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Identifies 9 steps that should be included in any instructional lesson.

Reading: Psychology of Learning for Instruction, chapter 10, 372-380

Media: On the website below, view the video that is below the initial graphic of Gagne’s model. The video describes how Gagne’s model was applied to an online training course. Think about how the model can be applied to other settings.

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Robert Gagne, an instructional theorist, surmised that there was a nine-step process for creating good instruction. In his book The Conditions of Learning first published in 1965, Gagne outlined the Nine Events of Instruction. These nine events are widely used as a foundation upon which to structure an online course.

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Holds that instruction should be organized in increasing order of complexity and proposes seven major strategy components.

Reading: Instructional Design Theories & Models V2, chapter 18

Media: The video below gives a brief overview of elaboration theory and then gives examples of elaboration theory using technology approaches. It also provides guidelines for how to implement elaboration theory.

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Merrill’s First Principles of Instruction

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Merrill’s First Principles of Instruction

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Relates to problem-centered instruction and states five principles for effective instruction.

Reading: First principles of instruction. Educational Technology Research & Development (PDF)

Media: In the video below, Dr. Merrill himself discusses instructional design and his first principles.

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Also called “spiral curriculum,” this method of instruction involves revisiting topics or themes throughout an educational program or event.

Reading: Harden, R. M. & Stamper, N. (1999). What is a spiral curriculum? Medical Teacher, 21(2), 141-143 (Harden Stamper Spiral Learning.pdf)

Media: In the video below, a school principal discusses spiral curriculum/instruction to teach math. Although this video is geared towards the K-12 environment, the concepts apply to other learning environments.

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Spiraling the curriculum to get sticky learning | Kristin Phillips | TEDxKitchenerED

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Transactional model that emphasizes teacher/student interaction at each step: presentation, practice, assessment and evaluation, and monitoring and feedback.

Reading: Huitt, W., Monetti, D., & Hummel, J. (2009). Designing direct instruction. Pre-publication version of chapter published in C. Reigeluth and A. Carr-Chellman, Instructional-design theories and models: Volume III, Building a common knowledgebase (pp. 73-97). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved from http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/papers/designing-direct-instruction.pdf (Huitt Direct Instruction.pdf)

Media: The website below provides a series of videos that explain direct instruction. The videos are geared towards K-12 instruction, but you can translate the concepts to an adult learning or higher education environment.

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NIFDI - National Institute for Direct Instruction

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Students learning content and thinking strategies through the experience of solving problems. Facilitated problem solving where students work on a complex problem that does not have a single correct answer.

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Problem-Based Learning at Maastricht University