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The answer to question 20 is choice d because NH3 is polar.

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The answer for question #13 is B because attraction of electrons in a chemical bond is based on electronegativity.

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The answer to question 4 is choice a because melting describes the heat of fusion.

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The answer to question #2 is B because the gold foil experiment represented that it was mainly empty space when it reflected off, it showed empty space but a positively charged nucleus.

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1c
#12: A because neutrons don't have mass
#19: B because ionic and molecular compounds are the highest possible category the other answers fall into these categories
#11: B because the protons in the nucleus make it positively charged
#6: Krypton has the closest configuration
#25: D because high temperature and low pressure are closest to ideal gas
#20: D because it's polar
#16: D because the definition of allotropes is different structures and properties and O2 and O3 are allotropes
#11: B because the protons in the nucleus make it positively charged
#7: cesium ion is smaller because cesium gives chloride an electron
#2: B because the equation to find your answer is mass of solute divided by the mass of solution times 100
#23:  B because temperature is thermal and there's no electromagnetic energy
#13: D because J.J. Thomson who is known for discovering the electron discovered it while studying cathode ray tubes
#11: B because the protons in the nucleus make it positively charged
#10: D because electrons are found outside of the nucleus and orbital are outside of the nucleus
#9: 10 and 12 neutrons because 20 minus 10 and 22 minus 10

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Answer: A because Neon’s density is the lowest compared to all of the others

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Answer: A because Neon’s density is the lowest compared to all of the others

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Answer is A because heat energy flows from hot to cold

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The answer to question 19 is choice b because empirical is a formula, not a compound.

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Answer: A because electrons are located in the orbitals of an atom

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Answer is A because heat energy flows from hot to cold.

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Answer:B because the gold foil experiment resulted in the knowledge of an atom having mostly empty space

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Packet 1d
first row
18-b
changes state and gains heat
14-a
it is an element and cannot be broken down further
23-d
there are two compounds on both sides of the reaction
5-a
orbitals are the most likely location of an electron in the wave mechanical model
4-b
valence electrons are always in the outer shell.

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Answer is B because of Avogadros Law since they need to have the same number of liters to have the same number of atoms.

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The answer to question 11 is choice b because the nucleus only has neutrons and protons which makes it positive.

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The answer is choice D because the wave mechanical model shows electrons in the orbits mostly

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Answer:A because since the charge of Fe is +2 and O is -2 they cancel each other out to create 2

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number 1 is C because iron can melt
number 24 is c because it is the only mixture
number 19 is A because 2NO2 is 66.4 so NO2 has to be 33.2
number 9 is B because it is the only physical property

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Answer is C because LeChatelier’s predicts the effect of stress on a system

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The answer to question 18 is choice b because both are compounds but since H2O2 has an extra oxygen, their properties differ.

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Answer:B because valence electrons are located in the outmost shell of a atom

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The answer to question #12 is C because the equation is asking for a bond being broken down, and C is the only one that represents a broken chemical bond.

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The answer is choice D because it’s the only non polar molecule while all the others are polar

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20_1c= D
Option D is the only option that doesn't have a symmetrical structure. (doesn't have an equal number of H in NH3)
16_1c=D
O2 and O3 have different molecular structures because O3 has one more molecule than O2. They also have different properties as O3 is deflects radiation.
11_1c=B
The nucleus has only a positive charge because it is composed of protons and neutrons. neutrons have no charge and protons have a positive charge.
7_1c
When Cs bonds it looses electrons because it is a metal. This is why it is lager in its ground state than CsCl.
2_1c=D
Option D is the only that shows the KNO3 being removed from H2O.
23_1c=B
Both electronegativity and Nuclear aren't forms of energy. This fact means options A,C,D are false.
13_1c=D
10_1c=D

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Answer: D because since NaCl and AgNO are compounds, double replacements can only happen when compounds replace each other

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Answer is C because nature has a tendency towards higher disorder and less energy because it take less energy to make more disorder

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The answer to question 10 is choice d because electrons orbit in electron shells.

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3 is B because protons and electrons are equal, making the atom neutral.

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The answer to question #10 is A because both empirical and molecular terms represent a chemical formula.

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Answer is C because it is the only electron configuration that isn’t on the periodic table because a second she’ll cant have 5 electrons during the ground state

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4 is B because valence electrons always exist in the last shell (outermost shell), and this applies to any atom.

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The answer to question 24 is choice c because oxygen has the highest electronegativity.

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7 is A because if you go along from left to right on the periodic table it will go in order of atomic number.

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13: b because the lower the higher, 8:a since its symmetrical the molecule has to be non polar, 19:c i guessed, 14: c because x and a both match the mixture , 10:a straight lines don't attract anything, 7:c, 9:a 2:b,3:b, 18:c, 24:b, 6:d,21:d

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Answer: D because thermal energy is heat and heat is being transferred from the hot water to the cold Ice cube

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The answer to question #7 is A because on the Periodic Table, each element is displayed in order of increasing atomic number.

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2. B) 18 liters of Ar(g) because this is Avogadro’s law which means everything is equal
19. The system would be equal on both sides
17. The freezing point of Mixture 4 is below 0°C

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The answer is choice A because it’s the only compound meaning it could be broken down

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Answer is A because if you put ammonium and nitrate together you get NH4NO3

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8 is B because copper is a metal and only metals can be malleable (changed physical form such as being hammered)

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10 is A because empirical and molecular are chemical formulas, but polar/nonpolar are bonds, synthesis and decomposition is a reaction, and saturated/concentrated is based on substances.

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The answer to question 16 is choice d because although they are the same element they are different compounds.

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11 is C because when you add all the atomic masses together you will get the formula mass.

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The answer to question #14 is C because C is a element and it cannot be broken down at all.

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12 is C because the bond is being broken on the reactant side and the energy is being absorbed on the product side.

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The answer to question 3 is choice b because at STP, the temperature and pressure is lower.

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15 is D because thermal energy is based on temperature.

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18 is D because it is releasing energy and phase changes are physical.

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The answer to question #25 is D because in order to cancel out, it must be the same. So the mole count must be 4.

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19 is D because the temperature changes chemical equilibrium but a catalyst will only alter the reaction rates.

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Answer is D because there are two reactants and one product since the energy just lets you know if it’s endothermic or exothermic

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The answer is choice C because the elements increase by there atomic number

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21 is A because a catalyst lowers activation energy.

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22 is A because crystal structures differentiates diamond and graphite.

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Answer: B because endothermic reactions take in heat from surrounding areas. In order for a solid to change into a gas it must take in heat and a phase change is a physical change

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25 is D because 2 moles of the reactant makes 3 moles of the product originally. To make 6 moles of the product you will need 4 moles of the reactant.

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2. B) 18 liters of Ar(g) because it’s Avogadro’s law which means everything is equal
19. The system will be equal on both sides
17. The freezing point of Mixture 4 is below 0°C

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The answer to question 17 is choice a because this is a compound while the other choices are elements.

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The answer is choice B because the nucleus has an overall positive charge in the atom

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The answer to question #16 is D because Kinetic energy is another name for Temperature.

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Answer:B because copper is the only metal within these choices and only metals are malleable

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The answer to question 21 is choice d because breaking bonds releases energy while forming bonds does the opposite.

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4 is A because heat of fusion (temperature) is 334 J/g

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5 is C because it is a phase change where there is less disturbances.

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Answer to 7: The cesium ion in cesium chloride is smaller because cesium gives chloride 1 electron minimizing its atomic radius.

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The answer to question 7 is that the Cesium ion's atomic structure loses an electron, causing it to lose an electron shell.

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Answer is D because Zn is the most reactive out of the four according to Table J

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Increasing the surface area of the hot carbon increases the frequency of the effective collisions.

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Answer: A because the periodic table is increasing by the atomic number

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Answer: Equilibrium can only take place in a closed system. Since the reaction takes place in a open test tube, it’ll never reach equilibrium.

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The answer to question #3 is B because protons and electrons are equally the same and it always the same.

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The answer to question 8 is that carbon tetrachloride has a symmetrical charge distribution.

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Answer to 8: It is a nonpolar molecule because it is evenly distributed among 4 chlorine atoms.

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The answer is choice D because JJ Thompson discovers the electron using cathode ray tubes

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Answer to 9: Ne-20 has 10 neutrons and Ne-22 has 12 neutrons because it has 10 protons/electrons, so 20-10=10 and 22-10=12.

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Answer is D because you have to use the specific heat capacity formula since there was a change in temperature

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The answer to question #5 is A because electrons are always found outside the nucleus or its called orbitals.

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The answer is choice B because metals like copper and aluminum are both places where you see metallic bonding in action so it has to be choice B

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The answer to question #18 is D because it loses energy when it converts and is a physical change because it goes from solid to gas.

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11 is B because the nucleus has a positive charge of neutrons/protons but the outside is electrons which is negative.

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The answer to question 15 is choice b because this image nearly mirrors the image in the activated complex.

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The rate of the forward and reverse reactions are equal when dynamic equilibrium is reached in the system

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The answer is choice A because when I used the mole calculations and divided 220 by 44 I got .20 which is choice A

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The answer to question 8 is choice b because aluminum at 1000K is between the melting and boiling point.

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16 is D because different forms of an element always are different.

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Answer is B because since they are isotopes of the same element they have the same number of protons but they need to have different number of neutrons.

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18 is D because one of the compounds has an additional oxygen atom, making them mixtures since they are both water, but different properties because of the additional oxygen atom.

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The answer to question 23 is choice b because only valence electrons take part in chemical reactions.

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Packet 1b
first column
9-a
neon has the lowest density according to table S
11-b
atomic mass is the full mass of an atom with all parts included
20-b
collision theory relates to particle interaction
8-b
copper is the only metal on the list. Metals are very malleable

Second column
24-a
Fe is +2, O is -2
22-a
they are allotropes
16-d
temperature is a measure of kinetic energy
7-a
Come on. This was so obvious. Its basically a free question.

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The answer to question #4 is B because valence electrons are always found on the last shell regardless of any element.

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Answer is D because Si is the only metalloid the other 3 are all metals.

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20 is D because there is 3 hydrogen atoms, making it uneven and asymmetrical.

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22 is B because copper is metallic and electricity conducts through metallic bonds.

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The answer is choice C because you have to put 25 over 200 and multiply by 100 which is what choice C is

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The answer to question 18 is because increasing the surface area increases the amount of collisions in the reaction, making the rate of reaction to increase.

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24 is C because oxygen has the highest electronegativity.

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The answer is choice B because ionic and molecular are the only two major categories of compounds shown

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Answer: B because according to Avogadros law number of moles/molecules equals volume