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Gilded age
- many cities were run by political machines
- political machines were parties led by a powerful boss who controlled a newtork of politicans
- machines politicians rallied citizens, especially imigrnt to vote for them by offering services
*especially IRISH
- because machines politicians controlled access to city jobs, business licenses, and building projects, they tended to be corrupt
- the mostnotorious urban politicans was Boss Tweed of NY Tammany Hall political machine
- The Tweed Ring defrauded NYC of millions of dollars until it was exposed by reporter Thomas Nest
_ many politicians used fraud to win elections, used their influence for personal gain (graft), or took bribes
- many government positions, such as tax collectors or post office officials,were appointed as rewards for loyalty to a political party (patronage)
- congress passed the Pendleton Actin 1883 that created merit based exams for most civil service jobs in the federal
- In the Gilded Age, presidents were seen as less powerful than monopolists like Carnegie, JP Morgan, and Rockefeller

Democratic Bloc
* white southerners (perservation of white supreacy)
* catholics
* recent immigrants (Jews especially)
* urban working poor (pro labor)
* most farmers

Republican Bloc
* northern whites
-0
- Laissez Faire Federal Goverment 1870-1900
- presidency as a symbolic office
-Half Breed (Blaine) Maine
-Stalwarts (Conkling) NY
- Mugwumps -> reformers who wouldn't renominate Arthur
- social Darwinist- natural selection

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urbanization
- growth of cities

immigration
- after 1860-80s Irish people still come pouring in
-

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Blacks codes evoked tensions
14th Amendment
- defines citizenship
- equal protection clause
- due process clause

15th Amendment
-black male suffrage
-the congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation
- poll tax, literacy test

Reconstruction Acts of 1867
-required states to draft new state constitutions that included abolition of slavery
- each state required to ratify the 14th amendment

Civil Rights Act 1875
- crime for any indivuidual to deny full and equal use of public places
-prohibited discrimination in jury slection
*SHORTCOMING
- lacked a strong enforcement mechanism
- no impact on private industry hiring practices
- 90 years until next successful congressional effort to pass civil rights legislation

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1862- Emancipation
1863
Freedman's Bureau

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Election of 1864
*free elections during the War
- no other country prior to WW2 held general elections in the midst of war
*Republican victory meant referendum on:
- Abolition, continuation of the war

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Enrollment Act- 1863
- Intended to simulate voluntary enrollemnt
- Only 8% of Union troops were drafted
- Enlistment Bonuses were offered to volunteers
- Exemptions from the draft could be purchased for 300$

- NYC Draft riots (July 13-16, 1863)
- A "Pogrom" against blacks

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1861- Suspends Habeas Corpus
1862- Draft
1863- Emancipation
*Battle at Gettysburg

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Scotts Great Snake
- mississippi river
- cuts through Texas and west
- blockade ports
- invade and capture Richmond (Virginia)

Lincoln's Generals
-McDowell
-McClellan
-Burnside
-Hooker
-Meade
-Ulysses S. Grant

Confederate Generals
- Stonewall Jackson
-  Forrest
-Robert E. Lee

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Senator Crittenden's
SC Secession: December 20, 1860

Rating North V South

Total population- N 71%  S 29%
Bank Deposits- N 81% S 19%
Factories- N 86% S 14%
Cotton- S 99.9%
Firearms- North 32: 1 South
Railroad tracks N 70% S 30%
Value of goods produced- N 1.3 Billion  S 1.55 Million

The Union & Confederacy 1861

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-DC slave trade banned
-Fugitive slave law
-Territory ----> split into Utah and New Mexico
- Guadalupe Hidalge Treaty 1848
- Fugitive Slave law 1850
1854 - Kansas Nebraska Act
*gets repealed
STEVEN DOUGLAS- political rival of Abe Lincoln. From Illinois
- indifferent about slavery
- manifest destiny
-eastern terminus transcontinental rail road in Chicago

-bleeding kansas
- border "ruffians"

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John Quincy Adams Administration

- attempted to rise above party politics
- Jacksonian demcrats in congress
- presidency dominated by domestic issues

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-1819 economic panic
Henry Clay-  representative from Kentucky
- American system and economic plan
1) protective tariff
2) national bank               } 1816
3) internal improvements
* government infrastructure plan
* national highways
* canals
*  bridges

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- before everyone used to wear wool clothing
*very hot
- Sam Slater-- Textile Mill
-1793-- Eli Whitney- cotton gin
- creating this meant creating a bigger work force
-number of slaves tripled
- textiles and producers expanded to the world
- abolition
-

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War Demolition
- Newsbugh Conspiracy (1783)
- - pension in question
-- military coup
-- Washington's intervention
* Inflation & Currency
* continental Army Land grants and Native Americans
* Washington resigns commission
<< American dictator?
<< Precedent subordination to Civil Athourity
- Prices skyrocketed as congress and the state governments printed huge amounts of paper money to cover the costs of the war and as the British blockage reduced the supply of goods. The resulting inflation was the worst in U.S history

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US HISTORY NOTES

- articles of confederation
Philly 1776
* declaration of independence- declared America's independence from the British
* articles of confederation
-- drafted by John Dickinson
-- adopted 1777; sent to states for ratification

Structure of Government

Central government with one body-- a congress (unicameral)
- each state was given one vote
- need 9/13 votes to pass important laws
- need 13/13 to amend

The Articles: The Good
Winning the War:
land ordinances of 1784 and 1785
- policy to govern and sell western lands

Northwest Ordinance of 1787
- set rules for creating new states
- prohibited slavery

The Article- The Bad
-paper money issued by the states was virtually worthless
-unequal reppresentation

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Us. History NOTES
Thomas Jefferson
domestic

*Louisiana purchase
- vast, unexplored
- included Mississippi and Missouri Rivers+ port of New Orleans
- 1800 Louisiana and New Orleans reclaimed by Napoleon from Spain
- hope to reclaim French Empire in Americas
-1803 Lost interest in it
-War in England
-Rebellion on Santo Domingo- Toussaint Ouverture
attack on Judiciary

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John Adams  and Thomas Jefferson

Secretary of State- John Marshall = CJ Supreme Court

1789 Judiciary Act

Judicial Review

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https://spprep.schoology.com/home#

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1790-1850
Industrilization
-inventions
- factories
- population increase
- communication
- transportation

1816
James Monroe
"Era of Good Feelings"
-National Pride