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Rutherford tested Thomson's hypothesis by devising his "gold foil" experiment. Rutherford reasoned that if Thomson's model was correct then the mass of the atom was spread out throughout the atom.Then, if he shot high velocity alpha particles at an atom then there would be very little to deflect the alpha particles. He decided to test this with a thin film of gold atoms. As expected, most alpha particles went right through the gold foil but to his amazement a few alpha particles rebounded almost directly backwards.

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The model described the atom as a tiny, dense, positively charged core called a nucleus, in which nearly all the mass is concentrated, around which the light, negative constituents, called electrons, circulate at some distance, much like planets revolving around the Sun.

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Ern attended Canterbury College in Christchurch from 1890 to 1894. In 1892 he passed BA in Pure Mathematics and Latin, Applied Mathematics, English, French and Physics. In 1893 Ern got a Master of Arts degree with double First Class Honours, in Mathematics and Mathematical Physics and in Physical Science. He tried becoming a school teacher, and even considering medicine. in 1894 Ern returned to Canterbury College where he took geology and chemistry for a BSc degree.He showed that a steel needle surrounded by a wire loop in the discharge circuit was indeed magnetised for frequencies as high as 500 million per second. By slowly dissolving the needle in acid he showed that only a very thin surface layer of the needle was magnetised.