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Social cognitive perspectives- views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context

behavioral approach- perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development

reciprocal determinism- interacting influences of behavior internal cognition, and environment (Albert Bandura) environment influences

personal control- whether we learn to see ourselves as controlling or as controlled by our environment

positive psychology- scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
self- assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

spotlight effect- overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if the spotlight is on us)

self esteem- one's feelings of high or low self worth

self efficacy- one's sense of competence and effectiveness

self serving bias- readiness to perceive oneself favorably

narcissism- excessive self love and self absorption

individualism- giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

collectivism- giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly

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Hans/Sybil (Eysenck) came up with 3 traits:
extrovert/introvert
stability/instability
neuroticism/psychoticism

Walter Mischel
-People's behavior appears consistent because of people's initial perceptions of them
-Initial perception stands out and we view later actions as supporting how we think they are. If mean at first- we see them only doing mean things

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Alfred Adler- believed problems stem from tensions in childhood situations
founder of humanistic, came up with inferiority complex
pros: leads to trying harder
negatives: overcompensation

Birth order:

Oldest: responsible, mature, high achiever

Middle: easy going, friendly

Youngest: immature, funny, baby-like

Only child: much like the oldest, can have difficulties sharing
Oldest/Onlys and should marry middles

First born: energetic, logical, ambitious, enterprising, scholarly

Middle #1: Loner, quiet, shy, impatient, uptight

Middle born 2: outgoing, friendly, loud, laid back, patient

Last born traits: risk takers, idealists, good sense of humor, hard working, immature, sensitive

Only children: mature faster, get along well with older people. responsible

twins: can be any of the three main birth order types. can determine which one is the leader

common leader traits: resemble first borns, aggressive, loud, outspoken, opinionated, intolerant

common follower traits: resemble shy middle child, shy, loner, quiet, blend into the background, defiant

Variables that impact birth order roles:

Parent's marital status, parenting style, critical eye of parent, parents' birth order, how strict the parent is

starts over if there's a five year gap between siblings

me and my sister are both considered oldest child

adoption/remarriage: either bumps you up or down on birth order scale

death of parent sibling: bumps a child either up or down, have different effects when a parent dies

Humanists:
1. Abraham Maslow (hierarchy of needs)
2. Carl Rogers (unconditional positive regard which gives people benefit of doubt, we will love you no matter what)

"who am I?" self concept influences your perception of the world
+image=+world
-image=-world
3. Albert Bandura (learn from those around us, bobo doll, social modeling)

Cognitive theorists
1. Julain Rotter came up with locus of control

Internal- what happens to you is based on your doing

External- What happens to you is beyond your control
2. Martin Seligman

Learned helplessness (dogs)

Psychologists today are less concerned with theories on personality but with analyzing traits, their origin, amd their impact on behavior

1. Gordon Allport
believes Freud he ignores the conscious/obvious
Studies fundamental/basic traits
2800 traits
concerned with describing personality, not explaining it. Tried to tell you how you are NOW
2. Cattell- 16 traits (done by factor analysis)

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trait- a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self report inventories and peer reports

factor analysis- statistical procedure used to identify clusters of test items that tap basic components of intelligence

personality inventories- longer questionnaires covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors- assess several traits at once

Minnesota Multiphaisc personality inventory- most widely used of all personality tests, originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other purposes

empirically derived- a test (like MMPI) developed by a testing pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

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I can describe Freud's psychosexual stages

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I can describe Freud's psychosexual stages

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Psychosexual stages of development:
Oral stage (0-1.5) pleasure center in mouth
Fixation: oral fixation (sucking on thumbs) and dependency (alcoholism)

Anal Stage (1.5-3.5)
Fixations: anal retentive (strict potty training) neat, clean
anal expulsive (potty trained late without rules) relaxed, social

Phallic stage (3.5-6)
Pleasure center in genitals
Jealousy of same sex parent
Fixations:
Oedipus Complex- replace father and marry mother
Electra Complex (K. Horney)- replace mother and marry mother
Penis Envy- women's desire to possess same organ as men
Womb Envy- Men's desire to possess same organs as women
Cinderella Complex- fear of independence and want to be cared for by opposite sex
Peter Pan Complex- desire to remain young forever

Latency Period (6-12)
Lost of interest in opposite sex "cootie period"

Genital stage (Puberty)
Full adult sexuality
Must work on fixations
unresolved problems surface

Karen Horney- anxiety are feelings of insecurity resulting from feelings of loneliness and isolation during childhood

3 ways of coping:
Compliant (submit to others)
aggressive (hostile towards others)
detached (withdraw from others)

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Humanistic theories- view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

pioneering theorists: Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

self actualization- according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self esteem is achieve motivation to fulfill one's potential

Maslow studied healthy, creative people that were notable. problem centered and not self centered

Humanists think that we are good, but can be corrupted by the environment

Rogers had the person centered perspective that held that a growth promoting climate that had 3 conditions:
-Genuineness
-Acceptance (unconditional positive regard)
-Empathy

self concept- all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question "who am i"

when the ideal and actual self are nearly alike, then self concept is positive

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Repression- forgetting situations that cause painful emotions

denial- rejection an intolerable reality

rationalization- substituting a more acceptable but false reason for behavior (failed because teacher hates you)

reaction formation- modifying an anxiety causing impulse by performing in ways opposite to one's true felings

projection- seeing one's personality traits, attitudes, or faults in others but not in oneself

regression- retreating to an earlier developmental level involving less mature responses (boys when they are sick)

undoing- apologizing

sublimation- people re channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities

displacement- shift sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening person (kick the dog out of anger)

compensation- cover up weaknesses or frustration by over gratifying oneself in another area (suck at school, practices sport instead)

fantasy- day dreaming

identification- increasing one's feelings of self worth by identifying oneself with people or places of importance (adults living through children)

intellectualization- people use extensive vocabulary to explain relatively simple terms

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Sigmund Freud- died of smoking, psychoanalytic theory/psychodynamic theory

believed that the psyche (mind) and Dynamic (energy) completes the personality

first developed the "unconscious"

studied all men, secist, obsessed with sex (libido) and aggression

detailed dream analysis/wrote many books

blamed his mom for everything

Carl Jung- also psychoanalytic and psychodynamic, used to study under Freud, but disagreed with the importance he placed on sex

his theory had 2 unconscious: Personal- repressive but can pull back out
Collective- most influential, lies in the "shadow" of Jung's theory, all the way at the bottom

anima and animus: anima is feminine qualities and animus is masculine qualities, everyone has both (this comes from the shadow)

Sigmund Freud- Iceberg theory

Ego is your outer self

super ego morally develops

id is the unconscious

Id- the devil on your shoulder, associated with the pleasure principle, all needs should be satisfied immediately. If needs aren't satisfied, you become anxious. Wish fulfillment is forming a mental image of a situation that satisfies the instinct

ego- controls thinking and reasoning, operates in conscious and preconscious. Operates on reality principle. The middle between superego and the id, tries to satisfy both

Superego- Operates the morality principle, not present at birth and is something we learn (angel on your shoulder), wants the "ego ideal" which is the standard of excellence for ego to strive for

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I can understand projective vs objective tests

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I can understand projective vs objective tests

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Five traits: (big five personality test)

Openness
Contientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

Jung typology test: ESFJ

^ALL OBJECTIVE TESTS

Social self- How others see you

Self fulfilling prophecy- you perform how people expect you to

private self- your inner world your feelings and attitudes you don't share with others

Objective test- personality inventories, usually written and scored in a standard way (yes/no questions)

Projective tests-

personality- what is consistent about you, how you are the same person, what is unique about you, changes all throughout your life

role- this is persona that you play (son, brother, friend, student)

Self concept has 3 parts:
-body self (physical traits and abilities
-social self (how others see you and what you show)
private self (your inner self)

3 types of objective personality tests:
-interview (directed and non directed, which are oreo and pig respectively)
-observation
-self interview (T/F test, aspects rating, etc)

strengths of objective tests: easy, fast, consistent scoring

Weakness: superficial, you can figure the tests out

Projective test: 3 types
-Word association tests
-thematic apperception test (TAT), uses pictures and images
-Rorschach test (inkblot)

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free association- in psychoanalysis, method of exploring unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind no matter how stupid it may be

Psychoanalysis- Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Freud believed mind was mostly hidden

unconscious- reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts wishes feelings and memories. info processing of which we are unaware

preconscious area- from which we can retrieve them into conscious awarenes

repress- forcibly block from our consciousness because they would be too unsettling to acknowledge

ice berg is associated with Freud

ego is tip of the iceberg, superego is barely under, and id is under

id- reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operates on pleasure principle (infant crying out for satisfaction or drug abusers)

ego- largely conscious, executive part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

superego- develops around age 405, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement and for future aspirations (voices of moral compassion that forces ego to consider the ideal, our morality)

overall, since id and superego are complete opposites, the ego is the middle mediator

Freud believed personality forms during life's first few years

psychosexual stages- childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which the id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

Oral (0-18 months)- pleasure centers on the mouth: sucking, biting, chewing

Anal (18-36 months)- pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

Phallic (3-6 years)- pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

Latency (6 to puberty)- a phase of dormant sexual feelings

genital (puberty on)- maturation of sexual interests

Oedipus complex- boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father, develops during phallic stage

Electra complex- same thing as Oedipus complex, but for girls

identification- process which children incorporate their parent's values into their developing superegos

fixation- a lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psycho sexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved

defense mechanisms- in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality (function indirectly and unconsciously)

repression- basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

(there are 7 defense mechanisms, see page 561 for it)

Carl Jung was Freud's disciple

collective unconscious- Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
-explains why different cultures share certain myths and images

Projective test- personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)- created by Henry Murray, projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes (they tell a story about a picture they see)

Rorschach inkblot test- the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots designed by Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretation of the blots

false consensus effect- the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and our behaviors (people who break taxes or speed past the speed limit thinks everyone else does so as well)

terror management theory- a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

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Name 5 qualities:
nice
funny
quirky
smart
angry

Qualities about Louie: funny
nice
smart
responsible
easygoing