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1) systematic obstacles: • technology is rapidly improving- causing a decrease in the lifecycle of products. •informal recycling is continuing- large quantities of polluting hazardous electronic waste is still being illegally disposed of. 2) future opportunities:• implementing more sustainable waste disposal such as recycling and reusing components. • waste strategies could be introduced, such as; waste prevention and improving final disposal and monitoring. 3)links with other environmental issues and environmental management:•

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1) systematic obstacles: • technology is rapidly improving- causing a decrease in the lifecycle of products. •informal recycling is continuing- large quantities of polluting hazardous electronic waste is still being illegally disposed of. 2) future opportunities:• implementing more sustainable waste disposal such as recycling and reusing components. • waste strategies could be introduced, such as; waste prevention and improving final disposal and monitoring. 3)links with other environmental issues and environmental management:•

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health issues can be caused as a result of chemicals being released, for example the dioxin scandal in 1999.

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The use of positive measures to encourage the establishment of WEEE recycling and disposal enterprises, as well as support the development of relevant technology, methods and education.

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2) 
		
	
	
		
			
				
					
						
							In developing and industrializing countries waste is viewed
as a resource and income-generating opportunity. 
						
					
				
			
		

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2) 
		
	
	
		
			
				
					
						
							In developing and industrializing countries waste is viewed
as a resource and income-generating opportunity. 
						
					
				
			
		

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1. Obstacles of effective waste management include: lack of monitorred legislation to dispose of e-waste in an environmentally friendly way. There are also insufficient means to be able to recycle e-waste in developing countries. The amount of people using electronics in developing countries is increasing due to rapid technological advances therefore shortening the life cycle of these products.

2. Future opportunities for waste management in developing countries include: introducing appropriate legislation in regards to e-waste and monitorring, the use of alternative methods to waste such as re-use, recycling and reducing the amount of waste produced. The amount of e-waste can be reduced by working with companies to expand the life span of their electronic products, this will allow for the products to be re-used in developing countries.

3. Waste management is directly linked to climate change through for example: untreated landfill sites that release emissions that are damaging to the environment such as methane.

4. There is limited regulation in regards to waste management, especially in developing countries. The policies that are in place are ineffectively regulated. Public policy could be expanded to invest in recycling e-waste and businesses could also increase their involvement in eco-friendly e-waste disposal through investment in alternative solutions such as recycling and re-using with landfill being the last solution.

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1. -The increasing volume of e-waste imported.

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1. -The increasing volume of e-waste imported.

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- Lack of awareness in the government and public circle of the potential hazards.
-Lack of knowledge on how to properly dispose of e-waste safely

2.  -The chance to introduce a sustainable WEEE recycling system, increasing efficiency.
- Introduce legislation in developing countries to help tackle e-waste

3. - Not treated landfill sites can cause massive environmental risk similarly to the risk of WEEE
- "The inappropriate management of end-of-lie (EoL) waste EEE (WEEE) results in depletion of raw materials and pollution of the environment"
- "In China, most of the e-waste recycling and disposal operations such as open burning of plastic waste, exposure to toxic solders, river dumping of acids and widespread general dumping are quite polluting and likely to be very damaging to the ecology and human health"

4.   Businesses need to introduce formal recycling businesses with state-of-the-art recycling facilities in the developing countries in order to cope with WEEE

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1. To create effective waste management requires infrastructure which developing countries may not be able to afford. 

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1. To create effective waste management requires infrastructure which developing countries may not be able to afford. 

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2. Developing countries have alot  of opportunities when it comes to waste management. To begin with they will need to implement a sustainable legislation in which government and businesses should abide by. Should focus on recycling or reusing of items such as e-waste which have become more or a concern in recent times as the length of a products life cycle is becoming shorter. Some components of the item can be reused to create different products. Focusing on waste and as a developing countries is key to the growth of a country as this may affect other sectors within the country, one example of waste effecting other sectors could be tourism.

3. Waste can contain chemicals (methane) which have been proven to cause climate change also items like plastics bags which take a long to time to disintegrate which can take up alot  of land.

4. More should be done by governments and businesses to promote a zero waste solution which can be self regulated as well as monitored. As of now developing countries have little to no legislation in terms of waste management which in the long term may hinder their growth and cost them alot  of money in the process.

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- The increasing volume of e-waste imported illegally into the developing countries. Second-hand EEE imported into the developing countries are rarely tested for func- tionality.
- Ignorance of the toxicity or hazardous nature of e-waste.
- Lack of funds and investment to finance profitable improvements in e-scrap recycling.

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1. Improper treatment methods.
Informal dismantling and recycling of e-waste.
Loss of resources, energy wastage and environmental pollution.

2. Moving labour intensive production activities to developing countries.
Free trade agreements.
Outsourcing of contracts, and manufactured products.

3. Consumer electronics are the fastest growing sector of municipal solid waste.
The rapid growth of ICT has led to the improvement of computers but decreased its lifetime.

4. Studies such as the BAN/SVTC study of e-waste recycling in developing countries have instigated an international campaign to ban further exports of e-waste to developing countries and to force manufacturers to take back and recy- cle their products.

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1.
Absence of infrastructure and legislation.
Exporting used equipment to developing countries with inadequate waste management system.
Lack of responsibility of developed countries to dispose of EEE
2.
Effectively articulate and implement end-of-life management of e-waste
Effective collection/take back of WEEE
Extend producer responsibility
Introduce formal recycling businesses with state-of-the-art recycling facilities
Support development of relevant technology
Encourage establishment of WEEE recycling and disposal enterprises
Require adequate testing and labelling before EEE exported to developing countries
3.
Labour rights- outsourcing to developing countries with cheap labour- Asian countries and China
Labour rights- working in crude recycling processes open to health risks, no personal health protection equipment
Climate change- open sky incineration, no waste-treatment facilities, landfilling
4.
CSR- businesses need to take responsibility
Legislation introduced in  developed countries to prevent issues getting that far
Legislation in developing countries to maintain waste management
Society- use electronic goods recycling place
Society- prolong use of EEE, encourage used sales

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Discussion
Osibanjo, O. and Nnorom, I.C. (2007) The challenge of electronic waste (e-waste) management in developing countries, Waste Management Research, 25: 489-501.

1. What are the major systemic obstacles to waste management?

2. What are future opportunities for waste management in developing countries?

3. How waste management links with other environmental issues and environmental management?

4. What is the role of public policy, business and civil society in the context of waste management?