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According to Thio, there is a significant difference in what and how medical care is given by race, gender, and class. The main problems about the health care system are the cost and payment system. "...The high cost of health care in the United States stems from the fact that medical care id organized as a business..." (Thio, 357). With the payment system, the U.S. is the only rich industrialized society for not having government -paid universal health insurance for all its citizens (357).

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"People in the United States are much healthier than ever before. Since 1900, their life expectancy has increased by more than 50 percent..." (Thio, 348) In this section of the chapter,  it simply talks much about how the health in the U.S. has changed over many years. According to pages 349-350, Thio explained how factors such as age, gender, and race differ in health with each person.

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As defined in the book, epidemiology is used ti trace the origins of many different diseases and the spread of them. AIDS is caused by a virus called human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which causes the inability to fight against infections in the human body. In Figure 13.1 on page 351, it compares causes of AIDS in which are homosexuals, drug users, heterosexuals, and others (greatest to least in cause). In addition, many others are misinformed about the virus' transmission. However, others die more from smoking and drug use that cause lung and heart diseases (Thio, 352).

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Obesity has become a bigger conflict in the United States. Thio states that, "...the rates of obesity among children and teenagers have tripled." (353) Reasons such as overeating high amounts of junk food and the lack of exercise play a huge role in the cause of it. Many resolutions such as healthier foods in restaurants, the public promotion of exercise and healthy foods, and the government setting standards with school food and beverages.

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Throughout history, doctors had little knowledge of their profession and how the human body works, in return caused deaths and misfortunes. However, following those lessons made medical professions receive strict requirements such as medical school, licenses, and more practice (354-355). Bias against women also take place in the medical system, like when researching on health issues that affect women they weren't even studied. They only studied due to the belief that men and women have the same "body", but they do not. Now, women health groups thrive to increase the awareness and remove bias.

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The Sociological Perspectives on Health & Medical Care

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The Sociological Perspectives on Health & Medical Care

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-Functionalist (Sick vs Healer) The patient plays the sick role with expectations of an ill person, while the medical professional takes the healer role with expectations of the behavior of a doctor.
-Conflict Perspective
"...Further suggests that the unequal distribution of health and medical care reflects the larger social inequality." (Thio, 359)
-Symbolic Interactionist
In this perspective, the more the positive interaction/communication with the patient and the doctor is, the greater the satisfaction is by the patient.

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Demography is the study of population. According figure 13.2 in page 362, the world's population exponentially and tremendously grew by going from 1.6 billion in 1900 to 6.6 billion in 2004! Birth rates and death rates depend on factors like the advancement in technology and medical treatments. Immigration "...may greatly alter the population of a specific country." Immigration is the cause of hardships and economic opportunities.

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How this information and chapter help with life is the inspiration to do many things with the "new knowledge". By having more information about one's health care system, becoming aware of certain illnesses, and even learning about the population can create a better sense in the world that we live in. Consequently, it would help us ease into understanding things to come in specific ways and things!