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J.J. Thomson is a Nobel Prize winner known for his discovery of electrons. At the age of 14, he went to Owens College. In 1876, he recieved a scholarship for another college at Cambridge to study mathematics. In 1894, he began to study cathode rays (glowing beams of light that follow an electrical charge in a high vacuumed area).  Because the nature of cathode rays was so vague, this area of experimentation was a popular choice among scientists. Thomson saw that when the gas passed through the electric current, that negative charges were given off; the atoms of the gas remained unchanged. Thomson concluded that the negatively charges came from within the atom, meaning that there was a particle smaller than the atom. He called these charges 'electrons' and proposed the 'Plum Pudding Model'. This model shows how an atom is made up of positively charged space with negatively charged electrons in the midst.
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The History of Atomic Chemistry: Crash Course Chemistry #37

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Antoine Lavoisier was a French nobleman who was notable his work in chemistry, the metric system,  and the naming of many elements, one of which being ‘oxygen’. He came from a wealthy family in Paris, where he spent most of his schooling. He began to experiment noting the weight of the reactants and the products of each chemical reaction. Through this he proposed the famous Law of Conservation of Mass; this stated that mass is neither created nor destroyed.

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John Dalton was an English Chemist whose father was a hand loom weaver. Even though his family was very poor, he longed for a formal education. At the age of 12 he went to a small school and began teaching there. Later on in his life, he became a math and philosophy tutor at New College in Manchester.  In the 1800s he performed many experiments which led to the discovery that all elements are made up of atoms. He proposed that atoms of like elements were the same, and atoms of different elements were different. He also proposed the idea that compound are formed by the joining of two or more atoms.  https://goo.gl/uQNea3
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Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher. He was a student of Plato. Aristotle's skill of well reasoning combined with his scientific methods contribute the background of his work. Aristotle belived in the whole Earth, air, water, and fire approach to the whole matter concept. While his idea was ultimately wrong, it was widely accepted by the public. Democritus's idea was ignored for more than 2,000 years. https://goo.gl/w0dUjR
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Chadwick was an English physicist who discovered the neutron. Just like Henry Moseley, Chadwick had begun working in Rutherford's lab as somewhat of an apprentice. While working in Rutherford's laboratory, he was partaking in a research project to graduate his honors physics class. As time continued and while he continued to work in the laboratory, he was awarded a degree and physics and a scholarship that allowed him to travel to Berlin Germany. In Berlin he worked on radioactivity along side Hans Geiger. Eventually the war came along and he was contained under protection and sent home after it had ended. When he returned home, he went back to work at Rutherford's lab and study the atomic nucleus. While studying it, he hypothesized that not just protons where in the nucleus, but neutral particles as well, called neutrons. He then finally discovered it when he used the radioactive element polonium to bombard wax. This wax then released protons that Chadwick later observed for their behavior. Their behavior matched to what it would be if hit by electrically neutral particles that mass was similar to that of a proton. Through this experiment, Chadwick had discovered an unknown particle called the neutron.
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Moseley was a English physicist who discovered that all atoms of a given element contain the same number of protons. After receiving his education in physics at college, he joined along the side of Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester. There he worked with radioactive chemical elements and created what is now the atomic battery. Although the project had contained the use of protons, voltage, and radioactivity,  this invention was not his biggest break through in atomic theory.
In 1911, a Dutch physicist named Antonius van den Broek created a hypothesis stating that an element's atomic number was equal to amount of charge in the atom's nucleus. Because this hypothesis has no evidence or proof, it was thrown to the side until Moseley investigated it. What Mosley did was
measure wavelength and frequencies of solid emit X-rays and put it into a line graph by shooting electrons at elements. When he observed his results he realized that the graph showed that the element's atomic number is identical to the number of protons it has.
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Marie and Pierre Curie where Polish-French physicist who discovered two radioactive elements called polonium and radium. Marie and Pierre both experimented in different topics, but Marie had a stronger impact and more research behind hers, eventually leading her husband to follow behind it and join her. A French physicist named Henri Becquerel, who discovered that uranium casts off rays influenced Marie to begin experimenting with these uranium rays.  Her research stated that no matter the condition or form of the uranium, the rays would never change, and that they came form the element's atomic structure. This theory created the field of atomic physics and the word radioactivity to label it. As the two continued in the research of radioactivity,  they discovered 2 new elements which they later called polonium (after her home country Poland) and radium, all by working with mineral pitchblende. This discovery then lead to the Curries announcement stating they had produced radium in a small decigram.
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The Electron Cloud or Quantum model was based of of Bohr's previous atomic model stating electrons are always in a definite orbit. The model now restates that and explains that we can never be quite sure where an electron is, but yet understand that they are in clouds or orbitals. While in these orbitals, the electrons are always in movement and whirl around the atom at about a billion times per second. It does clarify that low energy electrons are closet to the nucleus but high energy ones are farther. All these ideas where created by Erwin Schrödinger and Werner Heisenberg in 1925. Now, what these men have created can be used to assign electrons to different atomic orbitals using quantum mechanics.
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Class Notes

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Bohr was an English physicist and humanitarian who originated the idea of atomic levels in atoms. Bohr believed that all electrons were in constant orbit at all time. He believed these orbits where different energy levels that stood certain distances away from the nucleus.  He theorized that with these levels, electrons gave of electromagnetic radiation by jumping from one to the other. These theories all came together to create the "Bohr Model". This shell model later won him a Nobel Prize in Physics. This theory had then later been connected and pulled into a new Wave/Quantum Model stating that an electron is a particle and wave that does not definitely move on an orbit.
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Democritus is a Greek philosopher who came from a nobel and wealthy family. He was publicly known as "The Laughing Philosopher"; he was never seen in public without jovally expressing his philosophies. He believed that matter could infinitely be divided into smaller and smaller pieces. He believed that, in theory, the piece would be invisible. He named these very small particles, "atomos" (translating to : not to be cut). He also conjectured that these particles were made of the same material but were different sizes and shapes. https://goo.gl/eMi9qv
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Rutherford was an English chemist and physicist who explored the research of nuclear physics. Through research concerning radon and radioactivity, Rutherford created models and performed experiments testing atomic particles. In this, he created what would later dub him as the "Father of the Nuclear Age" and win him a Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1908. The model was known as the "Gold Foil Model". What he did was create a gun that shot alpha helium particles through a thin sheet of golden foil. When he shot the bullets, some went through like he had suspected, but what surprised him was that some bounced back. This surprised him more than if an elephant gun was shot at tissue paper and the bullet bounced back. This model proved that positive charges repel positive charges, the positive atoms were contained in the nucleus, and that the electrons where scattered around the atoms edge. In this, he had been the first person to split an atom and figure out that an atoms mass is compacted all into the nucleus.
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Class Notes