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Steelpan was invented in 1930s on the Caribbean island of Trinidad. However, the history can be traced back during the 1700s, enslaved Africans went to the islands and brought their African culture to there including their music, hand drums playing. Every years of Trinidadian carnival festivals, the Africa drums were the main percussion instruments at that time.
However,  according to Gaye (n.d), the drummers got forced and got banned by the British government. The reason why the government forced and banned the playing of drums is to inhibit aspect of the festival which were considered offensive in 1877. Therefore, there had a instruments were used to replace the hand drums which is bamboo stamping tubes because while they were pounding on the ground, the sound that they produced is comparable to the hand drum and these tubes were played in band called tamboo bamboo bands.

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Calypso is a form of Trinidad folk music that originated in Trinidad and Tobago, used for entertainment and social commentary. In traditionally, the lyrics of calypso is about satirical political content, this is because laws limited public free speech in Trinidad. Therefore, Ribaldry and irony have been important facets of calypso. Moreover, the melodies of calypso are based on the rhythm of west African music. The singers of the calypso known as chantuelles, or calypsonians. Besides, steelpan is also one of the most common used in calypso.(Bynum,2020)

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The precursor of Steelpan — Tamboo Bamboo

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The precursor of Steelpan — Tamboo Bamboo

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Tamboo is come from the  French word  " Tambour" which mean drum so Tamboo Bamboo is mean a drum that made by bamboo. After the British government banned the hand drums due to they afraid the people use the drum to send secret messages of revolt. Many enslaved people did not want to give up the drums so they found a way to play drums. Every time the British government banned one kind of drum,  they found a new drum. Then, people started to use bamboo.
People cut different sizes weights, lengths, and widths. According to James (2020), Tamboo bamboo ensembles got 4 types of instruments which is (1)Bass or Boom, (2)Foule or Fullers, (3)Cutters, and (4)Chandlers which are in the pictures. Bass bamboo was 5ft.(1.52m) long and 5in (27mm) in diameter, It had three joints, and the bass player will strike it or hit it on the ground to produce a resonant, grunting sound. Besides, Foule is stand for  tenor pitch which is 305mm long, and 76 mm in diameter. Cutters is represented soprano pitch, and it is little smaller than Chandlers, the cutter players will use one hand to hold it across the shoulder  and use a piece of hard wood strike it on the side. Chandlers is represented alto pitch.
Through the experience, the creation of Tamboo Bamboo help developing the evolution of steelpan which we know today.

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In some tamboo bamboo bands, there involved non-traditional instruments like dustbins, scrap metal, graters, metal containers used to be played in their bands. In 1930’s, metal instruments apparently replaced the bamboo tubes. The bamboo tubes were dominated by these metal instruments.
Steelpan was getting invented from that time. Hence, the metal pan was discovered that if hit the raised area of the metal containers made a different sound to other areas that were flat by the metal pan players. And then, through some  improvements and  experiments, the metal pan bands were getting turn into the steelpan's family instruments

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Until today, steelpan still mostly made by traditional handcrafting(Maloney, S. E, 2011, p.4). Here are some following stages to make a steelpan:
1. Dropping or dishing, extending the drum head with a hammer to create an dished surface. Besides using an oil drum,  a metal disc or blank also being used by some pan makers which they make it into the pan head.
2. Create note area,  the pan makers will separate the dished surface into few parts that will become the placement of the notes.
3. Grooving, this is the process that defined the notes placement. The pan makers will use the punch marker marking on the notes' perimeter.
4. Cutting the drum,  the side of drums is under the steelpan type to cut. The bass pan always keep the entire side of the drum.
5. Firing,  put the drum upside down on the fire for few minutes to clear any painting or oil on the surface. And also, after firing it will easier to tune because it provides strain relief to the drum.
6. Tuning, the pan makers will make an adjustment to the shape of notes by using hammer.

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Father of the Modern Steeldrum, Ellie Mannette

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Father of the Modern Steeldrum, Ellie Mannette

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Ellie mannette is  a Trinidadian musician known in the United States. Unfortunately, he died when he was 90 in Morgantown, W.Va due to kidney failure.
When he was a child, he got interested by the band that using buckets and trash cans as drums, hit them with some different ways to create different sounds. Then, for the rest of his entire life, he tried to improve and expand the craft of steelpan music, and share it with the world. Moreover, he was one of the first person to make a steelpan that had all notes of the chromatic scales so it could play the melody in any keys! (Zraick, 2018)
Today, steelpan is the national instrument of Trinidad and Tobago. However, steelpan in the past was the symbol of innovation and resistance, the music was related with fights and rivalries. Therefore, it was not easy for people who want to develop and expand steelpan like Mr. Mannette, he said, “helped to bring it out of that denigrated status, by making the music more and more compelling.”

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Ebony Steelband is a world-class leading Steelband, dedicated by musicians that sharing their passion of steelpan music, Ebony Mas returns as a breathe of fresh air after their victory at the National Panorama competition, Notting Hill Carnival in 2016.
In 2000, Ebony Steelband placed 4th in the World Steelband Festival. After 2 years, they are back to Trinidad & Tobago and won the third prize the same festival in 2002. The passionate and talented band has earned themselves the Queen's Award, to praise their highly laudable community services. In 2015, they also placed 9th at the World Panorama.(Stewart,2019)
Aside the band for being a music genre or the perfect mixture of music, accomplished Mas and carnival culture, The Ebony Steelband is one of the Steepan music propellent across the United Kingdom and Europe. This London based steel band was founded and registered as a Charitable organization, the Ebony Steelband Trust organises multiples musical activities and workshop and classes that are more than hundreds of members.

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An impressive performance!

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Ebony Steelband.  2016 Panorama Champions.

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"Under the Sea", is a very famous song from Disney animated film "The little mermaid", composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman. Fact, in this song, steelpan is one of the main instrument! This song is very important and significance for steelpan because it is one of the songs that propelled the popularity of the steelpan. Most of “Under the Sea” other attempts at calypso elements make the song less like an extract from Trinidadian Carnival But actually, the calypso music is the song's main element,  calypso music historical is from African folk music in Trinidad. (anonymous,2011)

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under the sea~ under the sea!

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Samuel E. Wright - Under the Sea (from The Little Mermaid) (Official Video)

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Tamboo bamboo is not a merely instrument for fun, is also one of the history of Caribbean's art. During the Second war, tamboo bamboo was used to express depressive and mock the government of that current time. Besides, the origin of Tamboo bamboo and steelpan, it was believed that in the 18th century, French colonists reached the Trinidad and Tobago island and brought their culture like Carnival. However, enslaved Africans were avoided to join the festival but they created a parallel festival known as Canboulay and this festival is tamboo bamboo, steelpan, and other cultural features of Trinidad and Tobago were born.(Bove, n.d).

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The steelpan is the only acoustical instrument invented in the 20th century and also is  the national instrument in Trinidad and Tobago, created in 1930's. Nowadays, there have a lot of competition and festival that to develop steelpan's music, and some steelpan players also doing covers of pop songs! it is getting developed! And also, some famous music company like Disney helped to improve development of steelpan.

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cover by Luis Fonsi

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Luis Fonsi - Despacito ft. Daddy Yankee (Steelpan Cover)

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Comparison between Tamboo Bamboo and Steelpan

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Comparison between Tamboo Bamboo and Steelpan

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Before steelpan invented, why Trinidad people did not continue using tamboo bamboo and invented steelpan? That is because the metallic trash instruments is more durable, the sound more louder and capable of more timbres and effects than tamboo bamboo, and so steelpan made (Bove, n.d). And the band at that time from tamboo bamboo band become majority steelband. Besides, Steelpan has more note than the tamboo bamboo, Mr. Mannette is the first person that made a steel drum that had all the notes of the chromatic scale, so it could play any melody in any key, diversification!
Moreover, in the past, steelpan is the symbol of resistance and innovation, their music is full of satirical political content, work off one anger on the British government, is one of the against approach. Although the government keep banning percussion instrument, Trinidad people unremitting keep making and inventing new percussion instrument, then an amazing, interesting instrument has invented! Now, Steelpan's music is just an enjoyable and is a necessary thing to celebrate carnival festival! All people around the world will come and visit the Trinidad to celebrate!

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In my opinion, steelpan is getting developed and evolved, even electric steelpan has invented, it is going to contribute to the demand for all panist as the note-layout for the e-pen is definitely same with traditional steelpan. This is the new journal for development of steelpan. I hope this instrument can become popular and spread around the world! and through this research, I have learned many new knowledge and the history, some fun fact behind the steelpan. In fact, I only know this instrument through last time the world music padlet, never knew it before, so I really hope more people can discover this amazing instrument, and I am very happy and glad to do this research, it is make more like the steelpan and one day I will go to Trinidad Carnival festival to have a  experience for myself and I hope that will be a great memory for me.

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Gaye.(n.d). Steelpan History and Development. https://www.steelpan-steeldrums-information.com/steel-pan-history.html
James, R.E.V.(2020). Tamboo Bamboo. http://www.tntisland.com/tamboobamboo.html
Zraick, K. (2018). Ellie Mannette, Father of the Modern Steel Drum, Dies at 90. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/31/obituaries/ellie-mannette-dead.html
Anonymous.(2011). Ersatz Genuineness in Little Mermaid’s “Under the Sea”. https://www.overthinkingit.com/2011/10/04/little-mermaid-under-the-sea/
Stewart, D. (2019). Ebony Steelband. https://www.panonthenet.com/history/bands/uk/ebony-bio.htm
Bynum, L. J. M. (2020). Calypso (music). Salem Press Encyclopedia.
Maloney, S. E. (2011). Acoustics and manufacture of Caribbean steelpans. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.14000
Bove, K. (n.d). Steelpan. https://kaitlinbove.com/steelpan

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Lets Dance~