# data[].attributes.body
undergraduate
freshman
sophomore (second year student)
senior
Junior
credit
module
dissertation (final project)
assignment
presentation
attend to lecture (attend to lecturer's lesson)
devote one's self entirely to N/ V-ing
academic performance
academic achievement

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- pop-up shops: Pop-up retail refers to temporary retail stores that open for a short period of time in order to take advantage of a passing fad or seasonal demand. Holiday markets, Halloween stores, and limited engagement experiential retail are all common examples of pop-up shops.
- speciality stores: A specialty store is a shop/store that carries a deep assortment of brands, styles, or models within a relatively narrow category of goods. Furniture stores, florists, sporting goods stores, and bookstores are all specialty stores. Stores such as Athlete's Foot (sports shoes only) are considered superspecialty stores.
- brick-and-mortar stores: cửa hàng trực tiếp
- Gen Z have a tendency to go to the store to purchase the products as they want to enjoy the in-person customer experience too.
- multiple channel
- online shopping
- offline shopping
- apparel = clothing = items of clothing = attire = suit
- Snap Chat was the most popular social media platform among them, followed by Tiktok. Youtube was the third spot.
- meal-kit delivery
- so-called traditional grocery stores
- year-on-year sales growth
- canabis = Marijuana
-  Staying updated on the latest social media trends can help fuel your strategy and make you stand out in the crowd
- create a frictionless shopping experience

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- brand perception = brand equity = brand image = brand identity: nhận diện thương hiệu
- premium brand : Many insiders often consider every dimension of products in premium brand before launching them (performance, features, reliability, conformance, durability, maintainability, aesthetics, innovativeness)
- luxury brand
- mass-market brand
- fashion hierarchy: phân cấp thời trang
+ haute couture & couture
+ high-end fashion: thời trang xa xỉ
+ middle market: thời trang tầm trung
+ mass market: thời trang nhanh
+ value market: thời trang giá rẻ (George at ASDA or Sainbury's Tu clothing)

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pamper SB = cosset SB

overindulge SB

spoil SB

a spoilt and pampered child

permessive (adj)

lenient: not as strict as expected when punishing somebody or when making sure that rules are obeyed

permissive parents (those who give their children a lot of freedom)

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Reduce daily intake of ST: giảm lượng thức ăn ____ vào cơ thể

Maintain a low intake of ______: duy trì chế độ ăn ít ______

excessive consumption of fast food/junk food

take ST in = consume ST = eat/ have ST

burn calories

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global crisis: khủng hoảng toàn câu

globalize (v): toàn cầu hóa

economic recession/slowdown: sự suy thoái  kinh tế

multi-national companies: công ty đa quốc gia

on a global scale = on an international sale: trên phạm vi toàn cầu

benefits of globalization:

free trade: tự do thương mại

economic growth: sự tăng trưởng kinh tế

strengthen political relationships: tăng cường mối quan hệ chính trị

create more job/employment opportunities: mở rộng cơ hội việc làm

reduce poverty in the developing world: giảm nghèo ở các nước đang phát triển

encourage investment in developing countries: khuyến khích đầu tư ở các nước đang phát triển

disvantages of globalization: bất lợi của toàn cầu hóa

exploit employees in developing countries: bóc lột nhân viên ở các nước đang phát triển

cause environmental pollution in developing countries:tạo ra ô nhiễm môi trường ở các nước đang phát triển

loss of national identity: mất bản sắc dân tộc

interphere with national sovereignty: xâm phạm chủ quyền quốc gia

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the haves >< the have-nots

the rich >< the poor /the destitute

the privileged >< the underprivileged

the poverty line

reduce income inequality

give all children regardless of their family background the best start in life

poverty-stricken countries = underdeveloped/ impoverished /destitute countries/

rich/wealth/ prosperous/affluent /opulent/developed/ industrialised countries

poverty rates

levels of poverty

below the poverty line

poor people

people who were classed as poor

poorer individuals

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GM crops: vụ mùa biến đổi gen

non-GM food/crop: thức ăn không biến đổi gen

modern biotechnology: công nghệ sinh học

gene technology = công nghệ gen

genetic engineering = genetic modification = genetic manipulation: biến đổi gen

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poverty

hunger

famine

starvation

be pushed to the verge/brink of ST: bị đẩy đến bờ vực ...

the fragility of global food systems: sự mỏng manh, dễ vỡ của hệ thống lương thực toàn cầu

the world's worst hunger hotspots such as Venezuela and South Sudan

resetting the food system: thiết lập lại hệ thống lương thực

unprecedented (adj): that has never happened, been done or been known before

resilient (adj): able to recover quickly after something unpleasant such as shock, injury, etc.

nutritious food: thức ăn bổ dưỡng

nutrition (n): giàu dinh dưỡng

nutrient (n): chất dinh dưỡng

malnutrition (n): suy dinh dưỡng

the skyrocketing cost of food: sự tăng giá lương thực

demand outstrip supply: cầu vượt cung

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Food Science is a multi-disciplinary field involving chemistry, biochemistry, nutrition, microbiology and engineering to give one the scientific knowledge to solve real problems associated with the many facets of the food system.

food components: proteins, carbohydrates, fats and water

processing and preserving food: drying, freezing, pasteurization, canning, irradiation, extrusion, to name just a few/ and so forth/ the like.

food additives: chất phụ gia

food preservatives: chất bảo quản

ready-to-eat foods = ready meals

more refined, sophisticated and convenient products

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cirriculum/ school cirriculum: chương trình học - the group of subjects studied in a school, college...

co-educational school >< single-sex school

literacy (n) biết đọc, biết viết

literacy rate: tỉ lệ biết chữ

litterate (adj) biết đọc biết viết

illiterate (adj): mù chữ

higher education = tertiary education: giáo dục đại học

qualifications: bằng cấp, chứng chỉ

be qualified for ST (adj): having passed the exams or completed the training that are necessary in order to do a particular job; having the experience to do a particular job

be qualified to V

learn at their own pace: học theo đúng tốc độ (trình độ)

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increase media exposure for its company and its brand (n): tiếp cận với truyền thông

sports sponsorship: tài trợ thể thao

artificial wants: nhu cầu giả

commercials: quảng cáo

catalogue

brochures

consumers: người tiêu thụ

purchase decision: quyết định mua sắm

glamour (n): sư mê hoặc

shop around for ST:

shop around for the best deal

squander money on ST: tốn tiền vào việc gì

KOLs

public figures: người công chúng

pester SB to do ST: đòi ai làm gì

tempt SB to do ST: lôi kéo ai đó làm gì

be tempted to do St: bị lôi kéo làm gì

boost sales: tăng doanh số

do/conduct market research: tiến hành nghiên cứu thị trường

product positioning: định vị sản phẩm

potential customers: khách hàng tiềm năng

target customer: khách hàng mục tiêu

impulsive buying/purchase: is the tendency of a customer to buy goods and services without planning in advance

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criminals = offender = law breaker = wrongdoer = convicted person

wrongdoing = crime = offending

commit a crime = break the law = offend

be released/discharged from prison

send/throw sb into prison

reoffender = recidivist = person who continues to commit crimes = person who repeatedly breaks the law

reoffending = recidivism

an ex-prisoner = a former prisoner

dead penalty = capital punishment = death sentence

act as a deterrent to SB/ST

(in-prison) rehabilitation program

make a fresh start: bắt đầu lại cuộc sống mới

reintegrate back into society: tái hòa nhập cộng đồngr

reintegration

embark on criminal path: bắt đầu con đường tội phạm

promulgate zero-tollerance policies(on): đưa ra các chính sách không khoan nhượng

impose harsh punishments/penalties on SB: phạt nặng ai

incarcerate SB = imprison SB = jail SB

be imprisoned for ST = be jailed for ST: bị bỏ tù vì cái gì

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the haves >< the have-nots

the rich >< the poor /the destitute

the privileged >< the underprivileged

the poverty line

reduce income inequality

give all children regardless of their family background the best start in life

poverty-stricken countries = underdeveloped/ impoverished /destitute countries/

rich/wealth/ prosperous/affluent /opulent/developed/ industrialised countries

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a handful of

a wide/endless array of

a lot of (not academic enough)

numerous = manifold = multiple

various = many different

a host of

a plethora of

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generation gap

raise SB/bring SB up/rear SB: nuôi ai

devote oneself entirely to SB/ST: toàn tâm toàn sức cho việc gì

devote time... to SB/ST

Motivate SB to do ST = encourage SB to do ST

Devote ST to SB/ST

Give birth: sinh con

Maternity leave: nghỉ đẻ

be on maternity leave

take a career break

The upbringing of children/offspring: sự nuôi nấng trẻ nhỏ = child-rearing

Take care of children/offspring

Offer financial incentives: đưa ra các gói trợ cấp về tài chính

Stable income: thu nhập ổn định

Create favorable conditions for SB (to do ST): tạo điều kiện thuận lợi cho ai làm gì

Sacrifice ST for ST/SB: hy sinh cái gì cho cái gì, hoặc cho ai

Offer sacrifices to SB: hy sinh cho ai

Climb up career ladder = get promoted

financial stabilty: ổn định tài chính

procastinate/delay/ avoid/postpone/put off/defer (C2) marriage/ refuse to get married: trì hoãn kết hôn

truly value marriage

career-driven

Women now are more career-driven

later-life marriage

shifting gender roles

a change in gender roles

childbearing: the process of giving birth to children

Some women defer childbearing in favour of a career.

https://www.nap.edu/read/11524/chapter/6#126

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pose several enormous challenges

be easily/particularly/extremely susceptible to ST = be (particularly) prone to ST: dễ mắc bệnh gì

dense population: dân số đông đúc

Impact/effect/influence
a.                      Have an enormous impact on ST
2.          Contribution
3.          Law/regulation/rule/policy
a.                      Enact strict law on/relating to
4.          Punishment/penalty
a.                      Impose harsh punishments on SB
5.          Benefits/advantages
6.          Drawbacks/ disadvantages
7.          Responsibility/ accountability
8.          Danger/jeopardy/risk
9.          Relationship
10. Problems
11.Difficulty
12. Finance/fund/allocate/reallocate/ squander
13. Delay/postpone/ put off/ defer (marriage)
14. Deter/prevent/hinder
15. make a huge effort to V

devote oneself entirely to ST/SB

devote herself entirely to her career

be totally absorbed in ST

She is totally absorbed in her career.

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genealogy: the study of family history, including the study of who the ancestors of a particular person were

inherited diseases

genealogy: a particular person’s line of ancestors; a diagram that shows this

ancestors: tổ tiên

descedants: hậu duệ

Tracing family roots can be a lifelong pursuit.

Motivations for tracing ancestors:

for the sake of curiosity

want to leave legacy to their children or grandchildren

increase understanding of who they are and where they came from

need proof of heritage to gain benefits from the government

a sense of responsibilty for preserving the past for the future generation

lineage = ancestry: dòng dõi (the series of families that somebody comes from originally)

pedigree: a person’s family history or the background of something, especially when this is impressive

pursue an interest in lineage

ancestry (ancestries): tổ tiên (the family or the race of people that you come from)

research/ discover/trace one's roots

family roots

family trees

family history

family origin

family skeleton: a closely guarded family secret

be deeply interested in their roots

https://www.czepigalaw.com/blog/6-surprising-benefits-of-researching-your-family-history/

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You'll be asked by many, "Why do you want to trace your ancestors?" Well, there are a number of good reasons, but let's face it, most people trace their ancestors for curiosity's sake. They hope to find a relative that was famous or important. Others trace their ancestors because they want to know about their different ethnic backgrounds. Others want to trace their roots simply for an increased understanding of just who they are and where they came from.

Someone else may need proof of their heritage to gain special benefits from their government. Some associations require members to have had ancestors linked to that organization. And some who offer scholarships may also require an ancestral link.

Recently I met a doctor whose interest in his genealogy dealt with the medical side of his ancestors, what illnesses they had and what they passed away from. Genetic counseling of families suffering from an inherited disease have led some to genealogy. And lawyers have turned to genealogy for legal purposes, finding heirs to settle probate cases.

Teachers have introduced ancestor-hunting to make the study of history more interesting. And finally, some will want to leave a legacy to their children and their grandchildren, what could be nicer than to give them their past as well as their future.

This hobby of ancestor-hunting, shared by millions of people, has become extremely popular. Alex Haley's Roots in 1977, greatly assisted in the awareness of genealogy.

Just about every society has kept records, but keep in mind that up until recently it was only the nobility and rulers that had the ability to pursue an interest in their lineage. Greek and Roman rulers used their lineage to prove that their ancestors were gods. I read that Julius Caesar ordered his genealogists to link him to an illustrious heritage. When they 'found' that he was a direct descendant from a god, he used this as a fact to promote his own rule.

Not everyone within your family will applaud you for your new project, some may oppose your research, afraid you may open a closet door on some family skeletons.

Tracing your ancestors should not be considered a tedious task. Do not think it's an overnight project either. You may want to consider involving other members of your family. It could be a worthwhile hobby that you, as well as your spouse and children, will find interesting and fulfilling.

There are many reasons why you may want to research your roots, but whatever your reasons are you will find that, as time moves on, what started out as an interesting little hobby will become a passion and you will enjoy every minute of it.

The most frequently asked question is "How far back can you go?" This is a very difficult question to answer. First of all, although all research is the same, everyone's background has different twists and turns. You may all use the same methods to unravel or complete the puzzle but no one can predict where your research will take you and therefore how long it's going to take.

There are just so many factors involved. Some will deal with your own family's history and other factors will deal with world events. For example, if your ancestors were from India, you may be able to go back 1000 years, but if your ancestors were from Indo-China you may only be able to go back 200 years. People of European roots can sometimes go beyond the 3rd and 4th centuries, but usually this applies to royal lines.

How far back can you go? This often depends on your persistence and on your luck. If a sufficient amount of information on your family has survived through the years, then your chances of filling in the family branches are greater.

Keep in mind, that most societies have only recently begun keeping accurate records. Our descendants will find it easier to trace their roots because of all the lists and files and computer printouts that are available to our modern society.

You will find that, as you get involved in your new hobby, your parameters may change. You should initially be concerned about tracing your roots to your first ancestor that came to North America. You may be satisfied with your North American genealogy and you may wish to go no further. This may be satisfying enough to allow you to know who you are and where your ancestors came from.

Keep in mind that some of you may only be able to complete six or seven generations. This doesn't mean you're a failure in your project. At times records will have been destroyed and as long as you feel you have checked every possible avenue, then you should be congratulated for what you have found.

Some will want to go further back than their first immigrant ancestor and this is certainly possible. You will use the same methods to research but naturally what is available and where to find it will be different. Let's start, though, by concentrating on your search of ancestors in our own country, finding that man who first arrived on our shores.

It won't take long for you to notice that both the study of genealogy and the study of history are very closely related. If you were told that your ancestors came from Ireland because of the potato famine, then you will probably wish to read about this historical event. You will then discover the year the potato famine started and therefore approximately the year your ancestors migrated. You will also learn more about the life your ancestor had and what caused his migration.

You may put a different meaning to historical events like the Klondike Days, the Gold Rush, the expansion of the nation and the advance of the railways since your own ancestors may have participated.

How far back can you go? This will also be determined by how much time you can dedicate to your research. Some find it to be a lifelong pursuit and the challenge is, no matter how far back you go, you can always attempt to go further.

Information in this Wiki page is excerpted from the online courses Methodology - Part 1: Getting Started, Methodology - Part 2: Organizing and Skillbuilding, Methodology - Part 3: More Strategies, Methodology - Part 4: Effective Searching and Recording, Methodology - Part 5: How To Prove It, and Methodology - Part 6: Professional Preparation and Practice offered by The National Institute for Genealogical Studies. To learn more about these courses or other courses available from the Institute, see our website. We can be contacted at wiki@genealogicalstudies.com

We welcome updates and additions to this Wiki page.

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Motivations for Tracing Your Ancestors (National Institute)

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You'll be asked by many, "Why do you want to trace your ancestors?" Well, there are a number of good reasons, but let's face it, most people trace their ancestors for curiosity's sake. They hope to find a relative that was famous or important.

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Reduce daily intake of ST: giảm lượng thức ăn ____ vào cơ thể

Maintain a low intake of ______: duy trì chế độ ăn ít ______

excessive consumption of fast food/junk food

take ST in = consume ST = eat/ have ST

burn calories

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environmental degradation: the process or fact of the environment becoming worse

to take action on global warming: to do what has to be done on problems related to global warming

to deplete natural resources: To reduce the amount of natural resources.

ozone layer depletion: refers to a steady decline in the total amount of ozone in the Earth's atmosphere

an ecological crisis:

a serious situation that occurs when the environment of a species or a population changes in a way that destabilizes its continued survival

carbon footprint:

a measure of the amount of carbon dioxide that is produced by the daily activities of a company or person

to cut down on emissions: to reduce the amount of gases sent out into the air

to fight climate change: To try to prevent changes in climate patterns, such as rainfall, temperature and winds.

to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels: to decrease people’s consumptionof fossil fuels, like oil, coal or gas.

to alleviate environmental problems: to make bad environmental problems less severe

to throw one’s weight behind something: To use one's influence to help support

alternative energy sources: refers to any energy source that is an alternative to fossil fuel

food miles: Distance food has to travel between where it is grown or made and where it is consumed

captive breeding: the reproduction of animals in confinement, not in their natural habitats

environmental impact assessment: a study into how a development, like a new road, a new dam or other construction activity will affect the plants, animals and local communities living in an area.

the greenhouse effect:

the natural process by which the sun warms the surface of the Earth

global warming:

the process by which the Earth is getting hotter, as a result of the greenhouse effect – in particular the increase in carbon dioxide in the air

habitat destruction:

the process that occurs when a natural habitat, like a forest or wetland, is changed so dramatically by humans that plants and animals which live there.

endangered species:

plants or animals that only exist in very small numbers, so that in future they may disappear forever

on the brink/verge of extinction:

an animal or plant which has almost disappeared from the planet

renewable energy:

energy is renewable when it source, like the sun or wind, cannot be exhausted or can easily be replaced (like wood, as we can plant trees for energy

wind farms:

an area of land on which there are a lot of windmills or wind turbines for producing electricity

environmentally friendly:

behavior or products that do not harm the environment

the green movement:

all the organisations concerned with the protection of the environment

to discharge chemical waste: xả chất thải hóa học

to be bio-degradable:

phân hủy sinh học

to hold somebody accountable for:

đổ trách nhiệm cho ai

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pamper SB = cosset SB

overindulge SB

spoil SB

a spoilt and pampered child

permessive (adj)

lenient: not as strict as expected when punishing somebody or when making sure that rules are obeyed

permissive parents (those who give their children a lot of freedom)

# data[].attributes.body
-good = product = item = stock = commodity = influx = merchandise: sản phẩm, hàng hoá

# data[].attributes.body
-banner
-poster
- handout: tờ rơi quảng cáo
- promotion program: chương trình khuyến mãi
- consumer = customer = client = user
- consumers' behaviour: hành vi khách hàng
- consumers' experience: trải nghiệm khách hàng
- advertisement channel: kênh quảng cáo
- social media platform: nền tảng mạng xã hội
- omnichannel marketing: marketing đa dụng
- brick-and-mortar stores: cửa hàng offline
- cold phone: cuộc gọi mời chào mua hàng
- keep up with the latest trends: bắt kịp những xu hướng mới nhất.

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Food components: protein, fat, fibre/ fiber (chất xơ), vitamin, mineral

Be high in (fat)

Be low in (fat)
food additives => increase flavor/flavor

Food preservatives: chất bảo quản thức ăn

Preserve = restore

Fast food/junk food

Ready meals: đồ ăn sẵn

Ready-to-eat foods

Takeaway: thức ăn mang đi

Processed foods: thức ăn đã qua chế biến

Canned foods: đồ ăn đóng hộp
Nutrition (n): dinh dưỡng
Nutrients (n): các chất dinh dưỡng
Nutritious (adj): giàu dinh dưỡng
Malnutrition (n): suy dinh dưỡng
Nourishing meals: các bữa ăn giàu dinh dưỡng
Perishable foods (n): thức ăn bị thối nát, hỏng
GM food (genetically modified food): thức ăn biến đổi gen
Gain profound insights into ST: có hiểu biết sâu sắc về cái gì
Food intake
Cuisine (n): ẩm thực
Culinary (adj): thuộc về ẩm thực ……
Culinary skills: kỹ năng nấu ăn
Eat = consume (v)
Consumption of ST
Overconsumption of ST
Excessive consumption of ST
GM crops:
Non-GM crops
Biotechnology companies: các công ty công nghệ sinh học
Genetic modification = genetic manipulation: sự biến đổi gen
Advantages GM foods:

-      Alleviate the problem of hunger/starvation/ famine

-      Give more flavor, better texture

-      Be more resistant to insects, fungi

-      Nutritional value increases

-      Longer shelf life

Devote their time to their study (devote ST to ST)

Conduct research/ experiments/ surveys on ST

A Gain/receive/reap benefits from B

A can benefit from B.

B is beneficial/advantageous/favourable to A.

School curriculum = school programmes

Radical solution

Potential problems

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- compulsory subject = mandatory subject = core subject = required subject: môn học bắt buộc
- potential = talent = strength: điểm mạnh/ tài năng

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- a base transceiver station: trạm thu phát sóng
- antenna system: hệ thống ăng-ten
- satellite dish: chảo vệ tinh
- zebra crossing: vạch kẻ đường
- pedestrian: người đi bộ