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Extra Credit - Titles of Nobility Amendment

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Extra Credit - Titles of Nobility Amendment

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The Titles of Nobility Amendment is a proposed amendment that would have barred anyone from having a US Citizenship if they accepted titles of nobility from another country. This builds on the Constitution where it prohibits the federal government from issuing titles of nobility. There are theories that the reason there was a big push for this amendment was because Napoleon's brother and wife, who was born in Maryland, wanted their child to have aristocratic recognition or that the wife wanted a title of nobility for herself. The proposed amendment passed through Congress but was not ratified by the states because new states kept being added to the Union therefore making the approval threshold higher. This is stability because Congress tried to make a new amendment but the states prevented the proposed amendment from becoming law.

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The American Disabilities Act of 1990, or the ADA, is a law that outlaws discrimination in the workplace because of a person’s disability. This required employers to create reasonable accommodations for those with disabilities as well as making public places accessible. The bill was introduced to Congress in 1988 and was signed into law in 1990 by President George H. W. Bush. The bill gained bipartisan support it Congress but there was some opposition. These objections came from both religious institutions and business interests. Religious institutions opposed it because they were included as a public place that needed to be made accessible and this would be costly. Businesses were also against the act because it would be costly and could hurt struggling small businesses. Before it was passed, people with disabilities gathered around the Capitol building and starting climbing up the Capitol steps without their assistive devices like wheelchairs or crutches. Shortly after the ‘Capitol Crawl’, the American Disabilities Act was signed into law. This changed our government into being a more inclusive place for everyone, even those with disabilities.

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Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs

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February 12, 1990 Capitol Crawl protest for the Americans with Disabilities Act. Collective protest as Cultural Agent. Midterm Video Project - Wonik Son

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Federalism - Labor Standard Laws (United States v Darby Lumber Co.)

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Federalism - Labor Standard Laws (United States v Darby Lumber Co.)

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The Supreme Court upheld the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 in a unanimous decision. This case gave Congress the power to regulate employment conditions and confirmed the legality of minimum wage. In this case, an american lumber company in Georgia was charged with not meeting standards and for violating the law. The lumber company won in an appeal because the judge found that the federal government can’t interfere in matters that are strictly local and within state boundaries because of the Tenth Amendment.  An issue that was brought up in the court case was whether Congress has overstepped its constitutional authority when creating the Fair Labor Standards Act. The Fair Labor Standards Act established a 40-hour work week, extra wage for four hours of overtime, children under 18 can’t work dangerous jobs, and children under 16 can’t work during school hours. The court overturned the appeal and held that the purpose of the act was to prevent states from having substandard labor practices for their own economic advantage. This represents the dynamic nature of the constitution because it changed the amount of power the federal government had. This case gave the federal government the power to have a say in labor standards across the nation.

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Separation of Powers/ Checks and Balances: The Trail of Tears & Andrew Jackson

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Separation of Powers/ Checks and Balances: The Trail of Tears & Andrew Jackson

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In 1832, the Supreme Court said the dealings between Native American Tribes and the United States was that of foreign nations and should be dealt with by the federal government and that individual states have no authority in affairs with tribes. President Andrew Jackson was reported to have said, “[The Supreme Court] has made their decision; now let him enforce it!” Andrew Jackson then started to forcibly remove Native American’s from their home. The current law stated that all treaties had to be negotiated fairly, voluntarily, and peacefully and that no one was allowed to coerce the Natives into giving up their land. President Andrew Jackson often ignored these laws and forcibly removed Natives from the land their ancestors had been inhabiting for hundreds of years. This represents the dynamic nature of the Constitution because Andrew Jackson had a massive overstep of power and ignored what the Supreme Court had ruled. He chose not to enforce the ruling. He changed how much power the executive branch had by going against the judicial branch’s ruling and doing what his administration wanted. This gave the executive branch a lot of power and set a precedent for what other presidents could do.

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The Sixteenth Amendment expanded the Congress’ power to levy taxes and allowed Congress to create a federal income tax. Until 1913, levies were the federal government’s main source of revenue. The first income tax was proposed during the War of 1812 by then Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander J. Dallas, but it was never implemented. The first income tax to be implemented was in 1861 during the Civil War. It was replaced the following year with the Revenue Act of 1862 and was specified to be terminated in 1866. The income taxes, which expired in 1872, were both highly lucrative and tended to draw from the most industrialized states. The following two decades after the income tax expired, many groups like the Labor Reform Party, the Populist Party, and the Democratic Party pushed for a new income tax. In 1909, President Howard Taft proposed a two-percent federal income tax and a constitutional amendment to allow it. Senator Norris Brown submitted the proposal and it was passed by Congress later that year. Support came from many Southern and Western States while many North Eastern states opposed it. Over the next few years, inflation was rising and many people blamed tariffs. This allowed the 16th Amendment to fall into favor. The amendment was finally ratified by ¾ of the states in February 1913. This represents the dynamic nature of the Constitution because it changed the Constitution by allowing the government to have more power to levy taxes and have more influence on individual people’s lives.

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KELLER!!! 16th Amendment project Why Tiger Woods Cheats with his money!

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After the Brown v Board of Education ruling, states were required to desegregate schools. School districts in Arkansas refused to do this, citing Arkansas’ state constitution where it opposes segregation. This case, Cooper v. Aaron, went before the Supreme Court who unanimously ruled that the Supreme Court’s decision trumps states’ constitutions, citing the Supremacy Clause in the Constitution. This represents the stable nature of the Constitution because it enforced the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution. It reiterated the fact that federal law trumps state law and that the Supreme Court is the decider of what is and isn’t Constitutional.

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Separation of Powers - Rutherford B. Hayes' Vetoes

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Separation of Powers - Rutherford B. Hayes' Vetoes

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In 1879, Congress was creating spending bills. In these bills, House Democrats attached a series of riders that would have stopped Rutherford B. Hayes (the president at the time) from financing the U.S. marshals and army personnel positioned in the South. These personnel were in the South to make sure elections were upholding the 15th Amendment and the Enforcement Acts. Congress passed these bills but Hayes vetoed them. Congress didn’t have enough votes to overturn the veto so instead they reintroduced a the bill with the same riders. Hayes vetoed the news ones as well. This happened 5 times over the next 14 months until finally they passed the bills without the racist riders. This represents the stable nature of the Constitution because no matter how many times Congress tried to undermine the 15th Amendment, the executive veto prevented them from trying to change the Constitution.

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The 22nd Amendment gives the President a term-limit of two terms. Two-terms was the precedent set by George Washington for a president to only serve two-terms before voluntarily stepping down. This happened every time (though sometimes a president would try and fail to run for a third term) until Theodore Roosevelt who was elected for 4 terms but died in the beginning of his fourth. After his death, Thomas Dewey announced support of an amendment that would limit a president to two-terms. Congress approved the amendment in 1947 and the amendment was approved by enough states in 1951. This represents the stable nature of the Constitution because it adds another check on the president. The framers of our constitution were very fearful of having a king-like president and so limiting one President's power to two-terms was another way to make sure one guy and the government got too powerful.

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The 23rd Amendment gave DC the ability to vote in presidential elections by granting them electors as if they were a state. The first push for this motion was in 1890. Theodore Noyes, a writer for Washington Evening Star, published a lot of articles pushing for the voting rights of D.C. Noyes then formed the Citizen’s Joint Committee, an interest group that lobbied for DC voting rights. Noyes died in 1946 but the Committee continued on his hope for DC voting rights. After World War II, a split grew between advocates for DC to have greater power. The Evening Star supported DC to have representation in Congress, but they opposed “home rule.” Home rule is the idea that DC should have locally elected mayors with actual power as opposed to direct rule by Congress.The Washington Post however, supported home rule but opposed full-fledged representation in Congress for DC. Many of the people pushing for representation were liberal Democrats, though Congress in the 1950s was pretty balanced; Democrats had only a slight advantage over Republicans. Because of this, the amendment gained bipartisan support in a way that may have been harder later on. This represents the dynamic nature of the Constitution because it gave more people the ability to vote in our federal elections, even if they live in DC.

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I'M JUST A DC RESIDENT BOOOOOIIIIIIII Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing.

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Popular Sovereignty: Poll Taxes (The 24th Amendment & Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections)

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Popular Sovereignty: Poll Taxes (The 24th Amendment & Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections)

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Many Southern states were requiring you to pay before you could vote. This was a measure to prevent African-Americans and poor Americans from voting. The 24th Amendment (1964) made this illegal in federal elections. The Supreme Court Case Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections (1966) extended this to all levels of elections. This represents the stable nature of the Constitution because states were trying to change voting laws and therefore popular sovereignty by preventing certain people from voting.  These poll tax laws were struck down by the federal government through amendments and Supreme Court because they were unconstitutional and trying to change popular sovereignty.