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Slide 13- 15 (reproduction and human interaction) 

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Slide 13- 15 (reproduction and human interaction) 

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Sexual reproduction requires two parents to produce a unique offspring when both contribute their genetics.

Sexual Reproduction pros: Diversity, better to adapt to a new environment, and chance of not getting a parent's disease passed on.

Sexual reproduction cons: birth defects possible, finding a mate, takes more time to carry offspring.

Asexual reproduction generates offspring that are identical to a single parent.

Asexual reproduction pros: fast (divides through mitosis), do not need to find a mate, and rapid populating.

Asexual reproduction cons: entire population could be wiped out by a single disease, no diversity, problems with population control.

Human involvement involves gene splicing and cloning of plants.

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Coleptile: A hollow cylindrical sheath that surrounds the embryonic shoot
Phototropism: the growth of a plant towards or away from the sunlight
Darwin
Implies that the tip of plants aids in the communication with the cells in the region of elongation
Boysen-Jensen
Suggests that the chemical signal was a growth stimulant as the phototropic response involves faster cell elongation on the shady side than on the illuminated side

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So plants have two types of Movement:
Tropisms= are SLOW growth responses that react to light, gravity, and touch
Turgor Movement= allows plants to make rapid and reversible responses. An example of a plant that experiences Turgor Movement would be a Venus Fly Trap
Plants responding to light:
Plants are pretty cool when it comes to responding to light. They can detect direction, intensity, and wavelength of light. Plants have little light absorbers on them Called Phytochoromes that can detect when they were exposed to light, and an grow more leaves and coverage to protect themselves from the light (see slide 25 for a visual)

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Plants respond to stress

Drought (H2O Deficit):

When there is a drought, or plants become water deprived they react by closing their stoma, and keeping it closed with abscisic acid. The plant will stop growing, but the roots will grow deeper. The leaves roll up into tube-like shape to minimize exposure to wind and dry air.

Flooding (O2 Deprivation):

Too much water can cause a plant to suffocate because the soil lacks air spaces. When a plant is oxygen deprived the production of ethylene occurs causing roots to undergo apoptosis.

Excess Salt:

Salt can lower the water potential of the soil, which reduces the water uptake.

Heat:

Hot dry conditions tend to dry out plants. Heat shock proteins helps protect other proteins from heat stress.These molecules bind to other proteins to help prevent denaturation.

Cold:

When a membrane cools below a specific point it loses its fluidity. The cytosol doesn't freeze. Antifreeze proteins are created to prevent the crystallization of ice.

Herbivores:

Plants protect themselves from herbivores with physical traits like thorns, chemicals like garlic or mint, or they "recruit" predatory animals. A plant can release hormones when damaged to attract the predatory animals.

Pathogens:

The first level of defense is the epidermis, it is not impenetrable.
The second line of defense is a chemical attack that destroys and protects from the pathogen.

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Circadian rhythm: biological clocks
Phytochrome system + biological clock = plant can determine time of year based on amount of light/darkness
Photoperiodism: physiological response to the relative length of night and day (flowering)

Short-day plants: flower when nights are long (mums, poinsettia)

Long day plant: flower when nights are short (spinach, iris, veggies)

Day-neutral plant: unaffected by photoperiod (tomatoes, rice, dandelions)

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Types of Hormones:
Auxin (stimulates cell elongation)
Cytokinins (Cell division)
Gibberellins (Leaf growth, germination)
Abscisic Acid (slows growth)
Ethylene (Ripens fruit, apoptosis)
What happens during fruit ripening? Fruits  produce Ethylene, which is synthesized by converting amino acids with the help of kinase, hydrolase and amylase. Fruits go from hard and sour to sweet and soft.

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A seed is a flowering plant's unit of reproduction
Purpose: To develop a new plant of the same species
Dispersal: The action or process of distributing seeds
Types:

Dispersal by wind (Ex. Dandelion seeds)

Dispersal by water (Ex. coconut seed inside a buoyant husk)

Dispersal by animals (Ex. seeds in feces)

Germination: the development of a plant from a seed or a spore after a period of dormancy

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slide 4-5
pollination is the transfer of pollen from one plant to another
self-pollination is when pollen from one plant goes to the same species of another plant. Pollen normally goes from from one stigma to another.
cross pollination is the pollination of a plant with the pollen from another plant species. this maximizes genetic variation. Cross pollination is seen mainly done by bees when they are traveling from plant to plant they pollinate.
petals- protection
ovary- becomes a fruit
anther- holds pollen
stigma- receives pollen

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Angiosperm
A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary. The ovary often develops into the fruit.
The 3 F's
Angiosperms have 3 unique Features:

Flowers

Fruits: Develops from the ovary, protects and encloses the seeds, aids in dispersal

Double Fertilization: The way a flowering plant goes through sexual reproduction. It occurs with two haploid sperm cells. One fuses with a haploid egg to form a diploid zygote.

Haploid: Half amount of chromosomes

Diploid: Full amount of chromosomes

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A plant embryo is the egg cell of a plant. It contains the precursor tissues to the plant
Steps of Development:
The plant develops from a fertilized egg, called a zygote, which undergoes mitotic cell division to form an embryo.  The cells continue to divide until it is a seed. Once it begins germinating it is no longer an embryo

A fruit is the sweet and fleshy product of a tree or other plant that contains seed and can be eaten as food. Fruits also help spread the seeds.

Simple Fruit: A type of fruit that develops from a single or compound ovary with only one pistil (of a single flower). (a pistil is the female organs of a flower, comprising the stigma, style, and ovary.)

Aggregate Fruit: a fruit formed from several carpels derived from the same flower (raspberry)

Multiple Fruit: a fruit formed from carpels derived from several flowers

Accessory Fruit: in which some of the flesh is derived not from the ovary but from some adjacent tissue exterior to the carpal

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slide 16-18 (experiments)
- explain experiment steps and conclusion

slide 19-21(hormones)
- explain the types of hormones and their impact
- what is happening during fruit ripening?

slide 22-25 (movement)
- explain figures provided
- how to plants respond to different stimuli?

slide 26- 29 (clocks)
- explain how time of day/light exposure impacts flowering
slide 30-33 (stress)
- how are plants impacted by different stress?

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Slide 1-3
- what is an angiosperm?
- explain the 3 F's
- double fertilization?

Slide 4-5
- difference between self and cross-pollinated
- use structures in description

Slide 6-8 (fruit)
-what is a plant embryo?
- explain steps of development
- what is a fruit? how are they helpful?
- explain different types of fruits

slide 9-12 (seeds)
- what are seeds? what are their purpose?
- explain dispersal?  and the types of ecological relationships involved
- what is germination?

slide 13-15 (reproduction and human interaction)
- sexual vs asexual/pros and cons
- how are humans involved? pros and cons