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1873: Maxwell and the Basis of Electromagnetic Theory 

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1873: Maxwell and the Basis of Electromagnetic Theory 

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James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879), a Scottish physicist and mathematician, recognized that electromagnetism's processes could be established using mathematics. Maxwell published "Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism" in 1873 in which he summarizes and synthesizes the discoveries of Coloumb, Oersted, Ampere, Faraday into four mathematical equations.

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In 1895, Italian inventor and electrical engineer Guglielmo Marconi put the discovery of electromagnetic waves to practical use by sending messages over long distances using radio signals, also known as the "wireless." He was known for his pioneering work on long-distance radio transmission and his development of Marconi's law and a radio telegraph system.

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GUGLIELMO MARCONI - ITALIAN INVENTOR OF RADIO

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German physicist Heinrich Hertz proved Maxwell's electromagnetic wave theory was correct, and in the process, generated and detected electromagnetic waves. Hertz published his work in a book, "Electric Waves: Being Researches on the Propagation of Electric Action With Finite Velocity Through Space." The discovery of electromagnetic waves led to the development to the radio. The unit of frequency of the waves measured in cycles per second was named the "hertz" in his honor.

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Hertz experiments with electromagnetic waves

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1831: Faraday and Electromagnetic Induction

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1831: Faraday and Electromagnetic Induction

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English scientist Michael Faraday (1791–1867) at the Royal Society in London developed the idea of an electric field and studied the effect of currents on magnets. His research found that the magnetic field created around a conductor carried a direct current, thereby establishing the basis for the concept of the electromagnetic field in physics.

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In 1820, Danish physicist and chemist Hans Christian Oersted (1777–1851) discovered what would become known as Oersted's Law: that an electric current affects a compass needle and creates magnetic fields. He was the first scientist to find the connection between electricity and magnetism.

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In 1785, French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb developed Coulomb's law, the definition of the electrostatic force of attraction and repulsion. He found that the force exerted between two small electrified bodies is directly proportional to the product of the magnitude of charges and varies inversely to the square of the distance between those charges. Coulomb's discovery of the law of inverse squares virtually annexed a large part of the domain of electricity. He also produced important work on the study of friction.

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Franklin discovered there are two kinds of charges, positive and negative: objects with like charges repel one another, and those with unlike charges attract one another. Franklin also documented the conservation of charge, the theory that an isolated system has a constant total charge.

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Toward the late 16th century, the "founder of electrical science" English scientist William Gilbert published "De Magnete" in Latin translated as "On the Magnet" or "On the Lodestone." Gilbert was a contemporary of Galileo, who was impressed by Gilbert's work. Gilbert undertook a number of careful electrical experiments, in the course of which he discovered that many substances were capable of manifesting electrical properties.

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The magnetic compass is an ancient Chinese invention, likely first made in China during the Qin dynasty, from 221 to 206 BCE. The compass used a lodestone, a magnetic oxide, to indicate true north. The underlying concept may not have been understood, but the ability of the compass to point true north was clear.

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600 BCE: Sparking Amber in Ancient Greece

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600 BCE: Sparking Amber in Ancient Greece

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The earliest writings about electromagnetism were in 600 BCE, when the ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician and scientist Thales of Miletus described his experiments rubbing animal fur on various substances such as amber.