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Dominic in armour. A primary source for him, but secondary for Richard III - tho similar spine Dominic is NOT Richard.

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Medieval warefare helps a person with scoliosis

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What is Scoliosis

Scoliosis was originally a Greek word meaning curved or bent. Today it is a word used to describe the most common type of spinal curvature. Scoliosis is simply a descriptive term, like headache, and not a precise diagnosis.

When a scoliosis develops the spine bends sideways and rotates along its vertical axis. These changes have cosmetic and physiological effects with long-term consequences which may result in significant health problems with severe curves.
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In the modern saddle Dominic's centre of gravity was off and he was sliding off the side. Also his spine couldn't take the jolting of a trotting horse. BUT that all changed with the medieval saddle - it supported his spine

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King richard must have had a bad time riding

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Domenic's scoliosis can't help him breath properly

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What is Scoliosis?

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Richard had autheritist. (I can't spell it properly)

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Dominic Smee

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It looks painful

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his spine was bent at 80 degrees

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Could he really fight with this spine

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Richard was mocked as a weak person although he died as a warrior king

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Avi we did not

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I never knew we fi shed

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Richard III - new evidence

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Avi and Flynn what is going on here ☹️ 😒

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Don't be mean

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Don't Copy and Paste

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Died 22 August 1485 (aged 32)
Bosworth Field, LeicestershireDied 22 August 1485 (aged 32)
Bosworth Field, Leicestershire

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Richard had a spine, but it was only bend on one side <-- Garry

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King Richard bones

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What is radio carbon dating and how does it work

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Make no bones about it, radiocarbon dating has transformed our understanding of the past. Wessex Archaeology

Radiocarbon dating has transformed our understanding of the past 50,000 years. Professor Willard Libby produced the first radiocarbon dates in 1949 and was later awarded the Nobel Prize for his efforts.

Radiocarbon dating works by comparing the three different isotopes of carbon. Isotopes of a particular element have the same number of protons in their nucleus, but different numbers of neutrons. This means that although they are very similar chemically, they have different masses.

The total mass of the isotope is indicated by the numerical superscript. While the lighter isotopes ¹²C and ¹³C are stable, the heaviest isotope ¹⁴ C (radiocarbon) is radioactive. This means its nucleus is so large that it is unstable.

Over time ¹⁴C decays to nitrogen ( ¹⁴N). Most ¹⁴C is produced in the upper atmosphere where neutrons, which are produced by cosmic rays, react with ¹⁴ N atoms.

It is then oxidised to create ¹⁴CO ₂, which is dispersed through the atmosphere and mixed with ¹²CO ₂ and ¹³CO ₂. This CO ₂ is used in photosynthesis by plants, and from here is passed through the food chain (see figure 1, below).

Every plant and animal in this chain (including us!) will therefore have the same amount of ¹⁴C compared to ¹²C as the atmosphere (the ¹⁴C: ¹² C ratio).

Dating history

When living things die, tissue is no longer being replaced and the radioactive decay of ¹⁴C becomes apparent. Around 55,000 years later, so much ¹⁴ C has decayed that what remains can no longer be measured.

Radioactive decay can be used as a "clock" because it is unaffected by physical (e.g. temperature) and chemical (e.g. water content) conditions. In 5,730 years half of the ¹⁴ C in a sample will decay (see figure 1, below).

Therefore, if we know the ¹⁴C: ¹² C ratio at the time of death and the ratio today, we can calculate how much time has passed. Unfortunately, neither are straightforward to determine.

The amount of ¹⁴C in the atmosphere, and therefore in plants and animals, has not always been constant. For instance, the amount varies according to how many cosmic rays reach Earth. This is affected by solar activity and the earth's magnetic field.

Luckily, we can measure these fluctuations in samples that are dated by other methods. Tree rings can be counted and their radiocarbon content measured. From these records a " calibration curve " can be built (see figure 2, below).

A huge amount of work is currently underway to extend and improve the calibration curve. In 2008 we could only calibrate radiocarbon dates until 26,000 years. Now the curve extends (tentatively) to 50,000 years.

Dating advances

Radiocarbon dates are presented in two ways because of this complication. The uncalibrated date is given with the unit BP (radiocarbon years before 1950).

The calibrated date is also presented, either in BC or AD or with the unit calBP (calibrated before present - before 1950). The calibrated date is our "best estimate" of the sample's actual age, but we need to be able to return to old dates and recalibrate them because new research is continually used to update the calibration curve.

The second difficulty arises from the extremely low abundance of ¹⁴C. Only 0.0000000001% of the carbon in today's atmosphere is ¹⁴ C, making it incredibly difficult to measure and extremely sensitive to contamination.

In the early years of radiocarbon dating a product's decay was measured, but this required huge samples (e.g. half a human femur). Many labs now use an Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (AMS), a machine that can detect and measure the presence of different isotopes, to count the individual ¹⁴ C atoms in a sample.

This method requires less than 1g of bone, but few countries can afford more than one or two AMSs, which cost more than A$500,000. Australia has two machines dedicated to radiocarbon analysis, and they are out of reach for much of the developing world.

In addition, samples need to be thoroughly cleaned to remove carbon contamination from glues and soil before dating. This is particularly important for very old samples. If 1% of the carbon in a 50,000 year old sample is from a modern contaminant, the sample will be dated to around 40,000 years.

Because of this, radiocarbon chemists are continually developing new methods to more effectively clean materials. These new techniques can have a dramatic effect on chronologies. With the development of a new method of cleaning charcoal called ABOx-SC, Michael Bird helped to push back the date of arrival of the first humans in Australia by more than 10,000 years.

Establishing dates

Moving away from techniques, the most exciting thing about radiocarbon is what it reveals about our past and the world we live in. Radiocarbon dating was the first method that allowed archaeologists to place what they found in chronological order without the need for written records or coins.

In the 19th and early 20th century incredibly patient and careful archaeologists would link pottery and stone tools in different geographical areas by similarities in shape and patterning. Then, by using the idea that the styles of objects evolve, becoming increasing elaborate over time, they could place them in order relative to each other - a technique called seriation.

In this way large domed tombs (known as tholos or beehive tombs) in Greece were thought to predate similar structures in the Scottish Island of Maeshowe. This supported the idea that the classical worlds of Greece and Rome were at the centre of all innovations.

Some of the first radiocarbon dates produced showed that the Scottish tombs were thousands of years older than those in Greece. The barbarians of the north were capable of designing complex structures similar to those in the classical world.

Other high profile projects include the dating of the Turin Shroud to the medieval period, the dating of the Dead Sea Scrolls to around the time of Christ, and the somewhat controversial dating of the spectacular rock art at Chauvet Cave to c.38,000 calBP (c.32,000 BP) - thousands of years earlier than expected.

Radiocarbon dating has also been used to date the extinction of the woolly mammoth and contributed to the debate over whether modern humans and Neanderthals met.

But ¹⁴C is not just used in dating. Using the same techniques to measure ¹⁴ C content, we can examine ocean circulation and trace the movement of drugs around the body. But these are topics for separate articles.

If you'd like to learn more about radiocarbon dating, www.c14dating.com is an excellent starting point.
See more Explainer articles on The Conversation.

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Explainer: what is radiocarbon dating and how does it work?

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Radiocarbon dating has transformed our understanding of the past 50,000 years. Professor Willard Libby produced the first radiocarbon dates in 1949 and was later awarded the Nobel Prize for his efforts. Radiocarbon dating works by comparing the three different isotopes of carbon.

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King Richard death

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Hmm I don't know about that 🤔

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Died: 22 August 1485 (aged 32)
Bosworth Field, Leicestershire

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I bit tho

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Yeah true Flynn

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Ok

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Their Noses Look Similar

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Yea probably

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Oh ok

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I think Flynn meant he got murdered in Battle Kaylan

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What Flynn me got murdered in battle🤔

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Me Got murdered in Battle

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They Totally made him look evil in the paintings I think they should make
him look nice in paintings I think that is a good idea do you think it is a good idea everyone 😄

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They made him look evil in the painting

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The portrait of Richard was painted AFTER Richard's death

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Are they trying to put Richard the 3rd back together

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Oh

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Yes Kaylen, some people hated Richard III

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did people hate Richard the 3rd 🤔

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The injuries on Richrad's head can tell us how he actually

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Garry you spelled armor wrong

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His armour was  not cool

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I just hate it when the photos don't work ☹️

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Part of Richard's body has feminish features

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Richard III had scoliosis, and one of his shoulder would be higher than the other

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Richard would have an abnormal curve and a stiff bend, and his shoulders would have been in a slightly different position

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In 1469, the War of the Roses resumed with Richard's brother losing power in 1470. King Henry VI resumed his reign only briefly, however. Edward IV was back on the throne the following year. His loyalty to his brother Edward during this time brought Richard great rewards, including lands that once belonged to those who rose up against the king. He also was able to marry Anne Neville, the daughter of the earl of Warwick, and gain a share of her substantial wealth. Richard and Anne only had one child together, a son named Edward, around 1476.

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King Richard III grave was in the church's basement which has now a carpark

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There was a lot of Tudor propaganda

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King Richard is die because of his skeleton found it in the ground and King Richard his has not live for long he died in a car park and he was buried alive in the ground

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The arrow tip was a roman nail

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A Roman nail was found with Richard's grave

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The letter on the carpark  was noticed by the university of Leicester.

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What happened to Richard's newphews were not proved by anyone therefore it was considered as a myth.

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Horrible Histories-richard 3 song lyrics

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This is King Richard armor

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Historical analysis of George III's life has gone through a "kaleidoscope of changing views" that have depended heavily on the prejudices of his biographers and the sources available to them.
Garry, Ms Kelly here, what does George III have to do with this story?

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He was In command at 25

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Richard's body was going to be carbon dated and DNA TESTED

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I found King Richard death and one of his solider giving his crown to the new King

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The wars of the roses was fought between the two main houses

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He died quite Young

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Richard III visited Leicester often, both as a boy and as Duke of Gloucester. When king, Richard stayed in Leicester at least five times. Ultimately, it became his final resting place after the Battle of Bosworth when his corpse was returned to Leicester.

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There was an arrow in his back😱😱😱

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That small piece of metal would have been an arrow in his back

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They found a small piece of metal in the middle of Richard's back

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Penny of Richard III; the few positively identifiable coins from Richard's reign are highly prized, almost irrespective of condition

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When Richard’s brother became King Edward IV, his fortunes improved. By the time he was nineteen Richard had been made a knight of the Bath and a knight of the Garter. He was created Duke of Gloucester, Governor of the North, Constable of England, Great Chamberlain and Lord High Admiral of England

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This is king Richard grave

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Shakespeare is England's most celebrated dramatist and poet. His works have been translated into 80 languages, including Star Trek's Klingon. He helped shape the English we use today, introducing up to 300 words and dozens of well-known phrases.
His plays are known around the world for their universal themes and insight into the human condition. Yet much about the playwright is a mystery. Historians don't know his date of birth, where he was educated or how he spent seven years of his life.

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William Shakespeare: The life and legacy of England's bard

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Shakespeare is England's most celebrated dramatist and poet. His works have been translated into 80 languages, including Star Trek's Klingon. He helped shape the English we use today, introducing up to 300 words and dozens of well-known phrases. His plays are known around the world for their universal themes and insight into the human condition.

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Did he get decapitated?

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King Richard he didn't live for long

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there were two main houses, the lancasters and planatgenets

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Richard and his wife Anne became members of the Corpus Christi Guild in York in 1477.

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The skull found was on a higher level than the leg bones that they found earlier.

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Richard's and Anne's only child died in 1484 of Tuberculosis same. Anne also died of Tuberculosis

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Ms Kelly - Good to join the discussion Monday 04/04/2016

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Ms Kelly - Good to join the discussion Monday 04/04/2016

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Zyarna asked when Richard was alive compared to when Shakespeare may have written his play.
Richard born 1452 and died 1485
Shakespeare born 1564 and died 1616
SO... About 100 years passed before he would have been old enough to write the play. It was an exercise in propaganda so the Tudors could say they had a right to take the throne.

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Shakespeare only wrote the play 100 years later

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His wife Anne died of Tuberculosis on March 16 1585. Less than two years after Richard

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Richard was credited with the responsibility for several murders, including those of his nephews Edward and Richard, and of Henry VI, Shakespeare portrayed him as a tyrannical ruler in his play.

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I think King Richard killed everyone else in the war I just think that he did that🤔

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Richard became a Lancastrian prisoner of war at the age of seven along with his mother, brother George and sister Margaret.

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In 1480 he declered war against the Scots (Scotland)

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R marks the spot

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They found a skeleton

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Richard’s son Edward was created Prince of Wales in York in 1483 whilst Richard was on his Coronation progress.

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Richard III roleplay  was written by William Shakespeare