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The 22nd Amendment, passed by congress in 1947, ratified in February 1961. It limited the number of terms a president can serve to 2. Traditionally a president would serve two terms in office like George Washington, but it wasn't a rule. This was until President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who served 4 terms. After F.D.R, Congress passed the 22nd Amendment, which kept the government stable by limiting the president's power by keeping them from serving to long and becoming dictator like.

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The 19th Amendment was passed by congress in 1919 and ratified on August 18, 1920. It officially gave women the right to vote in all elections throughout America. Before t only men (of all races) could vote. Several amendments regarding women's suffrage were brought to congress nearly 40 years before the19th Amendment was passed. The 19th amendment kept our government dynamic by broadening popular sovereignty to women, and thus all U.S citizens over 21.

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separation of Powers/Checks and balances :

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separation of Powers/Checks and balances :

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gives the legislative branch power over the Executive branch by having the power to remove them. Congress has the power to deem a President disabled or unable to be president, and remove that president with two thirds of the senates votes. This is an example of constitutional dynamism because one branch has the power to remove the leader of the other.

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In the case of Ableman v. Booth,in 1859, Sherman Booth, a abolitionist, was arrested for helping a mob free Joshua Glover, a slave, which violated the Fugitive Slave act of 1850, that required all escaped slaves to be captured and returned to their owners. He sought a writ of habeas corpus from a state judge, who complied and ordered Booth to be released from federal custody. The Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled the Fugitive Slave Act unconstitutional and agreed to Booth's release , and  refused to obey the authority of the federal court, Therefore the Wisconsin Supreme Court tried to annul the judgement of the federal court, but federal courts have authority over state courts and A state court cannot grant a a writ of habeas corpus to a prisoner arrested under the authority of the United States and in federal custody.This is an example of constitutional stability because the state government tried to release someone, not in accordance to federal law and the federal government stopped them, because they have authority over state courts.

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Martin v. Hunter's Lessee gave the Supreme Court authority over state courts. In this case, In 1816 Thomas Martin inherited land from his uncle, Lord Fairfax, a brutish loyalist during the revolutionary war. But Virginia had taken the land during the war and gave it to David Hunter. Martin sued for the land after his uncle's death in a Virginia state court and was deemed the rightful owner of the land. Hunter then appealed to the Virginia Court of Appeals, which ruled in favor of him. Then, of course, Martin went to the Supreme Court who agreed that the long belonged to Thomas Martin, however, The Virginia Court of Appeals didn’t obey the Supreme Court's ruling, of federal which was based on the Judiciary Act, which said the Supreme Court could review decisions of state supreme courts. It argued that, that was unconstitutional, and that states had final say over federal law. The supreme courts ruled that it was, that Article III of the Constitution, let’s Congress decide whether the Supreme Court can review state decisions of federal law.  They ruled that the into federal laws is left to one group as a whole, the Supreme Court and therefore the Virginia Court had to carry out the ruling in favor of Martin. Prior to this case, courts operated on dual judicial sovereignty, which means federal and state courts are two separate things, neither held precedent over the other.Martin v. Hunter's Lessee shows the dynamism of the Constitution as it applies to Federalism because it declared that the supreme court (federal courts) has superiority over civil matters in state courts, pertaining to federal law.

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separation of Powers/Checks and balances: Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company v. Sawyer

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separation of Powers/Checks and balances: Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company v. Sawyer

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In April of 1952, President Truman issued an executive order to seize most of America's steel mills, because all major steel producers threatened strike after Truman had chosen not to impose prince controls and consumer prices increased. He believed that any strike would be extremely harmful for the war and economy, so he seized the production facilities . He didn't go to congress because it would take to long and there was the possibility they would say no.The Judicial branch (supreme court) ruled that it wasn't in Truman's (the Executive branch's) power to so and that the President cant seize property without the certain situations stated in the second amendment or Congress. This kept the government stable because it made sure the president didn't have to much power by having to have to get approval from the Legislative branch and having the Judicial branch decide whats in the Executive branch's power.

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Popular Sovereignty:Virginia Supreme Court Panel Barred Voter ID Plan

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Popular Sovereignty:Virginia Supreme Court Panel Barred Voter ID Plan

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In 1999, The Virginia Supreme court passed a ruling that ended a program that would have required people to provide a form of photo identification to be able to vote.These type of laws have been thought of as discriminatory to certain minority's like the poor and elderly. This decision kept the constitution stable because it kept the state government from changing popular sovereignty.

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The 16th Amendment was passed in 1909 and ratified in 1913. This amendment gave congress the power to collect income tax from anyone and it didn't have to be based on state's population. This shows the dynamism of our government because it shows the power of congress change.

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On this half of the page, I will explore how the Constitution has established a government that remains stable and secure by keeping changes from transpiring too rapidly.

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On this half of the page, I will investigate how the Constitution has constructed a dynamic government that has the capability to change as time progresses.