- Segregated Housing = Denying (African Americans) to equal housing (pg 43)
- Integration = The act of uniting people from different races (pg 43)
- Suburbanization = The establishment of residential communities (pg 37)
- Single Family Ownership = Independent residential structure that sits on its own land (pg 37)

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Two Sentence Summary:
Residential integration declined from 1880-mid 20th century. Many towns would adopt policies that enforced segregation and furthermore made it forbidden for African Americans to reside here/there. The increase of segregation and black inferiority took place through the adoption of racial zoning.

Key Terms (w/pg #)
- Inferiority = To be lower in status/quality (pg 29)
- Expelled = To force to leave (pg 29)
- Prohibit = To forbid a person/group from doing something (pg 30)
- Racial Zoning = Exclusionary zoning in order to prevent (African Americans) from moving to (White) neighborhoods. (pg 31)

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Two Sentence Summary:
Public housing was mostly for working/lower/middle class white families. Many were not heavily subsidized, but many precautions were made in order to exclude African Americans and keep undesirable tenants out. As New Deal efforts were established towards housing like PWA, segregation was even more imposed on communities.
Key Terms (w/pg #)
- "de facto" = result from private practices, not from law or government policy (Preface, pg 1)
- "de jure" =segregation by law and public policy (pg 18)
- New Deal = Series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (pg 18)
- Subsidized = Supported financially (pg 17)
- PWA = Public Works Administration, New Deal housing effort/project (pg 19)

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My essay will be centered on racial health inequities.
Through policies/law (de jure), the government systematically imposed residential segregation and such racial isolation/zoning/segregation resulted in different areas to be disproportionately allocated with resources, services, goods, etc.

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Images/Videos of what segregationist policies look like

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Color of Law
Past policies/practices