# data[].attributes.body
- Domestic and Economic
National Energy Act
+ Energy efficient programs, alternate fuel, conservation, tax incentives for companies who invest in energy efficient methods
Amnesty for draft evaders
Humanitarian fights, cut aid to places without these rights
Panama Canal Treaty - hand over rights in 1999
SALT II (1979)
+ Limits on number of strategic weapons and nuclear missile launchers
+Limits ability to fight back, soviets invade afghanistan - against carter's beliefs, no treaty is made
Camp David Accords - peace between israel and egypt
+ israel withdraws land, is recognized to exist
Three Mile Island nuclear reactor meltdown - skeptical
Iran Hostage Crisis

- 1979 Crisis of Confidence/Malaise Speech
biggest issue was there was too much distance between the govt and the people, people not represented, people alienated from their own government

and energy issue

# data[].attributes.body
- Gerald Ford Takes Over
Pardons Nixon to stop Watergate situation, congress needs to focus
Clemency Order - draft evaders could return and perform community service
Used the veto often
Inflation
+ Whip Inflation Now (WIN) 1975

# data[].attributes.body
watergate = downfall of nixon

prez campaign of 1972 - nixon going for reelection against McGovern

guard @ watergate complex caught 5 men breaking into headquarters

men = the plumbers

attempted to photograph docs of dem's strategy and wiretap phones

unknown that the plumbers were apart of CRP (nixon), arrested.

nixon informed on break in when they were arrested

wanted to cover it up

LATER: nixon releected (southern streategy, foreign policy)

someone began to inform washington post editors of story connecting burglary to white house officials

publish story about nixon and watergate break-in

Deep Throat = Mark Felt omg

FBI and Supreme court gets involved → senate investigates reports

Agnew questioned… discovered tht he accepted bribes… he resigns

Nixon appoints new VP - Gerald Ford

7 men close to nixon - get convicted

John Dean - under oath, said nixon was involved in cover up of watergate

Nixon claimed Executive Privilege but….  rule of law?

Nixon secretly recorded convos in Oval Office

Nixon released edited transcripts

Court said he must give unedited tapes… he did but 18min were missing

IMPEACHMENT

but he resigns instead; 1st and only prez to do so

speech Auguest 8th, 1974

# data[].attributes.body
South
Must win over Wallace supporters
Opposes busing
+ Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) - upholds busing
Does not fight for civil rights

- Supreme Court
"The Burger Court" - not always conservative, though warren court was too liberal

- Policies
Stagflation - rising inflation and unemployment
+ LBJ spent on vietnam war, great society, deficit, in debt
+ cut federal spending, took US off gold standard
Energy Crisis  - america helps israel, arabian nations angry, cut off oil supply (embargo 1974)
+ International Energy Agency 1974 - search for alternate energy sources
Foreign Policy: Detente - relieve cold war tensions, coexist, practical and flexible, dealing directly
+ Improved relations with china, exports go up
+ Less improved with USSR, SALT I - stop making nuclear missiles, reduce anti-ballistic missiles to 200, large sales of grain to USSR

# data[].attributes.body
- New Federalism
Distribute federal government money to state and local
Revenue sharing - lump sums to states, state distributes
Reduce power of the federal government in affairs of the individual
Democratic congress - opposition
Social Security
Medicare
Medicaid
Food Stamps
Subsidized Housing
Expand Job Corps
Impoundment - withhold necessary funds for programs
Abolished office of economic opportunity - job trading, edu. for the poor
Family Assistance Plan (FAP) - restructure welfare
+ family of four, no outside assistance $1600 - $4000 a month, must take job trading programs, not passed
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - minimize pollution
Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) - codes of safety, surprise inspections
Philadelphia Plan - affirmative action, federal contracts
-

# data[].attributes.body
- "Great Society"
Break cycle of poverty through education and job training
Medicare - health insurance for elderly
Medicaid- health insurance for any age in poverty
Immigration Act of 1965 - national origins system mostly gone
PBS - public educational television
National Endowments of the Humanities and Arts - associated with PBS, publicly funded program
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965) - federal funds to school districts, for educationally deprived children
Miranda v. Arizona - implementation of the miranda rights

- Dominican Republic
Juan Bosch overthrown, becomes communistic
"Another cuba"
Johnson sends in troops
Similar to gun-boat diplomacy - disliked

# data[].attributes.body
- Counterculture
Hippie Movement - not mainstream (synthesis: lost generation, beatniks)
Drugz ♥
+ LSD, mushrooms - hallucinogenic
Decline...
+ Addicted, violence, murder, rape
Janis Joplin and Jimmy Hendrix drug overdoses (god dammit)

# data[].attributes.body
- Disability Rights
Special Olympics 1968
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
+ mainstreamed, go to school with students w/o disabilities
Architectural Barriers Act
+ public buildings handicap accessible
Americans with Disabilities Act
+ no discrimination (jobs, schools, etc.)

# data[].attributes.body
- Consumers
Ralph Nader - Unsafe At Any Speed - seat-belts, etc.
Truth in Packaging Act
+ Labeling standards
National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act
+ federal safety standards
Highway Safety Act
+ speed limit, safety programs

# data[].attributes.body
Women
Feminism
Workplace discrimination - low positions, payed less, sexual harassment
Betty Friedan - Feminine Mystique, captured discontent
National Organization for Women (NOW)
+ child care facilities, edu. opportunities
+ Roe v. Wade (1973) - right to choose abortion (hell yeah go women)
Equal Rights Amendment not ratified

# data[].attributes.body
-- Native Americans
Want to govern and control their own lives
Declaration of Indian Purpose (1961) - choose own way of life
LBJ National Council on Indian Opportunity (1965) - natives heard by government
American Indian Movement (AIM, 1968) - rights organization, restoration of lands, burial grounds, fishing and timber rights, respect
+ Seized Alcatraz (not azkaban, that's harry potter), trail of broken treaties - protest on treaty violations, wounded knee hostages
Indian Education Act (1972) and Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (1975) - control over education of children

# data[].attributes.body
- Latin-Americans
Farm Workers/Chicano Movement - long hours, hard work, little pay (synthesis: gilded age)
+ Chavez, union leader (United Farm Workers)
The Grape Boycott - did not recognized union, boycott, sales halted, forced to sign a contract with the union
"Brown Power"
+ Chicano Edu. Movement, Bilingual Edu. Act (recognizing needs of all students), La Raza Unida (United People's Party), MAPA

# data[].attributes.body
- African Americans
Sit-ins, main strategy of SNCC, trained to not react violently
Freedom Riders - rode busses through south, challenged segregation
+ Alabama, firebombed, beaten by police; Arrested in Mississippi
+ Banned segregation in interstate travel facilities
Birmingham Demonstrations - MLK, marching portest, peaceful, arrests
+ Children join, are beaten and sprayed, opened nations eyes (birmingham is desegregated)
March on Washington - "I have a dream", show support for JFK's civil rights bill
Civil Rights Act of 1964 - banned segregation in public accommodations, federal authority to enforce school desegregation, no discrimination in employment
24th Amendment (1964) - no poll tax
Freedom Summer - three boys go missing, killed by police
Selma Campaign - get voting rights act passed, protest march, bloody sunday - beaten down, tear gas
Voting Rights Act of 1965 - no more literacy test, fed. government supervises
Malcom X - radical, separation of races, form own societies, did not want whites involved in the movement
Blank Panthers - protect blacks from police abuse, anti-poverty programs
Fair Housing Act of 1969/Civil Rights Act od 1968 - banned discrimination in housing

# data[].attributes.body
- African Americans
WWII, people evaluate views on race, more open
NAACP - equality, civil rights, challenge laws (plessy v ferguson, separate but NOT equal)
Brown v Board of Education of Topeka -  segregation challenged in school
+ Overturns Plessy v Ferguson, unequal learning facilities, violates 14th amendment
+ School segregation illegal
Montgomery Bus Boycott - refused to ride busses until they are desegregated
Martin Luther King Junior - montgomery bus boycott, non-violence
Murder of Emmett Till - sparked the civil rights movement
+ Beaten and killed, people saw the horrors
Little Rock 9 (1957) - Integrate little rock high school, would not allow

- Civil Rights Organizations
SCLC - Southern Christian Leadership Conference - non-violent, MLK
CORE - Congress of Racial Equality - freedom riders
SNCC - Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee - college, sit-ins

# data[].attributes.body
- Television
First televised debates
Kennedy = style, good-looking (kennedy wins TV)
Nixon = sweaty, tired (nixon wins radio)

- The Nation's Issues
Spread of communism
Threat of nuclear war
Racial tensions
Sluggish economy
Wealth gap

- "New Frontier" - Domestic Policy
Improve economy, education, health care, civil rights
Space race
Deficit spending - borrowing money
Equal Pay Act

- Communism,
Cuban Missile Crisis
Fidel Castro - 1959 communist revolution in cuba
Bay of Pigs Disaster - cuban exiles trained for surprise invasion of cuba, results in a slaughter
Berlin Wall, symbol of the Iron Curtain

- Civil Rights
Civil Rights Address - moral issue, support for bill

# data[].attributes.body
The End of the War
Nixon administration calls for peace without victory
Christmas bombings get north to cooperate with negotiations - agree to ceasefire
If north tries to force communism on south, US will fight once more
NEW RULE - president can only send troops to a hostile place for ninety days without a declaration of war, if after this time war is not declared, troops must be removed

# data[].attributes.body
Against the War
"Hey, hey LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?"
Hawks (pro-war) v. Doves (anti-war)
Living room war - nightly on TV
Credibility gap - what gov. said v. what was broadcasted
Chemical Warfare - dangerous, cancerous
+ Napalm - gas based
+ Agent Orange - burned for extended period, killed dense jungle (hiding)
Rich man's war, poor man's fight (similar to civil war)
+ pay to get out of draft, plead cause to draft boards, draft dodgers = flee draft (canada)
+18 years old can be drafted, but not vote ??
Killing of innocent civilians, couldn't tell friend from foe
Less fear of communism
Drug and alcohol dependency
Nixon Vietnamization, continue to fight, expand war effort (angers many)
Kent State
+ ohio national guard shot students
Sterling Hall Bombing
+ van bomb, no intent to kill (madison, wi)

# data[].attributes.body
- The Vietcong (VC)
South Vietnamese communists
Vietminh and Ho Chi Minh
Guerrilla warfare
Who US fights most of the war
Diem = leader at the time - US sent aid money
Diem assassinated, Johnson did not want Vietnam to fall to communism

- The Tonkin Gulf Resolution
US boat shot at by North Vietnam
Congress "take all necessary measures to protect american forces"
Broad military powers in Vietnam (not official war)

- The War
Operation Rolling Thunder - US bombing raids of the north, focused on bombing transport systems
Guerrilla warfare
Elaborate tunnel system
Search and destroy (US tactic)
Pacifism - push VC out by burning down villages, win hearts and minds
Inflation, large debt (money taken away from great society funding)

- Tet Offensive 1968
Tet = Vietnamese New Year
Halt to the war, day to bury dead, caskets carried around towns, soldiers hid weapons in them, took over cities, unexpected by US

# data[].attributes.body
- Ike and Containment
US backs Egypt in Suez Canal Crisis (1952) - britain impose power
CIA overthrows Iran (1953)
CIA overthrown Guatemala (1954)
Eisenhower Doctrine - will go to war in middle east to protect other countries from communism (similar to good neighbor policy)

- Vietnam
Colony of France
Ho Chi Minh - socialist/communist, rose to power
Vietminh - nationalist, communist group, independence from foreign rule
Dien Bien Phu - guerrilla warfare, US does not send air force

- US Involvement
Sent money to help france pay to overthrow Ho Chi Minh

- Geneva Accords
Britain, USSR, US, Vietminh, South Vietnam (anti-communist)
Divide Vietnam on 17th parallel
Election for country will be held
Ngo Dinh Diem cancels elections, US supported

# data[].attributes.headline
Labor: AFL and CIO merge to create AFL-CIO. how creative... 1955

# data[].attributes.subject
Labor: AFL and CIO merge to create AFL-CIO. how creative... 1955

# data[].attributes.headline
Michael Harrington's The Other America, 1962

# data[].attributes.subject
Michael Harrington's The Other America, 1962

# data[].attributes.body
muckraker
said there was still poverty in society
and increase in white collared jobs meant less demand for unskilled workers
racial discrimination w/ hiring - such as no blacks allowed

# data[].attributes.body
45s

# data[].attributes.body
started with african americans --> Motown, Little Richard, Temptations
most popular in the 50s was Elvis Presley

# data[].attributes.body
the young punks against social conformity, criticized the middle class
MY FRIENDS
poets, writers, artiists
associated with Juvenile Delinquency
similar to Lost Generation

# data[].attributes.body
white collar jobs outnumber blue collar jobs for the first time in history
white collar = business and office settings

# data[].attributes.body
everyone wanting to look and do the same things
Organization man (man w/o face) = symbol of social conformity

all look and act the same (white collar jobs and lives):

# data[].attributes.headline
start to see beginning of environmentalist movement

# data[].attributes.subject
start to see beginning of environmentalist movement

# data[].attributes.body
Sierra Club brought back to life!
environmentally aware

national parks

# data[].attributes.body
radio was still pretty rad but almost everyone had a TV now too
could watch news and entertainment
first three channels = ABC, NBC, CBC

# data[].attributes.headline
white flight = whites leaving urban areas to fill suburbs

# data[].attributes.subject
white flight = whites leaving urban areas to fill suburbs

# data[].attributes.body
results in ethnic minorities in cities
results in ghettoes

# data[].attributes.body
refrigerator freezer, MICROWAVE, electric toaster, washing machine

# data[].attributes.body
first computers
IBM wins out
as big as a room

# data[].attributes.body
agriculture
used to fight against bugs in Pacific during ww2, then used for commercial ag.
BUT !!! DDT = carcinigen or cancer causing agent

# data[].attributes.body
infant mortality decrease
life expectancy increase
antibiotics, penicilin, vaccinations
Dr. Spock's Baby and Child Care book

# data[].attributes.headline
Levittowns = prefabricated suburban homes similar to Henry Ford's Model T because both were affordable

# data[].attributes.subject
Levittowns = prefabricated suburban homes similar to Henry Ford's Model T because both were affordable

# data[].attributes.body
houses outside of the city --> use the car to go to work
American Dream - house, car, family

# data[].attributes.headline
the west sees a lot of infrastructure and installment of energy

# data[].attributes.subject
the west sees a lot of infrastructure and installment of energy

# data[].attributes.body
and because of saved post war economy

# data[].attributes.headline
Eisenhower's Keynesian economy --> deficit spending

# data[].attributes.subject
Eisenhower's Keynesian economy --> deficit spending

# data[].attributes.body
mostly military spending
spenging $ on schools, housing, vets (GI Joe Bill of Rights), welfare - SS, highways

# data[].attributes.headline
Eisenhower built the National Highway System

# data[].attributes.subject
Eisenhower built the National Highway System

# data[].attributes.body
interstate highways

# data[].attributes.body
Francis Gary Powers was spying on USSR in high altitude U2 spying plane and was shot down
this ruined any chance of gooed relations between American and Soviet union for a long time

# data[].attributes.body
almost good relations buuuut....

# data[].attributes.body
VP Nixon goes to Soviet Union
argument over which country was the best bc they are literally 4 year olds
takes place in model kitchen

# data[].attributes.headline
Missile Gap - US thought we were behind USSR so we made more bombs, but in reality, Soviets were the ones behind

# data[].attributes.subject
Missile Gap - US thought we were behind USSR so we made more bombs, but in reality, Soviets were the ones behind

# data[].attributes.body
Eisenhower creates NASA and National Science Foundation
Space and Science... and nuclear destruction

# data[].attributes.body
space race
ICBMs are nuclear weapons controlled by SATELLITES
space is important

# data[].attributes.body
US prepared to use armed force anywhere in Mid East if communism were to spread
CIA overthrew govts --> end of good neighbor policy!

# data[].attributes.body
containment
Brinkmanship - threatened USSR w/ nuclear war if it were to hurt US interests
on the brink of war, but not there yet
nuclear weapons

# data[].attributes.headline
House of Unamerican Activities Committee (HUAC)

# data[].attributes.subject
House of Unamerican Activities Committee (HUAC)

# data[].attributes.body
led by Nixon
looked into hollywood and pop culture icons to rid of the communists
widely publicized
HUAC wanted names, and if you couldn't produce one, you were now wanted too
Blacklisted and destroyed many lives

# data[].attributes.body
McCarthy accuses sec. of army of being a communist
hearings were televised
American public saw how outrageously wrong McCarthy was

# data[].attributes.body
McCarthy = senator from wisco
calimed he always had a list of govt officials who were communists

# data[].attributes.body
Eisenhower (r) v. Stevenson (d)
Eisenhower won because the dems were soft on communism
campaigns that he would end war in korea (he does)

# data[].attributes.body
Truman (d) v. dewet (r)
Truman won even though public upset w/ him and cold war

# data[].attributes.body
Julius worked on manhattan project, the two were convicted of spreading info to the communists about the a-bomb, both were put on trial and were found guilty (but unfair trial bc of discrimination)

# data[].attributes.body
required all communist organizations to register with the govt and keep their records open
vetoed by truman but congress overrode it

# data[].attributes.body
accused of being a communist
hid the evidence --> Pumpkin papers
Nixon the congressman went after Hiss and convicted him for giving info to communist govts

# data[].attributes.body
truman questions loyalty of govt officials
Executive Order
made sure none of them were communists
many fired, even more resigned

# data[].attributes.headline
Korean War ends in stalemate in 1953, line drawn and ceasefire signed @ 38th parallel

# data[].attributes.subject
Korean War ends in stalemate in 1953, line drawn and ceasefire signed @ 38th parallel

# data[].attributes.body
Eisenhower elected because he said he would end the korean war, he did!

# data[].attributes.headline
McArthur v. Truman - should they invade china

# data[].attributes.subject
McArthur v. Truman - should they invade china

# data[].attributes.body
McArthur said yes
Truman said no, and he won --> US would definitely lose because china had a lot of men for a huge military
McArthur is fired

# data[].attributes.body
truman didn;t want communism to take yet another country

US helps south korea

fighting for 3 years, the front moving constantly

# data[].attributes.body
communist govt w/ Kim il Sung

# data[].attributes.headline
post war japan: US took over and gen. McArthur dealt with rebuilding  it

# data[].attributes.subject
post war japan: US took over and gen. McArthur dealt with rebuilding  it

# data[].attributes.body
parliamentary government
no power in military
McArthur constitution

# data[].attributes.headline
duck and cover, air raid drills,, emergency broadcast system, prefabricated fallout shelters

# data[].attributes.subject
duck and cover, air raid drills,, emergency broadcast system, prefabricated fallout shelters

# data[].attributes.headline
NSC - 68 . 1950= doc that allowed US to spend more $ on military in order to prepare for nuclear war (especially w/ rising conflict in korea)

# data[].attributes.subject
NSC - 68 . 1950= doc that allowed US to spend more $ on military in order to prepare for nuclear war (especially w/ rising conflict in korea)

# data[].attributes.headline
Soviets successfully create a-bomb, US sccessfuly make h-bomb

# data[].attributes.subject
Soviets successfully create a-bomb, US sccessfuly make h-bomb

# data[].attributes.body
age of nuclear war
DUCK AND COVER
America's hysteria of a nuclear attack at any time
America's hysteria against any eastern euro and possible communist

# data[].attributes.body
Israel given to the Jewish by UN b/c of holocaust
Palestine v. Israelis --> Arab/Israel War

Truman recognized its sovereignty and helped Israel

angered the arabs

Israel established in '48

# data[].attributes.body
rationing and saving = good times
BUT there was inflation
labor unrest = many labor strikes

Taft-Hartley Acy: no closed shop, injunctions okay

GI Bill of Rights - got pensions and EDU from war

# data[].attributes.headline
Truman's Fair Deal, 1949 - 21 pt. domestic policy

# data[].attributes.subject
Truman's Fair Deal, 1949 - 21 pt. domestic policy

# data[].attributes.body
help edu
low income housing, National Housing Act
medicare/medicaid
civil rights
higher minimum wage
social security
conservation
help ag.
cut taxes
no discrimination in hiring of govt employees
no segregation in military

fear of post war depression

# data[].attributes.body
1949, china becomes commnunist
Truman blamed for losing china --> failed @ containment

# data[].attributes.headline
Cold War officially has begun by 1947!!!!

# data[].attributes.subject
Cold War officially has begun by 1947!!!!

# data[].attributes.body
US v. USSR
battle of two super powers

# data[].attributes.headline
to solve berlin crisis --> berlin airlifts (1948-1949)

# data[].attributes.subject
to solve berlin crisis --> berlin airlifts (1948-1949)

# data[].attributes.body
provides supplies through air
under truman

# data[].attributes.headline
berlin crisis = people stuck in west berlin, soviet blockade of trade from in and out of west berlin

# data[].attributes.subject
berlin crisis = people stuck in west berlin, soviet blockade of trade from in and out of west berlin

# data[].attributes.headline
isolation --> interventionism... BIG TIME

# data[].attributes.subject
isolation --> interventionism... BIG TIME

# data[].attributes.headline
CIA = collect info thru open and covert methods

# data[].attributes.subject
CIA = collect info thru open and covert methods

# data[].attributes.body
active to overthrow communist govt
supported dictators who fought communism
hurts good neighbor policy

# data[].attributes.headline
Warsaw pact = defence military alliance of communist nations

# data[].attributes.subject
Warsaw pact = defence military alliance of communist nations

# data[].attributes.headline
NATO (north atlantic treaty organization)

# data[].attributes.subject
NATO (north atlantic treaty organization)

# data[].attributes.body
DEFENSE military alliance of west euro w/ US

# data[].attributes.headline
Marshall plan, 1948 - give $ to western euro to help rebuild it after ww2

# data[].attributes.subject
Marshall plan, 1948 - give $ to western euro to help rebuild it after ww2

# data[].attributes.body
sec. of sate = Marshall
ECA - Economic Cooperation Administration

# data[].attributes.headline
UN helped instate actions against communism

# data[].attributes.subject
UN helped instate actions against communism

# data[].attributes.headline
Truman Doctrine, 1947 = US will support any free people fighting against communism

# data[].attributes.subject
Truman Doctrine, 1947 = US will support any free people fighting against communism

# data[].attributes.body
helped greece and turkey, $$$monetary aid

# data[].attributes.headline
Domino Theory = if one nation fell, they all did

# data[].attributes.subject
Domino Theory = if one nation fell, they all did

# data[].attributes.body
contain communism where it is and don't let it spread
fight against communism if communists invade somewhere

# data[].attributes.headline
Winston Churchill's speech on iron curtain

# data[].attributes.subject
Winston Churchill's speech on iron curtain

# data[].attributes.body
A shadow has fallen upon the scene so lately lighted by the Allied victory… From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent.  Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe.. All these famous cities and the populations around them lie in the Soviet sphere and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but a very high and increasing measure of control from Moscow.--

Winston Churchill

# data[].attributes.headline
communist east europe and democratic west europe

# data[].attributes.subject
communist east europe and democratic west europe

# data[].attributes.body
iron curtain splits europe

# data[].attributes.headline
USSR had satelite states w/ puppet governments.... so kinda communistic

# data[].attributes.subject
USSR had satelite states w/ puppet governments.... so kinda communistic

# data[].attributes.headline
US upset with communism taking over euro - like poland

# data[].attributes.subject
US upset with communism taking over euro - like poland

# data[].attributes.body
angry sentiment toward Soviets
conflicting issues over rebuilding germany

# data[].attributes.headline
end of ww2 --> soviets control eastern euro

# data[].attributes.subject
end of ww2 --> soviets control eastern euro

# data[].attributes.body
communism

# data[].attributes.headline
East Germany = USSR (east berlin), West Germany = democratic by US (west berlin)

# data[].attributes.subject
East Germany = USSR (east berlin), West Germany = democratic by US (west berlin)

# data[].attributes.body
issue b/c berlin is IN east germany
so itty bitty spot of democracy enveloped by communism

# data[].attributes.body
after germany surrenders
nazi would be war criminals
split germany up
Atlee, Truman, Stalin

# data[].attributes.body
peace conference, future of war
Churchill Roosevelt Stalin
creation of UN

# data[].attributes.headline
US wanted to fight for democracy --> fight against communism

# data[].attributes.subject
US wanted to fight for democracy --> fight against communism