# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Carl Akeley had plenty of close encounters with animals in his long career as a naturalist and taxidermist. There was the time a bull elephant had charged him on Mount Kenya, nearly crushing him; the time he was unarmed and charged by three rhinos who missed him, he said later, only because the animals had such poor vision; and the time the tumbling body of a silverback gorilla he'd just shot almost knocked him off a cliff. This dangerous tradition began on his very first trip to Africa, where, on an otherwise routine hunting trip, the naturalist became the prey.

It was 1896. Following stints at Ward's Natural Science Establishment and the Milwaukee Public Museum, Akeley, 32, had just been appointed chief taxidermist for Chicago's Field Museum of Natural History, and he was tasked with gathering new specimens to bolster the 3-year-old museum's fledgling collections. After more than four months of travel and numerous delays, the expedition had reached the plains of Ogaden, a region of Ethiopia, where Akeley hunted for specimens for days without success.

Then, one morning, Akeley managed to shoot a hyena shortly after he left camp. Unfortunately, "one look at his dead carcass was enough to satisfy me that he was not as desirable as I had thought, for his skin was badly diseased," he later wrote in his autobiography, In Brightest Africa. He shot a warthog, a fine specimen, but what he really wanted was an ostrich-so he left the carcass behind, climbed a termite hill to look for the birds, then took off after a pair he saw in the tall grass.

But the ostriches eluded him at every turn, so he returned to camp and grabbed the necessary tools to cut off the head of his warthog. However, when he and a "pony boy" got to the spot where he'd left the carcass, all that remained was a bloodstain. "A crash in the bushes at one side led me in a hurry in that direction and a little later I saw my pig's head in the mouth of a hyena travelling up the slope of a ridge out of range," Akeley wrote. "That meant that my warthog specimen was lost, and, having got no ostriches, I felt it was a pretty poor day."

As the sun began to set, Akeley and the boy turned back to camp. "As we came near to the place where I had shot the diseased hyena in the morning, it occurred to me that perhaps there might be another hyena about the carcass, and feeling a bit 'sore' at the tribe for stealing my warthog, I thought I might pay off the score by getting a good specimen of a hyena for the collections," he wrote. But that carcass was gone, too, with a drag trail in the sand leading into the bush.

Akeley heard a sound, and, irritated, "did a very foolish thing," firing into the bush without seeing what he was shooting at. He knew, almost immediately, that he'd made a mistake: The answering snarl told him that what he'd fired at was not a hyena at all, but a leopard.

The taxidermist began thinking of all the things he knew about the big cats. A leopard, he wrote,

"... has all the qualities that gave rise to the 'nine lives' legend: To kill him you have got to kill him clear to the tip of his tail. Added to that, a leopard, unlike a lion, is vindictive. A wounded leopard will fight to a finish practically every time, no matter how many chances it has to escape. Once aroused, its determination is fixed on fight, and if a leopard ever gets hold, it claws and bites until its victim is in shreds. All this was in my mind, and I began looking about for the best way out of it, for I had no desire to try conclusions with a possibly wounded leopard when it was so late in the day that I could not see the sights of my rifle."

Akeley beat a hasty retreat. He'd return the next morning, he figured, when he could see better; if he'd wounded the leopard, he could find it again then. But the leopard had other ideas. It pursued him, and Akeley fired again, even though he couldn't see enough to aim. "I could see where the bullets struck as the sand spurted up beyond the leopard. The first two shots went above her, but the third scored. The leopard stopped and I thought she was killed."

The leopard had not been killed. Instead, she charged-and Akeley's magazine was empty. He reloaded the rifle, but as he spun to face the leopard, she leapt on him, knocking it out of his hands. The 80-pound cat landed on him. "Her intention was to sink her teeth into my throat and with this grip and her forepaws hang to me while with her hind claws she dug out my stomach, for this pleasant practice is the way of leopards," Akeley wrote. "However, happily for me, she missed her aim." The wounded cat had landed to one side; instead of Akeley's throat in her mouth, she had his upper right arm, which had the fortuitous effect of keeping her hind legs off his stomach.

It was good luck, but the fight of Akeley's life had just begun.

Using his left hand, he attempted to loosen the leopard's hold. "I couldn't do it except little by little," he wrote. "When I got grip enough on her throat to loosen her hold just a little she would catch my arm again an inch or two lower down. In this way I drew the full length of the arm through her mouth inch by inch."

He felt no pain, he wrote, "only of the sound of the crushing of tense muscles and the choking, snarling grunts of the beast." When his arm was nearly free, Akeley fell on the leopard. His right hand was still in her mouth, but his left hand was still on her throat. His knees were on her chest and his elbows in her armpits, "spreading her front legs apart so that the frantic clawing did nothing more than tear my shirt."

It was a scramble. The leopard tried to twist around and gain the advantage, but couldn't get purchase on the sand. "For the first time," Akeley wrote, "I began to think and hope I had a chance to win this curious fight."

He called for the boy, hoping he'd bring a knife, but received no response. So he held on to the animal and "continued to shove the hand down her throat so hard she could not close her mouth and with the other I gripped her throat in a stranglehold." He bore down with his full weight on her chest, and felt a rib crack. He did it again-another crack. "I felt her relax, a sort of letting go, although she was still struggling. At the same time I felt myself weakening similarly, and then it became a question as to which would give up first."

Slowly, her struggle ceased. Akeley had won. He lay there for a long time, keeping the leopard in his death grip. "After what seemed an interminable passage of time I let go and tried to stand, calling to the pony boy that it was finished." The leopard, he later told Popular Science Monthly, had then shown signs of life; Akeley used the boy's knife to make sure it was really, truly dead.

Akeley's arm was shredded, and he was weak-so weak that he couldn't carry the leopard back to camp. "And then a thought struck me that made me waste no time," he told Popular Science. "That leopard has been eating the horrible diseased hyena I had killed. Any leopard bite is liable to give one blood poison, but this particular leopard's mouth must have been exceptionally foul."

He and the boy must have been quite the sight when they finally made it back to camp. His companions had heard the shots, and figured Akeley had either faced off with a lion or the natives; whatever the scenario, they figured Akeley would prevail or be defeated before they could get to him, so they kept on eating dinner. But when Akeley appeared, with "my clothes ... all ripped, my arm ... chewed into an unpleasant sight, [with] blood and dirt all over me," he wrote in In Brightest Africa, "my appearance was quite sufficient to arrest attention."

He demanded all the antiseptics the camp had to offer. After he'd been washed with cold water, "the antiseptic was pumped into every one of the innumerable tooth wounds until my arm was so full of the liquid that an injection in one drove it out of another," he wrote. "During the process I nearly regretted that the leopard had not won."

When that was done, Akeley was taken to his tent, and the dead leopard was brought in and laid out next to his cot. Her right hind leg was wounded-which, he surmised, had come from his first shot into the brush, and was what had thrown off her pounce-and she had a flesh wound in the back of her neck where his last shot had hit her, "from the shock of which she had instantly recovered."

Not long after his close encounter with the leopard, the African expedition was cut short when its leader contracted malaria, and Akeley returned to Chicago. The whole experience, he wrote to a friend later, transported him back to a particular moment at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, which he'd visited after creating taxidermy mounts for the event. "As I struggled to wrest my arm from the mouth of the leopard I recalled vividly a bronze at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, depicting the struggle between a man and bear, the man's arm in the mouth of the bear," he wrote. "I had stood in front of this bronze one afternoon with a doctor friend and we discussed the probable sensations of a man in this predicament, wondering whether or not the man would be sensible to the pain of the chewing and the rending of his flesh by the bear. I was thinking as the leopard tore at me that now I knew exactly what the sensations were, but that unfortunately I would not live to tell my doctor friend."

In the moment, though, there had been no pain, "just the joy of a good fight," Akeley wrote, "and I did live to tell my [doctor] friend all about it."

Additional source: Kingdom Under Glass: A Tale of Obsession, Adventure, and One Man's Quest to Preserve the World's Great Animals

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
10 Hard-Shelled Facts About Horseshoe Crabs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Carl Akeley had plenty of close encounters with animals in his long career as a naturalist and taxidermist. There was the time a bull elephant had charged him on Mount Kenya, nearly crushing him; the time he was unarmed and charged by three rhinos who missed him, he said later, only because the animals had such poor vision; and the time the tumbling body of a silverback gorilla he'd just shot almost knocked him off a cliff.

# data[].attributes.body
Horseshoe crab blood saves millions of lives ( used for medicine)

# data[].attributes.body
Migrating to coastal beaches to start breeding and laying eggs
swimming
interacting with other horseshoe crabs

# data[].attributes.body
commensalism

# data[].attributes.headline
Importance of the Horseshoe crab int he bay

# data[].attributes.subject
Importance of the Horseshoe crab int he bay

# data[].attributes.body
without the Horseshoe crab is the part of the food chain

# data[].attributes.body
they are found in the Atlantic ocean along the North American coastline and they can be seen along the east and Gulf coasts adult horseshoe crabs live deeper in the ocean

# data[].attributes.body
- food

# data[].attributes.body
- they scrap algae off rocks
- they provide food for other organisms

# data[].attributes.body
Challenges the Horseshoe Crab has are
- getting stuck in nets
- humans when we touch them and bring them on land
- pollution
-  used for food and bait
- medicine there blood is used for medicine

# data[].attributes.body
Small Fish
crustaceans
worms

# data[].attributes.body
When Horseshoe Crabs are fully developed to breed they migrate to coastal beaches

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.entities[].name
Giant Smashing Mantis Shrimp VS Giant Crabs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Horseshoe crab aquarium eating and swimming

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
My horseshoe crab eating some squid and swimming around. Also a clip of my Siberian sturgeon.

# data[].attributes.body
a Horseshoe crab is big and small,
it has a long tail spine, it is smooth, and it has 12 legs 4 of them are walking legs
they have a hard shell
they have no teeth

# data[].attributes.body
Horseshoe Crab also known as Limulus Polyphemus