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09DEP17F1056
What I have learn from chapter 1 is we know that microwaves  are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimeter; with frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz . Then, electromagnetic wave spectrum also started from very low frequency to extremely high frequency. It  also have various type of propagation mode such as TEM, TE and TM.  Next, we can also learn travelling wave in a wave guide like wavefront. Beside that, we know that there were 2 wavefront such as spherical and plane .

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NUR AIN AZZARINA BINTI MOHD AZLI (09DEP17F1052)

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NUR AIN AZZARINA BINTI MOHD AZLI (09DEP17F1052)

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At the end of chapter 1, what I learnt is the meaning of electromagnetic wave, it is a self propagating transverse oscillating wave of electric and magnetic fields. An electromagnetic wave with a frequency in the range of 100 megahertz to 30 gigahertz (lower than infrared but higher than other radio waves). There are 3 types of propagation mode which is TEM, TE, and TM. First, Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) is a mode of propagation where the electric and magnetic field lines are all restricted to directions normal to the direction of propagation. Second, the electric field, E is transverse to the direction of propagation of wave and the magnetic field, H has components transverse and in the direction of propagation. The last one, the nagnetic field, H is transverse to the direction of propagation of wave and the electric field, E has components transverse and in the direction of the wave. Then, it is about poynting vector, wavefront, spherical wave and plane wave. Polarization is a property of waves that can oscillate with more than one orientation. Behaviour of the electromagnetic wave propagation have three which is reflection, diffraction, refraction and interference. Last but not least, microwave has its hazard which is electromagnetic radiation hazard. High level electromagnetic energy can also induce electrical currents or voltages that may causeshocks and burns. Eye damage, retina, skin damage, skin burn and heart stroke. There is radiation protection to be practiced such as HERP, HERO, and HERF. The microwave band is well suited for wireless transmission of signals having large bandwidth. In communication, a large allowable bandwidth translates into high data speed.

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At the end of chapter 1, we know that microwaves  are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimeter; with frequencies between 300 MHz (100 cm) and 300 GHz (0.1 cm).Then, electromagnetic wave spectrum also started from very low frequency(VLF) to extremely high frequency (EHF).It  alsohave various type of propagation mode such as TEM, TE and TM.  Then, we can also learn travelling wave in a wave guide like wavefront. Beside that,we know that there were 2 wavefront such as spherical and plane .

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At the end of chapter one,first of all i get to know the definition of microwaves and electromagnetic wave.Next we are learn about propagtion mode.Propagation is divided by three TM,TM and TEM.Other then that we are learn about the behaviour of electromagnetic waves propagation for example refraction,reflection,diffraction and interface.Finally we are learn the dangerous of microwaves in our life its divides into 3 catagories.HERP,HERO AND HERF

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MUHAMMAD NUR FADHLI BIN FAROUKHEE AZLEY (09DEP17F1064)

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MUHAMMAD NUR FADHLI BIN FAROUKHEE AZLEY (09DEP17F1064)

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Let me decribe for chapter 1 i learnt . Firstly , defination for the electromagnetic wave is a self propagating transverse oscillating wave of electric and magnetic fields.Defination for the microwave is an electromagnetic wave with a frequency in the range of 100 megahertz to 30 gigahertz(lower than onfrared but higher than other radio waves).Then , the propagation mode of EM Wave are (TEM),(TE) and (TM). TEM means Transverse Electromagnetic . TE means Tranverse Electric and the TM means Transverse Magnetic . After that, i learnt about electomagnetic radiation hazard . In radiation hazard have protection to be practiced . It have (HERP), (HERO) and (HERF).So when i studies about this chapter , now i know and maybe i can remembe electromagnetic wave .

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(09DEP17F1077)

At the end of this chapter,  now I learn elecromagneticwave which is a self propagating transverse oscillating wave of electric and magnetic field.It use in such as radar.Electromagnetic wave with a frequency range of 100MHz to 30GHz.

There are three type of propogation mode TEM, TE and TM.TEM is mode of propogatio.TE is transverse to the direction of propogation of wave and the magnetic field.While TM is tranverse to the direction of propogation of wave and the electric field has component transverse and in the direction of the wave.

Polarization is a property of waves that can oscillate with more than one orientation.Behaviour of the elecromagnetic wave propogation have 3 which is reflaction when a wave strikes an object and bounces off, refraction bending of wave when passing from one medium to another cause by change in speed.Diffraction when wave passes through an opening, called an aperature, it will diffract, or spread out from the opening.Interface occurs when two or more waves overlap.

The last one is microwave is dangereous to human so there have type of electromagnetic radiation hazard.(HERP) to produce biological effects to human.High level electromagnetic energy can also induce electric currents or voltages that may cause shocks and burns like eye damage, retina, skin damage, skin burn and heat strok.(HERO) to affect electro explosive devise.It produce by modern radio cause sensitive electrically initiated device.(HERF) to cause spark ignitation of volatile combustibles.Fuel vapors can be ignited by RF induce arcs during fuel handling operation close to high power radar.

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MOHD ANIQ NAJMI SYAQIRIN BIN ROHADI (09DEP16F1040)

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MOHD ANIQ NAJMI SYAQIRIN BIN ROHADI (09DEP16F1040)

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for this chapter, i able to know the definition of microwave which is the electromagnetic radiation with the range 100MHz to 30GHz. It widely used for point to point communications because their small wavelength  allows conveniently-sized antennas to direct them in narrow beams, which can be pointed directly at the receiving antenna. Also, I able to identify the advantage and disadvantage of the microwave and how to protect ourself from microwave radiation.

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MUHAMMAD AFIQ HAZIM BIN MOHD NAZRI (09DEP16F1068)

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MUHAMMAD AFIQ HAZIM BIN MOHD NAZRI (09DEP16F1068)

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Lets me describe about  microwave in chapter 1. First of all we know that the electromagnetic wave  have a frequency in range from 100 megahertz to 30 gigahertz. We also know that the type of electromagnetic wave have a different radiation type of  frequency and wavelength (m). Start from biggest radiation type of wavelength (m) is radio and the smallest wavelength (m) is gamma ray . The propagation mode of EM wave is TEM, TE and TM. Transverse electromagnetic (TEM) is a mode of propagation where the electric and magnetic field lines are all restricted to directions normal (transverse) to the direction of propagation.

We also know about electromagnetic wave direction which is magnetic field (B) is vertical and electric field  (E). The electric field, E  is transverse to the direction of propagation of wave and the magnetic field, H has components transverse and in the direction of the wave. The magnetic field, H is transverse to the direction of propagation of wave and the electric field, E has components transverse and in the direction of the wave.

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At the end of this chapter, I able to understand what is microwave. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimeter with frequency between 300MHz and 300GHz. I also learned about the electromagnetic spectrum with an illustration of a diagram of the principles of electric and magnetic fields in elctromagnetic waves. There are three types of elctromagnetic waves, firstly Transverse elctromagnetic(TEM), then Transverse electric(TE), and lastly, Transverse magnetic(TM). In addition to that, TE and TM exists in waveguide mode.

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Upon the completion of the chapter 1, I learned more about microwave device. Microwaves are a form of  electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimeter; with frequencies between 300 MHz (100 cm) and 300 GHz (0.1 cm). Microwaves are widely used for point to point communications because their small wavelength allows conveniently-sized antennas to direct them in narrow beams, which can be pointed directly at the receiving antenna. This allows nearby microwave equipment to use the same frequencies without interfering with each other, as lower frequency radio waves do. Another advantage is that the high frequency of microwaves gives the microwave band a very large information-carrying capacity; the microwave band has a bandwidth 30 times that of all the rest of the radio spectrum below it. A disadvantage is that microwaves are limited to line of sight propagation; they cannot pass around hills or mountains as lower frequency radio waves can.

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09DEP16F1001
In short of what i learned in microwave is, i learn what is microwave, i learned about the frequency spectrum or frequency of the microwave. I also know the function of microwave, the operation of microwave for data transmission, the uses of microwave, the advantage of using microwave, the harm of using microwave, and how to protect ourself form microwave radiation.

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At the end of this chapter 1, I understand about electromagnetic wave,  electromagnetic wave is a self Propagating Transverse oscillating wave of electric and magnetic fields. Then microwave, An electromagnetic wave with a frequency in the range of 100 megahertz to 30 gigahertz (lower than infrared but higher than other radio waves). I learn about electromagnetic frequency spectrum with an illustration of a diagram the principles of electric (E) and magnetic (H) fields in electromagnetic wave.

In this learning lesson, I also know type of electromagnetic waves. Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) Transverse electromagnetic (TEM) is a mode of propagation where the electric and magnetic field lines are all restricted to directions normal (transverse) to the direction of propagation. Transverse Electric (TE), The electric field, E is transverse to the direction of propagation of wave and the magnetic field, H has components transverse and in the direction of the wave. Transverse Magnetic (TM), The magnetic field, H is transverse to the direction of propagation of wave and the electric field, E has components transverse and in the direction of the wave. Then I also know about Poynting vector, Spherical and plane waves, Polarization and behaviour of the electromagnetic wave.

Next, I know types of electromagnetic radiation hazard and the radiation protection to be practiced. After that, I understand the advantage of a very short wavelength in designing the microwave components and I know about the advantage of a very high frequency property towards bandwidth application.

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At the end of this chapter, I get to know more about microwave in communication. A microwave link is a communications system that uses a beam of radio waves in the microwave frequency range to transmit video, audio, or data between two locations, which can be from just a few feet or meters to several miles or kilometers apart. Radio waves are used to transmit television and radio programs, while microwaves are used for mobile phones and Wi-Fi. However, they have different properties: Radio waves have longer wavelengths and are reflected by the ionosphere (part of the Earth's atmosphere).

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NURULAINI IZZATI BINTI ZAIDI (09DEP16F1042

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NURULAINI IZZATI BINTI ZAIDI (09DEP16F1042

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at the end of this topic, now i learn about application microwave in communication.about range indoor communication . i also know the basic function microwave. microwave is the one of the medium transmission that not use cable such as coaxial cable twisted pair or etc. microwave is wireless communication system. it communication between satelite.

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NUR SYAIDATINA FARAHIN BINTI ANUAR (09DEP16F1046)

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NUR SYAIDATINA FARAHIN BINTI ANUAR (09DEP16F1046)

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After this lesson, i know that microwaves are a type of electromagnetic radiation, as are radio waves, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma-rays. Microwaves have a range of applications, including communications, radar and, perhaps. Microwaves have frequencies ranging from about 3 billion cycles per second, or 3 gigahertz (GHz), up to about 30 trillion hertz (terahertz or THz) and wavelengths of about 30 centimeters (12 inches) to 3 millimeters (0.12 inches), although these values are not definitive.

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NUR IZZATI BT MOHAMAD ARIS ( 09DEP16F1026)

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NUR IZZATI BT MOHAMAD ARIS ( 09DEP16F1026)

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At the end of this topic, Microwave signals propagate in straight lines and are affected very little by the troposphere. They are not refracted or reflected by ionized regions in the upper atmosphere. Microwave beams do not readily diffract around barriers such as hills, mountains, and large human-made structures. Some attenuation occurs when microwave energy passes through trees and frame houses. Radio-frequency (RF) energy at longer wavelengths is affected to a lesser degree by such obstacles.

The microwave band is well suited for wirelesstransmission of signals having large bandwidth. This portion of the RF electromagnetic radiation spectrum encompasses many thousands of megahertz. Compare this with the so-called shortwave band that extends from 3 MHz to 30 MHz, and whose total available bandwidth is only 27 MHz. In communications, a large allowable bandwidth translates into high data speed. The short wavelengths allow the use of dish antennas having manageable diameters. These antennas produce high power gain in transmitting applications, and have excellent sensitivity and directional characteristics for reception of signals.

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MOHAMMAD ASYRAF BIN ZULKARNAIN (09DEP16F1036)

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MOHAMMAD ASYRAF BIN ZULKARNAIN (09DEP16F1036)

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At the end of the topic,  we know that microwave is a wireless communication system that being used nowdays. There is also type of radiation and its prevention. There is also advantage and disadvantage of using microwave

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At the end of this topic, we got to know the microwave it have their own type. In this modern era our communication widely use a microwave. It make yourself to communicate with other people more easier.

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MUHAMAD FAHMI BIN MD SHAH (09DEP16F1004)

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MUHAMAD FAHMI BIN MD SHAH (09DEP16F1004)

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At the end of the  session ,  we know that microwaves are widely used to communicate each other , microwaves is an electromagnetic waves  with a frequency in the range of 100 megahertz to 30 gigahertz (lower than infrared but higher than other radio waves).  electromagnetic waves has 3 types propagation mode such as TEM, TE, TM, finally , the electromagnetic waves of radiation hazard HERP, HERO,HERF.

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CIK NURUL MURNIYANTI SOFIAH BINTI RAMLI (09DEP16F1801

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CIK NURUL MURNIYANTI SOFIAH BINTI RAMLI (09DEP16F1801

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Microwave radio signals are electromagnetic waves short wavelengths and high high frequencies between 500 MHz to 300 GHz. About 35 percent of all terrestrial communication is maintained by microwave radio relay systems. There are various types of microwave radio communication systems, operating anywhere between 15 miles to 4,000 miles, including feeder service or intrastate microwave systems and long-haul microwave systems.

Microwave technology has been used for decades in many types of applications. Most military communications, including remote sensing through radar and the telecommunications industries have focused on the development of microwave electronics and technology.

Today, there are even more applications for the use of microwave technology. This has come about because of the development and enhancement of high-pulsed microwaves and much higher powered systems than those that have been available in the past. Additionally, the advancement of the actual physical equipment required to use microwaves over long distances has made this technology even more practical with smaller antennas and transmitters that help reduce weight, bulk and cost.

Increasing Demand for GPS Services

With the use of mobile technology, virtually all devices or internet connected applications will have to use some type of GPS technology. This use of microwave electronics in increasingly smaller components and with more diverse applications continues to be a one of the current trends in development that will continue into the future.

New options in transistors and amplifiers that can enhance radio frequency transmissions over greater distances are also in demand. Again, this technology has to be developed with small size in mind, which can create issues for temperature control and shielding in devices.

Chip Design and Features

New features and options on the integrated circuits used in RF technology have led to even more versatility for these chips. New options for chips including digital logic gates that allow the chips to operate more like self-contained data processing modules further creates a level of sophistication in design not possible with earlier technology.

These advances to the system on a chip type of technology have increased the complexity of both the chips and the whole system. While much more complicated to design and develop, these system designs are now able to handle mixed-signals, both digital and the analog, as well as control multiple transistors, sometimes in the hundreds of thousands or millions within a system.

More demand for mobile technology including live-streaming, video review on demand and more complex data through the system will continue to drive the development of microwave electronics. This will all be coupled with the demand for better battery life, meaning that components have to be able to outperform the current generation of devices, but also use less overall power.

The future will also include the trend to begin using smaller and smaller components that are more flexible and can be more easily integrated into devices that are in use today.

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Microwaves are widely used for point-to-point communications because it has small wavelength that allows conveniently-sized antennas to direct them in narrow beams, which can be pointed directly at the receiving antenna. This allows nearby microwave equipment to use the same frequencies without interfering with each other, as lower frequency radio waves do. Another advantage is that the high frequency of microwaves gives the microwave band a very large information-carrying capacity; the microwave band has a bandwidth 30 times that of all the rest of the radio spectrum below it.

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NUR AFRIENA ZULAIKHA BINTI ZAMRI (09DEP16F1010)

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NUR AFRIENA ZULAIKHA BINTI ZAMRI (09DEP16F1010)

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Microwave is an electromagnetic wave with a frequency in the range of 100 megahertz to 30 gigahertz (lower than infrared but higher than other radio waves). Microwave frequency spectrum is UHF ( ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY) that is 300MHz to 3GHz, SHF (SUPER HIGH FREQUENCY) that is 3GHz to 30GHz, EHF ( EXTREMELY HIGH FREQUENCY) that is 30GHz to 300GHz. The propagation mode of microwave  is divided to three that is TEM, TE, and TM. Transverse electromagnetic (TEM) is a mode of propagation where the electric and magnetic field lines are all restricted to directions normal (transverse) to the direction of propagation. Plane waves are TEM. The Transverse electromagnetic wave is cannot be propagated within a waveguide, but is included for completeness. It is the mode that is commonly used within coaxial and open wire feeders. The electric field, E and the magnetic field, H are oriented transverse to the direction of propagation of wave. Exists in plane waves and transmission lines (2 conductors). No cut-off frequency. The relationship between E, H and direction of propagation is governed by the time dependent Poynting vector. The formula is P(t) = E(t) x H(t). The cross product of vector E with vector H resulted in vector P (parallel x to direction of propagation),ie all the vectors E, H and P are  perpendicular to each others. Next, The electric field, E  is transverse to the direction of propagation of wave and the magnetic field, H has components transverse and in the direction of the wave. Only H field components travels along the direction of propagation. It is exists in waveguide modes. Another mode is Transverse Magnetic (TM). The magnetic field, H is transverse to the direction of propagation of wave and the electric field, E has components transverse and in the direction of the wave. Only an electric field travels along the direction of propagation. It is exists in waveguide modes.

Poynting Vector is to describe the power of this electromagnetic field it is necessary to measuse the electric and the magnetic field. Both units are oszillating vectors as shown in the figure, where E is the electric field, H is the magnetic field, and change its direction alternating. The electromagnetic power, or energy per unit time, is called Poynting vector S. In a propagating sinusoidal electromagnetic plane wave of a fixed frequency, the Poynting vector oscillates, always pointing in the direction of propagation. The Poynting vector is the cross product of these two vectors E and H

Wavefront is the Electromagnetic wave is radiated into free space or microwave transmission lines by using microwave antenna. Types of wavefront is Spherical wavefront (In spherical wave  - rays are along the radial directions and are divergent) and Plane wavefront (In a plane wave - all rays are parallel to each other, and one can track just a single ray). It is polarization is a property of waves that can oscillate with more than one orientation. Behaviour of electromagnetic

Occurs when two or more waves overlap is constructive interference that is two or more waves combine to produce a wave with larger displacement and destructive interference that is two or more waves combine to produce a wave with smaller displacement.

The popularization of mobile phones, computers, household appliances and other electronic equipment has made learning, working and accessing entertainment much more convenient. With the intensive development of various advanced military weaponry equipment, such as early warning aircraft, electronic jammers and new radar, soldiers are always exposed to intricate environmental factors, including intensive and complex microwave radiation. As the fourth largest source of pollution after air, water and noise, microwave radiation induces many biological effects. The brain is the most sensitive target organ for microwave radiation, where mitochondrial injury occurs earlier and more severely than in other organ.

The biological effects of MW radiation fall into two types: thermal and non-thermal effects. Both are present, with thermal effects prominent in the case of high-power and high-frequency MW radiation and non-thermal effects predominant in the case of low-power MW radiation. MW radiation has multi-faceted effects on many systems within an organism, including the nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, immune, reproductive and hematopoietic systems. The brain always requires a high rate of oxygen and energy consumption to maintain regular functions. Therefore, this organ is sensitive to non-infectious stimuli such as ionizing radiation and hypoxia. Research from our group and from others has demonstrated that microwave radiation damages hippocampal structures in rats, impairs long-term potentiation, decreases neurotransmitter concentrations, reduces synaptic vesicles in number and results in memory impairment. Thus, the brain is generally accepted as the most sensitive target organ for microwave radiation.

The damaging effects of MW radiation on the brain include brain dysfunction and brain structural damage. An epidemiological survey found that microwave radiation caused human fatigue, headache, excitement, dreams, memory loss and other symptoms of neurasthenia. In addition, there were impaired learning and memory abilities in rats after MW radiation, as determined by the Morris water maze. Microwave radiation may also lead to neuronal shrinkage, nuclear condensation, mitochondrial swelling, an expanded endoplasmic reticulum, alterations to the synaptic gaps and widened vascular endothelial connections, where mitochondrial injury occurred earlier and more severely.

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After learning the lesson, i know that Microwave communication is a method of wirelessly sending data. It is very similar to radio technology. Microwaves are right next to radio waves on the electromagnetic spectrum.

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Microwave is actually an electromagnetic field in the atmosphere that makes human live easier. it provide telecommunication . it been widely used in our technology contemporary

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Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic field with wavelenght ranging from one meter to one millimeter; with frequencies between 300 MHz (100 cm) and 300 GHz (0.1 cm).Different sources define different frequency ranges as microwaves

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Muhammad Syahmi Farhan bin Rosadi (09DEP16F1070)

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Muhammad Syahmi Farhan bin Rosadi (09DEP16F1070)

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Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimeter; with frequencies between 300 MHz (100 cm) and 300 GHz (0.1 cm).  Microwaves travel solely by line-of-sight paths; unlike lower frequency radio waves, they do not travel as ground waves which follow the contour of the Earth, or reflect off the ionosphere (skywaves).  Their short wavelength allows narrow beams of microwaves to be produced by conveniently small high gain antennas from a half meter to 5 meters in diameter.

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AHMAD ASHRAF FARHAN BIN MOHD SHUKRI(09DEP15F1055)

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AHMAD ASHRAF FARHAN BIN MOHD SHUKRI(09DEP15F1055)

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I learn about electromagnetic wave, define microwave, The electromagnetic frequency spectrum, and The principles of electric (E) and magnetic fields(H) in electromagnetic wave.

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Microwaves (MW), electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300 MHz to 300 GHz, have been widely used in the telecommunications, agriculture, transportation, medical and military fields. The popularization of mobile phones, computers, household appliances and other electronic equipment has made learning, working and accessing entertainment much more convenient. With the intensive development of various advanced military weaponry equipment, such as early warning aircraft, electronic jammers and new radar, soldiers are always exposed to intricate environmental factors, including intensive and complex MW radiation. As the fourth largest source of pollution after air, water and noise, MW radiation induces many biological effects [1]. The brain is the most sensitive target organ for MW radiation, where mitochondrial injury occurs earlier and more severely than in other organs. Studies on the effects of MW radiation on brain energy metabolism have aroused great concern.

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SITI NUR ADLEEN BINTI AYOB (09DEP16F1066)

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SITI NUR ADLEEN BINTI AYOB (09DEP16F1066)

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After this lesson, now we know that microwaves  are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimeter; with frequencies between 300 MHz (100 cm) and 300 GHz (0.1 cm).Then, electromagnetic wave spectrum also started from very low frequency(VLF) to extremely high frequency (EHF).Microwaves also have various type of propagation mode such as TEM, TE and TM. After that, we also learn traveling wave in a wave guide like wavefront. We know that there were 2 wavefront such as spherical and plane . Next, we have polarization that are divided by 4 which called reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference. Lastly, we also know that microwaves is exposed to electromagnetic radiation hazard. There were 3 of them, firstly is HERP, that produce biological effects to human, the second one is HERO that affect electro explosive devices and lastly HERF that cause spark ignition of volatile combustibles.

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NURUL FILZAH BINTI ABD RAHMAN (09DEP16F1022

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NURUL FILZAH BINTI ABD RAHMAN (09DEP16F1022

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After the lesson, we know the electromagnetic wave and the definition of microwave. Microwave is an electromagnetic wave with a frequency in the range of 100MHz to 30GHz. We also learned the propagation mode of electromagnetic wave that consists of TEM,TM and TE. Then, we learned the behavior of  the electromagnetic wave propagation  which is reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference. Lastly, we learn the type of electromagnetic radiation hazard and the radiation protection to be practiced (HERP, HERO, HERF).

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After this lesson, we know that microwave is an electromagnetic wave with a frequency in the range of 100 megahertz to 30 gigahertz ( lower than infrared but higher than other radio waves). Electromagnetic waves is self propagating transverse oscillating wave of electric and magnetic field. We also know that there are 3 types of electromagnetive wave which is Transverse Electromagnetic(TEM) , Transverse electric(TE) and Transverse Magnetic (TM) but only TE and TM exists in waveguide mode.

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NUR FATIHAH BT ABD RAHAMAN - 09DEP15F1123

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NUR FATIHAH BT ABD RAHAMAN - 09DEP15F1123

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At the end of chapter 1 we know about how the functions of electromagnetic  waves . Then know the electromagnetic wave with a frequency range. Learn about electromagnetic wave spectrum.  learn about propagation mode such as Transverse Electromagnetic(TEM), Transversse Eletric (TE), Transverse Magnetic (TM). Then learn the types of electromagnetic hazard and the radiation to be practiced such as HERP, HERO, HERF.