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Geographic Information System (GIS)- a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic data

Examples

1.Traffic authorities, both federal and state-owned, use GIS to analyze traffic data to find potential choke points in a road system and find solutions to alleviate traffic in the area.
2. The city of Houston uses an interactive GIS program to allow citizens insight into recent activity by the governmenton a generated map of the region.

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Functional Region-
Regions that are made up of a central place and surrounding areas affected by it.

Examples

1. The Houston area do sister of many more towns and cities than just the "inner city." Other formal regions such as cities like Katy, Humble and Sugar Land, and towns like Pasadena and League City are all part of Houstons' functional region.
2. Many factory districts become a part of cities by the contributions of a few larger companies. For example, Silicon Valley in California started as a few computer factories but saw a much larger amount of companies want to have branches there once companies like Google and Apple built offices there. Even though it's technically not a town, it's one of the most famous regions in the United States.

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Friction of distance-
the notion that distance usually requires some amount of effort (energy) and/or money to overcome

Examples

1. A student decides that he wants to attend college in Boston but lives in Houston. Besides the money required to buy either gas or a ticket to get there, the amount of time and effort to perform the move is also factored into friction of distance.
2. A business decides to open a new location in a different country. Friction of distance in this situation would include the cost of shipping materials and equipment, if not readily available locally at a cheaper price, as well as hiring any labor , whether they come from the original company location or from the destination country

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By Kevon Copeland

Definition: A cultural landscape is a geographic area,including both cultural and natural resources and the wildlife or domestic animals therein, associated with a historic event, activity, or person or exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic values.

EX. The Alamo in San Antonio Texas is an example of cultural landscape.

EX. Islamic people pray in the direction of kaaba, their holy church.

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By Kevon Copeland

Definition: Spreading or dispersing of people, knowledge, or even materialistic objects.

EX. NASA inventions diffuse across the world to enhance and create new products.

EX. Language

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An imaginary line of longitude on the Earth's surface located at about 180 degrees east (or west) of the Greenwich Meridian.
Examples:
1. On a Time Zone Map, the Date Line is an uneven vertical line that divide where the date changes by one day.
2. If you travel around the world, changing standard time by one hour each time you enter a new time zone.

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By Kevon Copeland

Definition: Cultural ecology is the study of human adaptations to social and physical environments. Human adaptation refers to both biological and cultural processes that enable a population to survive and reproduce within a given or changing environment.

EX. In Egypt, the hot arid deserts aren't the most suitable places to live. Therefore, Egyptians utilize the Nile River in order to maintain life.

EX. Americans using the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans as means or trading to other nations.

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An imaginary line of longitude on the Earth's surface located at about 180 degrees east (or west) of the Greenwich Meridian.
Examples:
1. On a Time Zone Map the date line is an uneven vertical line that divide where the date changes by one day.
2. Every place on Earth is measured in terms of its distance east or west from this line.

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Any of Earth’s longitudinal divisions in its surface, allowing for a standard time to be kept, the primary division of splitting the zones began in the Prime Meridian. A typical time zone is 15° of longitude and keeps a one hour differential to the previous zone on its east.
Examples -
1.Pacific Standard Time (3:00 PM) (PST)
2.Central Standard Time (5:00 PM)(CST)

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The often uncharted areas beyond a coastal district or a river's banks; the less developed parts of a country.
Examples:
1. In the Northern part of East Kingdoms, are probably most notable for the Wildhammer dwarves who make their residence at Aerie Peak in the west.
2. In shipping usage, a port's hinterland is the area that it serves, both for imports and exports.

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Definition-An area where the start of a certain practice or a certain set of ideas stem from.
Example
1. India is the hearth of Buddhism.
2. The United States is a fast food hearth.

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Definition- A Geographical information system collects analyzes and store iformaton about the earth's surface used to study relationships between different data sets
Examples-
1. Multilayered maps are created by using GIS.

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Formal region: An area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics

1.  Canada

2.  The rocky mountains

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Definition- An accurate navigational system used by gathering geographical information using satellites.
Examples-
Cellular GPS used for directions to places while driving in a car and have replaced maps
Gps is also used in different modes of travel including boating and flying.

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Equator: an imaginary line drawn around the earth equally distant from both poles, dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheres and constituting the parallel of latitude 0°.

1. Latitude of 0

2.  An imaginary line drawn around the earth

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Environmental determinism: A nineteenth- and early twentieth century approach to the study of geography which argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities. Two real world examples are
1. Jamaicans and their relaxed, laid back attitude based in a tropical climate.

2.  A climate that has a frequent change in the weather, like the Netherlands, will lead to more determined and driven work ethics.

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Definition: The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian.
Examples:
1) : An example would be the Prime Meridian which is at 0 degrees of longitude.
2) New York and Miami have the same longitude at 80 degrees west

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Definition: Latitude is a numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator
Examples:
1) A good example would be the equator which is at 0 degree of latitude
2) Another example would be the Arctic Circle which is at 66.5 degree of latitude.

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Definition: A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value.
Examples:
1) Meteorologists use isolines to show temperature differences on a map.
2) Population maps use isoline maps to represennt the distribution of humans around the earth.

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Spatial Interactions: The movement of people, information, and produce from one space to another.
Ex 1: When Will Smith moved from Philadelphia to California in the T.V series Fresh prince of bel-air.
Ex 2: Movement of good from china to the rest of the world for sale.

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Place name (Toponym)-The name given to a place on Earth

For Example: Ohio is a place name

Mississippi is a place name

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Pattern-The design of a spatial distribution

Some Types of Patterns and Examples

Linear Pattern

A pattern that is along straight lines, like rivers, streets, or railroad tracks

Centralized pattern

A clustered or concentrated at a certain place

Random Pattern

A pattern that has no regular distortion that can be seen

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Place- The uniqueness of a location; a specific point on earth with human and physical characteristics that distinguish it from other points

For example: A school is a place, which implies that the windows and everything in it makes it easier to distinguish

A church is also a place. Altars and other physical characteristics make it easy to distinguish

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A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value

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Spatial: The nature in which ideas and places are spread out on the earth.
Ex 1: The number of yTaco Bells you can find from your house to the closest mall.
Ex 2: The number of people that live in the south and how spread out they are.

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Situation: The location of a place relative to another place.

Example 1: Saying a state is in "the south" like Texas or Georgia.

Example 2: San Francisco is adjacent to California's agricultural lands.

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Site: the physical characteristics of a place.

Example 1: Snowy Utah mountains.

Example 2: warm beaches in California.

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Sequent Occupance: a  notion that successful societies leave their cultural imprints on a place each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.

Example 1: pyramids in Egypt. The ancient Egyptians left these large tombs in their land and are still there today for all to see.

Example 2: Tanzania has a very unique culture because of all the countries that once owned it.

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- A combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features, and physical features.
Examples:
1. The Great Wall of China was built to protect the environment from enemies in China.
2.In the United States,  there are many buildings and highways all across the country which symbolize the busy lives of the American people.

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The region from which innovative ideas originate.

Ex. 1) Mesopotamia saw the invention of the wheel, writing and astronomy, and it is the birthplace of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.

Ex. 2) The Nile River Valley – agriculture and transportation.

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-The total number of people divided total land area
Examples:
1.The arithmetic density of Canada is 4
2.  The arithmetic density of United States is 35

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Scale: The relationship between the portion of earth being studied and earth as a whole.

Example 1: a large scale map would show a small area and allow for more detail.
Example 2: a small scale map shows a larger area and lacks details but shows more land.

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Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

Ex. 1) Multinational corporations operate on a global scale, with satellite offices and branches in numerous locations.

Ex. 2) People eating sushi in Peru or Indian food in Europe.

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Definition: The meridian that passes through the royal observatory at Greenwich, England and is 0 degrees longitude.
Examples:
1) All other meridians have numbers between 0 degrees-180 degrees east or west depending on where they are to the prime meridian. Belo Horizonte, Brazil is located at 44 degrees west longitude.
2) Baghdad, Iraq at 44 degrees east longitude.

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Global Positioning System (GPS)-     Nawaf A.

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Global Positioning System (GPS)-     Nawaf A.

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A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.

Ex. 1) Airliners use GPS references as advanced navigation in conjunction with local controllers.

Ex. 2) Drivers regularly use GPS receivers as navigational aids.

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Definition: The theory that the physical environment limits human actions but we could adapt to our given circumstances.
Examples:
1) In ancient civilization Egypt, the rainfall was predictable so the indigenous people based their crop season off of the climate.

2) When researchers go to Antarctica they grow use to the harsh cold climate. They adapt to the above ground pipes and sewage systems in order to survive.

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-The exact site at which a specific place is located. The lines of latitude and longitude are used to describe the location of the place on the Earth's surface
Examples:
1. The absolute location of Katy, Texas is 29.8° N, 95.8° W
2. The absolute location of Los Angeles, California is 34°N,  118.2°W

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Map: A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth’s surface or a portion of it.
EX 1: An example can be Google maps, when finding the destination, you displayed a map that aids you to where you are going.
EX 2: Another example can be seen with the topographic maps that shows the elevation of different areas.

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Longitude: The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian.
EX 1: An example would be the prime meridian which is at 0 degrees of longitude.
EX 2: Another example would be Greenwich, England is designated at 0 degrees longitude due to it's location.

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Definition: These maps display the globe onto a flat surface and in which are accurate until the point projection touches the map. They have lots of distortion towards the edges but accurate in the center and are mostly used for directions because the lines appear straight
Examples:
1) It is useful for showing airline distances from center point.
2) The flag of United Nations is at a location where it is bisected in the center by the prime meridian and international dateline.

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Latitude is a numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator.
EX 1: An example would be the equator which is at 0 degree of latitude.
EX 2: Another example would be the Tropic of Cancer at 23.5 degree north latitude.

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The range of modern tools contributing to the geographic mapping and analysis of the Earth and human societies.

Ex 1: Geographic Information System (GIS)

Ex 2: GPS, remote sensing, and geofencing

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Isoline: A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value.
EX 1: An example can be seen on a map that shows the average temperature from a specific time period in an area, like the U.S.
EX 2: Another example can be seen within population maps, in order to show the populations in different areas, it uses isolines to show the distribution.

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Relating to or denoting data that is associated with a particular location.

Ex 1: To indicate the amount of crime in a city.

Ex 2: To indicate the percentage of employment in a poor town.

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By: Mariela Rodriguez

Often they are national or govt. structures that are called Formal Regions. Towns, cities, countries and states all make up formal regions. Each region are all layered and each thing is a region.
1.  Harris County is inside Katy, Tx. This shows one formal region.
2. The state of Montana is inside the United States and that makes it a region.

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A map showing geographically, by shades or curves, statistics of different kinds; it's a statistical map.
Examples:
1. A map of Global Life Expentancy will have the more developed countries drawn bigger and the less developed will be hard to see.
2. Cartograms are also used to show the Electoral Votes during an Election.

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The study of the earth and its features and of the distribution of life on the earth, including human life and the effects of human activity.

Ex 1: The study of climates in different regions.

Ex 2: The study of where states are located.

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International Date Line: An arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When the the International Date Line is crossed heading east(toward America, the clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When it is crossed heading west(toward Asia), the calendar moves ahead one day.

If it is 6:32 am Monday in Auckland, when you get to Honolulu, it will be 8:32 am Sunday

If it is 6:22 pm Thursday in Houston, when you go to London, it will be 12:22 am Friday

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Hinterland: The area surrounding a central place from which people are attracted to use the place’s goods and services(also known as market area)

A mall

Time square

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Hierarchical diffusion: The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places.

Example:

Blackberries were once only for CEO’s, but later on, managers got them, then everybody else started getting them

Hip -hop or rap originated in urban areas, though it diffused from low-income African Americans rather than from socially elite people.

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Definition: The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group's distinct tradition.

Examples:
1. The culture of South Asia is consisted of Sanskrit language, Hindu and Muslim religion, and traditional Indo-Pakistani lifestyle combined with English influence.

2.The American culture is considered a "salad bowl", which is a combination of different cultures due to people from different parts of the world migrating in the United States.

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Definition: The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or a trend throughout a population.

Examples:
1. One video released on Youtube can go viral all over the web.

2. Islam started in Saudi Arabia a
nd then spread beyond the borders of the region to most parts of Asia and North Africa.

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The relationship between the portion of the earth being studied, and the earth as a whole.

Ex. 1.) A small scale map would show a large area, like the globe.
Ex. 2.) A large scale map would show a small, detailed area, like a neighborhood.

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A thematic map in which areas are distinctly colored or shaded to represent the  values of a particular phenomenon.
Examples:
1. Choropleth Maps are often used to show the Poverty Levels of a Certain Region or continent.
2. You can use Choropleth Maps to show the amount of Motor Vehicle accidents that occurred during a certain time.

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The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting Earth, or from other long distance methods.

Ex. 1.) Using satellites to monitor and spy on enemy lands, to gain an advantage.
Ex. 2.) Having satellites monitor the amount of snowfall in a field.

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The location of a place in relation to other places or things.

Ex. 1.) The store is right around the corner.
Ex. 2.) Texas is in the southern part of the US.

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The location of a place in relation to other places or things. .

Ex. 1.) The store is right around the corner
Ex. 2.) Texas is in the southern part of the US.

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The complete information about a country's population with more specific detail.
Examples:
1. According to the latest census, 35 percent of the United States' population is Hispanic.
2. When you're moving to a new region of the United States, checking the Census will help you know the type of people that you will share your community with.

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Definition- A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit data
Examples-
1. Cell phone companies such as Verizon use choropleth maps in the marketing plan or advertisement in order to show their coverage network. Dark colors show a abundance in that area.
2. The government uses a choropleth map to check population density. Population density is then implemented to the amount of electoral colleges need for voting based on population or to check which county is more populated for analyzing. They can also help the government determine which area needs more certain government projects like roads or school systems or for businesses to decide where to associate.

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Stimulus Diffusion-the spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself fails to diffuse.Example 1- McDonald's in India serve veggie burgers instead of the normal hamburgers like in other countries, because Hindus believe the cow is sacred and do not eat beef. The restaurant itself keeps most of its menu the same, but changed its burgers.Example 2- Christianity is also an example. After the Protestant Reformation, the religion spread through Europe and to the Americas. Many individual characteristics of the religion were changed, but the central idea of the religion stayed the same.

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Stimulus Diffusion-the spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself fails to diffuse.Example 1- McDonald's in India serve veggie burgers instead of the normal hamburgers like in other countries, because Hindus believe the cow is sacred and do not eat beef. The restaurant itself keeps most of its menu the same, but changed its burgers.Example 2- Christianity is also an example. After the Protestant Reformation, the religion spread through Europe and to the Americas. Many individual characteristics of the religion were changed, but the central idea of the religion stayed the same.

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Thematic Map

-a map that emphasizes a particular theme or special topic

Example 1- a map that measures the average rainfall in areas of the United States

Example 2- a map that measures the amount of people in poverty per state in the U.S.

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Definition: The degree of direct linkage between one particular location and other locations in a transportation network.

Examples:
1. The Internet is a perfect example of connectivity. Through the Internet, people all around the globe can share their ideas, and they can also communicate with each other as well via emails and social media, which are powered by the Internet.

2. Transportation systems, such as railways, airways, and road systems has allowed people to travel and share their ideas from
one place to another.

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Culture -the body of customary beliefs , social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group's distinct tradition

Examples

The american culture one of the most dominant cultures in the world has diverse customs from anywhere else as it is a mix of many different ethnic groups

Texan culture although still part of the american culture it diversifies to the states individual customs

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Connectivity-”The degree of direct linkage between one particular location and other locations in a transport network.”

Examples -one such form of connectivity would be the internet which allow you to access data across the globe instantaneously

Air planes allow for intercontinental  travel of people and things

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- is the rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population .as the term implies, this form of diffusion is analogous to the spread of a contagious disease , such as a influenza contagious diffusion spreads like a wave among fans in a stadium without regard to hierarchy and without requiring relocation of people

Examples : Religions are a great example of contagious diffusion as beliefs or ideas such as christianity spread across  europe or buddhism in east asia both became popular and did not require hierarchical individuals to spread it

Meme is a “virally-transmitted cultural symbols or social idea” that in today's world can begin in any part of the world and easily spread within hours originating from one location to the rest of the world

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Any phenomenon that alters the qualities of a relationship between space and time. This usually results from technological innovations that condense/overcome spatial barriers (distance).

Examples-

1)      For instance, vehicles, such as trains, planes, and cars all overcome large distances in a short amount of time.

2)      Communication technology (internet, cell phones, fax machines)  is also an example of time-space compression, as it conveys information across vast distances, in seconds

By: Alejandro Ramirez

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A region of the earth that observes a uniform standard time, for convenience. Time zone boundaries tend to follow political boundaries. The time zones are identified by their offset from the Royal Observatory, Greenwich.

Examples:

1)      For example, Katy, TX, is in the Central Time Zone, GMT -06:00, meaning it is 6 hours behind the Royal Observatory, Greenwich.

2)      Another example would be Dubai, which is in GMT +04:00, meaning it is 4 hours ahead of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich

By: Alejandro Ramirez

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A map that emphasizes a theme or special topic.

Examples-

1)      Some thematic maps are used to describe human characteristics, such as population density, and health related issues, which may help researchers pinpoint the cause of a pandemic. John Snow famously used a thematic map to find the cause of cholera, in London.

2)      However, not all thematic maps focus on human characteristics, some illustrate physical phenomena, such as the weather, fertility, or barometric pressure.

By: Alejandro Ramirez

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by Heidy Ortiz
Descriptive information that does not use numbers.
Ex 1: Saying the pot is "100 degrees Fahrenheit" doesn't mean much. But saying it's "hot" tells the story pretty quickly.
Ex 2:  Focusing in depth to find out why and how certain activities and events occur.

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By Heidy Ortiz
A map that uses symbols of different sizes to represent data associated with different areas or locations within the map.
Ex 1: A cartographer selects a symbol and alters its size, the area to be exact, based on the data values.
Ex 2: Using proportional symbols to represent the largest known craters to have marked our Earth.

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By Heidy Ortiz
The scientific method of transferring locations on Earth's surface to a flat map.
Ex 1: Cartographer use this because Earth's spherical shape poses a challenge for them and drawing Earth on a flat piece of paper unavoidably produces some distortion.
Ex 2:  Geographers and cartographers also use this since three-dimensional maps can be made but are expensive and difficult to reproduce.

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A type of map within your mind that provides an individual the ability to locate a place using prior knowledge of relative locations.
EXAMPLES:
1. Driving to Rhodes Stadium for a football game from your house.
2.Trying to drive to downtown, the mall, or even a friends house

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By: Mariela Rodriguez

An imaginary line placed right in the middle of the earth at 0 degrees. The line is equally separated from the north and south poles.
1.In Colombia the weather is always because there's no angle to where the weather changes.
2.The North pole only has 6 months of day time during the summer since that's when the Earth is at slightly different at a angle.

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Cindy Vo
Stimulus Diffusion

Stimulus diffusion is the spread of an underlying principle even though a specific characteristic has been rejected.
Two Examples of this would be

Mcdonalds, being all around the world sells different things from the u.s.

A new merchandise is out and other countries modify them to their culture.

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Cindy Vo
Spatial

Spatial is how something is laid out, space on the earth’s surface.

Two examples of this would be

The map shows us the continents and how they are spread on the map.

We look at google earth to see how the streets look on the earth.

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A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.
Two Examples:
1. For example, they produce maps. A simple map might display only a single layer by itself, but most maps combine several layers, GIS permits construction of much more complex maps than can be drawn by hand.
2. Another example can be road networking. This map can be used by mapping technicians to inventory intersections, roads, and physical road characteristics, map includes: speed limit, functional class, lane width, and number of lanes, and publish a series of road layers used in maintenance management and transportation planning workflows throughout a public works organization.

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Helen Le
Definition- a periodic and official count of a country's population or a complete enumeration of a population.
Examples-
1. KatyISD uses a census of the population around the area to determine the amount of schools to build. As the census or the headcount becomes bigger, the more schools are built as people keep registering into our district.
2. The government uses a census for certain cities and counties to figure out where to build roads to make travel less crowded and more efficient.

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Area organized around a node or focal point/place where there is a central focus that diminishes in importance outward. Used to display information about economic areas
Two examples:
1. For example the metropolitan area of Chicago.
2. Another example can be Katy, Texas since Katy is more known for its school district.

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Geospatial Technology – refers to equipment used in visualization, measurement, and analysis of earth’s features

Ex 1: Geospatial technology includes that of the very common GPS (global positioning system) that gives you information of your whereabouts of current location

Ex 2: Also includes remote sensing in which satellites that orbit the earth are used to collect and process information about earth and relay the information back to databases

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Geospatial – relating to or denoting data that is associated with a particular location

Ex 1: When using Google Maps, you may search up a place and find pictures and reviews of the place, thus all that info relating to that specific location on Earth is what geospatial means

Ex 2: Searching up a city and finding the details of weather, average temperature, and yearly records of previous events and forecasts all relate to this data

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Geography – The study of the physical features of the earth and its atmosphere, and of human activity as it affects and is affected by these, including the distribution of populations and resources, land use, and industries

Ex 1: Geography helps indicate where landmarks and major landforms of the world are such as oceans, mountains, and valleys.

Ex 2: It helps understand where rivers and more fertile lands are and favorable climates that explain how populations grow and accumulate and how land has changed over time through these interactions.