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Adolescence Lasts Longer
1st Marriages
Men= 31
Women=28
Sexual Maturity occurring earlier
Adulthood:
-physical changes peak in 20's- slow decline
-menopause
the time of natural cessation of menstruation
-slowed reactions
Cognition
-slowing of neural processes
Alzheimer's
-a progressive and irreversible brain disorder
-characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally, physical functioning
Crystallized Intelligence
-one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
-tends to increase with age
Fluid Intelligence
-ones ability to reason speedily and abstractly
-tends to decrease during late adulthood
5 Stages of Grief: (Kubler-Ross)
-Denial
-Anger
-Bargaining
-Depression
-Acceptance

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Kohlberg's Theories of Moral Development

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Kohlberg's Theories of Moral Development

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Pre-Conventional:
Stage 1- Avoid Punishment
Stage 2- Self Interest
Conventional:
Stage 3- Getting people to like them
Stage 4- maintain a functioning society
Post-Conventional:
Stage 5- Reject rigidity of laws
Stage 6-Sense of Justice

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G. Stanley Hall

"Storm and Stress"

Three Key Concepts

Conflict with parents

mood disruptions

risky behavior

*not everybody goes through this period*
Margaret Mead

"Easy Transition"

not harsh and difficult but an easy move

Erikson

Identity vs Role Confusion

James Marcia
-interviewed students ages 18 to 22 about their occupational choices, religious and political beliefs, and values

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4 different parenting styles:

Authoritarian

parents impose rules and expects obedience

Permissive

submit to children's desires, make few demands, use little punishment

child is basically in power

Authoritative

both demanding and responsive

set rules, but explain reasons and encourages open discussion

Uninvolved/Detached

limited time/energy

attachment issues + delinquency

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-Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory
-Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory
-Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory

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Infancy + Childhood: Sociocultural Development
-Why do children play?

Self-teaching by trail and error

Symbolic Representation

Piaget says... interaction with physical world

Overcome egocentrism

Learning through first-hand experience

Vtgotsky says... culture and educational

Delaying immediate gratification

Practice self-regulation- learn to think about own world

Lev Vtgotsky: Social Development theory

Social interaction + cognitive development

learning---development is enhanced with new tasks

Vygotsky's view of language is the primary method of communication between adults and children

Powerful tool of intellectual adaptation

Private speech(talk to self) v inner speech

Language Development-

Critical Periods: windows of oppurtunity for learning a language; as early as 6 years old

Chomsky: Language Acquisition Device

Born with internal mechanism

Whorf: Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

language determines how we think

recent research: language influences how we think

Imprinting(Lorenz): the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

Humans do not imprint only animals

Temperament: easy, difficult, or slow to warm up child
Mary Ainsworth-
Stranger Anxiety & Attachment:
-fear of strangers beginning around 8 months
-an emotional tie found in young children
-Attachment styles:

Secure vs. insecure attachment

Anxious-resistant insecure attachment

rage at mom when she returns

Avoidant insecure attachment

may not notice mother is gone

Strange Situation Experiment-secure attachment study

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Developmental Packet 2016.doc   Google Docs

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Developmental Packet 2016.doc   Google Docs

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1/25- I can apply Erikson theory to my reunion activity

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1/25- I can apply Erikson theory to my reunion activity

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Social Development: Parent and Child Relationships
-Basic Trust(Erik Erikson):

a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy

major task with each stage of life

responsive caregivers

-Self Concept:

a sense of one's identity and personal worth

8 Stages of Men- Psychosocial Development
L vs R
left- good side
right-bad side
-If you moved on from the right side you had a crisis.
-If you moved on from the left side you were okay.

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Piaget: Cognitive Development

-Mental functioning depends on 2 biological processes:

Assimilation: interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas (cowboy boots)

Accomodation: adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

-Object Permanence: understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed (seen, heard, touched, smelled or sensed in any way).
-Stranger Anxiety: form of distress that children experience when exposed to people unfamiliar to them
-Ego-centrism: the
inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view
-Theory of Mind: ideas about your own and others' mental states- feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict
-Conservation

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-Newborn Reflexes

Rooting

Swallowing

Sucking

Babinski

Stepping

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Descriptive- observational study that doesn't prove cause and effect
-naturalistic observation
-correlational studies
-case studies (1 or 2 people)
Experimental- have a control group and an experimental group
-proves cause and effect
-can also observe behavior

Cross-Sectional vs Longitudinal Research
-Cross-sectional research: research done on many subjects of different ages at the same time
PRO: inexpensive, takes relatively little time to complete, avoids high attrition rate
CON: different age groups are NOT necessarily alike, subjects of the same chronological age might not be same maturational age
-Longitudinal Research: research done on one group of subjects over many years
PRO: generates DETAILED information about subjects, studies developmental changes in depth
CON: regression/attrition rate=high; subjects drop out or move or die so it is very hard to complete successfully, expensive

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1. 4 x2
2. 15 x40
3. 8 x10
4.  45 x40
5. 35
6. 85 x65
7. 13 x 16

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1. 65 x90

2. 40 x75
3. 12 x8
4. teenager
5. 15
6. 10 x11
7. 90 x50

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1/23- I can understand developmental research designs

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1/23- I can understand developmental research designs

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Laugh- 2 months
Pedal a Tricycle- 2 years
Sit without support-5 to 6 months
Feel ashamed- 2 years
Walk unassisted- 12 months
Stand on one foot for 10 seconds- 4.5 years
Recognize and smile at mother or father- 4-5 months
Kick a ball forward- 20 months
Think about things that cannot be seen- 12 months
Make two-words sentences- 20-22 months